Nuclei Isolation from Adult Mouse Kidney for Single-Nucleus RNA-Sequencing

Summary

Here, we present a protocol to isolate high-quality nuclei from frozen mouse kidneys that improve the representation of medullary kidney cell types and avoids the gene expression artifacts from enzymatic tissue dissociation.

Abstract

The kidneys regulate diverse biological processes such as water, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis. Physiological functions of the kidney are executed by multiple cell types arranged in a complex architecture across the corticomedullary axis of the organ. Recent advances in single-cell transcriptomics have accelerated the understanding of cell type-specific gene expression in renal physiology and disease. However, enzyme-based tissue dissociation protocols, which are frequently utilized for single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), require mostly fresh (non-archived) tissue, introduce transcriptional stress responses, and favor the selection of abundant cell types of the kidney cortex resulting in an underrepresentation of cells of the medulla.

Here, we present a protocol that avoids these problems. The protocol is based on nuclei isolation at 4 °C from frozen kidney tissue. Nuclei are isolated from a central piece of the mouse kidney comprised of the cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla. This reduces the overrepresentation of cortical cells typical for whole-kidney samples for the benefit of medullary cells such that data will represent the entire corticomedullary axis at sufficient abundance. The protocol is simple, rapid, and adaptable and provides a step towards the standardization of single-nuclei transcriptomics in kidney research.

Introduction

Kidneys display a highly complex tissue architecture. They consist of functionally and anatomically distinct segments along a corticomedullary axis and mediate biological functions, such as regulation of extracellular fluid volume, electrolyte balance, or acid-base homeostasis¹.

Advances in single-cell transcriptomics have enabled the in-depth characterization of complex tissues and accelerated the understanding of segment and cell type-specific gene expression in renal physiology, development, and disease^2,3,4.

However, the enzyme-based dissociation protocols that are frequently utilized for scRNA-seq display several drawbacks and constraints. Depending on the protocol, they generate transcriptional stress responses and tissue dissociation bias towards easier-to-dissociate cortical cell types^5,6. Although protocols using cold-active proteases for embryonic kidneys are able to mitigate stress-related transcriptional alterations, they fail to overcome the dissociation bias towards cortical cells and might not be readily adaptable to different kinds of diseased kidney tissues⁷. In addition, single-cell approaches are not easily compatible with frozen tissue samples, limiting their application mostly to non-archived, fresh tissue, thus making the tissue collection a restricting factor⁶.

Single-nuclei RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) can circumvent these limitations^8,9. Here, we present a protocol for nuclei isolation from a central slice of frozen adult mouse kidney tissue (Figure 1)¹⁰. Our protocol is simple and provides a standardized approach to obtain RNA sequencing libraries with a balanced representation of diverse kidney cell types for experimental models that do not involve strong regional tissue changes. In the latter case, our protocol can also be performed with whole kidneys.

Protocol

All animal experiments were conducted in accordance with the Animal Welfare Act (TierSchG) and the Animal Welfare Experimental Animal Regulation (TierSchVersV) and were authorized by local authorities and the Animal Welfare Officers at our institution (MDC).

1. Tissue preparation

1. Prepare a 6-well plate containing 2 mL of 1x phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) per well for each kidney that will be obtained. Prepare a 6-well plate containing 2 mL of RNA stabilization solution per well and kidney. Pre-cool both plates on ice.
2. Euthanize a 3- to 6-month-old male C57BL/6 mouse. Place the mouse on a dissecting tray, pin down the extremities and sterilize the abdomen with 70% ethanol.
3. Open the abdomen up to the ribcage using forceps and scissors. Lift the intestine and other organs to the side and remove the kidneys by carefully cutting the ureter, renal artery, and vein with a scissor. Wash the kidney in the previously prepared, ice-cold 1x PBS and remove the renal fascia and any remaining fat from the kidney until all white tissue is removed (Figure 2A).
4. Place the kidney on a cold dissecting plate and use a sharp scalpel or razor blade to obtain a middle slice of 1-2 mm. Make sure the tissue piece contains the entire corticomedullary axis (Figure 2B). Use microdissection scissors and forceps to carefully trim the cortex from the sides of the center piece. Within the dissected tissue piece, the three segments cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla should be clearly visible (Figure 2C).
   ​NOTE: The slice should not exceed a thickness of 2 mm or a weight of 20 mg to ensure sufficient buffer amounts for effective tissue lysis and in order to minimize ambient background RNA in the cDNA libraries. Ambient RNA wastes sequence capacity, as it is not associated with single nuclei.
5. Transfer the kidney piece to the previously prepared RNA stabilization solution and incubate for 24 h at 4 °C to avoid RNA degradation. After 24 h, remove the RNA stabilization solution and store the tissue at -80 °C until further use. Carefully remove the excess solution with tissue paper.

2. Nuclei isolation

1. Cleaning and preparation steps
   1. Clean benchtops and pipettes with 70% ethanol and RNase decontamination solution.
   2. Clean a round-bottomed, 2 mL tissue grinder tube and matching pestle A and B with RNase decontamination solution, followed by 70% ethanol and RNase-free water (1 grinder tube and pestle set per sample). Let it dry completely.
   3. Pre-cool the centrifuge to 4 °C.
   4. Label and pre-cool three 15 mL collection tubes, a 1.5 mL collection tube, a 5 mL fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) collection tube, and a dry grinder tube for each sample on ice.
2. Buffer preparation
   1. Warm up the Ribonucleoside-vanadyl complex stock solution to 65 °C until reconstituted to a green-black clear solution according to manufacturer's instructions.¹¹
   2. Prepare 1x PBS containing 4% bovine serum albumin (BSA) as described in Table 1A. Additionally, prepare 1x PBS with 0.04% BSA (Table 1B). Filter both solutions using a 0.2 µm surfactant-free cellulose acetate (SFCA) membrane syringe filter and keep on ice until further use.
   3. Prepare Nuclei Lysis Buffer 1 (NLB1, Table 1C). Add 4 mL of EZ lysis buffer for Nuclei Lysis Buffer 2 (NLB2, Table 1D) and 2 mL of 0.04 % BSA / PBS for the Nuclei Suspension Buffer (NSB, Table 1E) to 15 mL tubes. Add the RNase inhibitor solution to NLB2 and NSB directly before use as indicated below in the protocol. Keep on ice until further use.
   4. Prepare EZ lysis buffer with 10% sucrose (Sucrose Gradient Buffer, Table 1F). Mix well and filter the buffer into a fresh 15 mL tube using a 0.2 µm SFCA membrane syringe filter. Keep on ice until further use.
3. Tissue homogenization and cell lysis
   NOTE: In order to minimize RNA degradation, all steps are carried out on ice. The grinder tube, Petri dish, and all buffers need to be pre-cooled. All resuspension steps are done by carefully pipetting the nuclei suspension. Do not vortex the sample to avoid shearing forces and damage to nuclei.
   1. Take the frozen kidney piece and transfer it to a 60 mm polystyrene Petri dish on ice containing 1 mL of NLB1.
   2. Mince the tissue thoroughly using a razor blade or scalpel (Figure 3A).
   3. Cut off the tip of a 1 mL pipette tip and transfer the minced tissue and buffer to the grinder tube. Make sure to transfer all tissue pieces. Wash the Petri dish 5-10 times with the buffer, if necessary.
   4. Homogenize the suspension on ice by slowly moving pestle A, 25x up and down in the grinder tube. Avoid air bubbles caused by rapid movement (Figure 3B).
   5. Pass the homogenate through a 100 µm strainer in a pre-cooled 15 mL collection tube and wash the filter with another 1 mL of NLB1.
   6. Wash the grinder tube with cold EZ nuclei lysis buffer and discard the buffer.
   7. Transfer the homogenate back into the grinder tube and homogenize the suspension on ice by slowly moving pestle B, 15x up and down in the grinder tube. Avoid air bubbles caused by rapid movement (Figure 3C).
   8. Transfer the homogenate to a pre-cooled 15 mL collection tube. Wash the grinder tube with another 2 mL of NLB1 and make sure to transfer all tissue fragments to the collection tube. Incubate the homogenate (total volume of 4 mL) for 5 min on ice to lyse the cells.
4. Nuclei purification
   1. Pass the homogenate through a 40 µm strainer into a pre-cooled 15 mL collection tube. Spin the collection tube for 5 min at 500 x g at 4 °C in a centrifuge with a swinging-bucket rotor. In the meantime, add RNase inhibitor solution to NLB2 (Table 1D).
   2. Remove the supernatant without disturbing the pellet. Carefully resuspend the pellet in 4 mL of NLB2.
   3. Carefully underlay the suspension with a 1 mL cushion of Sucrose Gradient Buffer. Centrifuge at 500 x g for 5 min at 4 °C in a centrifuge with a swinging-bucket rotor. In the meantime, add RNase inhibitor solution to NSB (Table 1E).
   4. After centrifugation, gently remove the collection tube from the centrifuge and be careful not to disturb the two layers when handling the collection tube. Cell debris is visible between the two layers. Remove the supernatant carefully starting with the debris. Remove the remaining supernatant without disturbing the nuclei pellet and carefully resuspend the pellet in 1 mL of NSB.
      NOTE: The resuspension volume depends on the amount of tissue used for the isolation and pellet size gained after the last centrifugation step. The volume might need to be adapted to the expected number of nuclei.
   5. Pass the homogenate through a 20 µm strainer into the pre-cooled 5 mL FACS collection tube.

3. Nuclei sorting

1. Add 20 µL of 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) per mL of NSB to a final concentration of 2 µM to the homogenate in the FACS collection tube and mix carefully. Incubate for 5 min on ice.
2. Prepare the pre-cooled 1.5 mL collection tube with 20 µL of 4% BSA /1x PBS and add 0.5 µL RNase inhibitor solution to a final concentration of 1 U/µL. Immediately proceed to sorting.
3. Sort the nuclei using a cell sorter.
   1. Mix the nuclei suspension briefly before inserting the FACS collection tube into the sorter.
   2. Set a first gate P1 based on the forward scatter (FSC) and side scatter (SSC) to exclude debris and aggregates (Figure 4A).
   3. To exclude empty or damaged nuclei and multiplets, set a subsequent gate based on the DAPI-Area versus DAPI-Height (DAPI-A vs DAPI-H) (Figure 4B).
   4. Sort single nuclei into the 1.5 mL collection tube containing 4% BSA /1x PBS with 1 U/µL RNase inhibitor solution prepared in 3.2.

4. Quality control

1. Measure the final nuclei concentration under a fluorescence microscope or in an automated counting chamber in at least two independent counts and assess the suspension quality (Figure 5).
   NOTE: Optimal concentrations are between 700 - 1,200 nuclei/µL. Lower cell concentrations such as 700 nuclei/µL may be preferable as resulting cDNA libraries contained less ambient background RNA (transcripts not associated with individual nuclei).
2. Calculate the required volume of nuclei suspension for the desired recovery of sequenced single nuclei. In order to avoid nuclei aggregation and RNA degradation, proceed immediately to library preparation.

Discussion

Single-cell transcriptomics advance the understanding of cell type-specific gene expression in renal physiology and disease. Here, we provided a simple and reproducible method to isolate high-quality single nuclei from frozen mouse kidney tissue for snRNA-seq in a standardized way.

For snRNA-seq, it is critical to use high-quality nuclei as input for library generation and to avoid RNA degradation during tissue processing. Therefore, the incubation of tissue pieces in RNA stabilization solution immediately after dissection is essential to protect and stabilize cellular RNA and allows to store samples at - 80 °C indefinitely. When applying this protocol to frozen tissue without RNA stabilization solution treatment, such as archival material, a trial run is required, and the RNA quality needs to be assessed as we observed a significant loss of RNA integrity in snap-frozen tissue without prior incubation in RNA stabilization solution.

In general, appropriate sample handling is crucial to maximizing the recovery of intact, single nuclei. All resuspension steps should be carried out by pipetting carefully to avoid shear stress and physical damage. Buffers for the final nuclei resuspension and nuclei sorting should contain BSA to avoid nuclei loss and aggregation.

Buffer volumes in this protocol are optimized for very small tissue samples (~15 mg). It is critical to ensure complete cell lysis and sufficient washing to generate high-quality suspensions. Larger tissue blocks or whole kidney samples will result in excessive nuclei concentrations that lead to clumping and aggregation, high abundance of ambient RNA, and overall poor suspension quality. If larger samples or other tissues are processed, it is highly recommended to perform trial runs to determine optimal buffer volumes for minimal ambient RNA levels. Nuclei and RNA quality and concentrations need to be examined carefully as overloading results in overall poor performance.

In addition, large amounts of cell debris, causing high levels of ambient RNA not associated with single nuclei influence the sequencing results negatively. Clarification of the nuclei suspension by centrifugation through a sucrose cushion mitigates this problem to some extent, but it can also lead to bias in cell type representation by counter selecting against dense, small nuclei present, for instance, in immune cells¹⁶. If this is of concern, the sucrose gradient should be omitted. By contrast, we found that flow cytometry based on DAPI staining was critical to reduce the amount of cell debris in order to produce a high-quality single nuclei suspension.

The isolation of single nuclei has considerable advantages when compared to single-cell approaches⁸. It is compatible with properly frozen tissue, making the tissue collection more flexible, and circumvents the need of enzyme-based tissue dissociation, which can introduce transcriptional stress responses^6,17. Furthermore, it overcomes the dissociation bias that favors the selection of easily dissociable cell types of the renal cortex, which may lead to an underrepresentation of medullary cell types in some enzyme-based approaches^5,6,10.

Using a central kidney piece instead of whole kidney tissue further saves resources and corrects for the overrepresentation of abundant cell types as described earlier¹⁰. However, depending on the mouse model or phenotype investigated, it may be beneficial to use whole kidney samples instead of a single middle slice. Whole kidney samples may be more representative of true cell proportions, or changes occurring in the whole kidney, whereas a trimmed middle slice proved advantageous for medullary phenotypes or when sample material was limited. This decision, therefore, is highly user-specific and should be considered carefully.

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Cell sorter	-	-	For fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS); e.g. BD FACSAria Cell Sorter.
Centrifuge 5810 R	Eppendorf	5811000015
Countess Cell Counting Chamber Slides	Invitrogen	C10228
Countess II FL Automated Cell Counter	Invitrogen	AMQAF1000	Needs to contain DAPI light cube to count nuclei. Alternatively, nuclei can be counted manually under fluorescence microscope.
4′,6-Diamidino-2-phenyl-indol-dihydrochlorid (DAPI)	Biotrend	40043/b	Stock solution prepared with a concentration of 100 µM. Used for nuclei staining in a final concentration of 2 µM.
D(+)-Sucrose ≥99.9%, ultrapure DNAse-, RNAse-free	VWR	0335-500G
DNA LoBind Microcentrifuge Tubes (1.5 mL)	Eppendorf	22431021
Ethanol, 70 %	-	-
FACS tubes	pluriSelect	43-10100-46
KIMBLE Dounce tissue grinder set 2 mL complete	Sigma-Aldrich	D8938-1SET
Minisart Syringe Filters 0.2 µm	Sartorius	16534-GUK
Nuclease-free Water	Invitrogen	AM9937
Nuclei EZ Prep Nuclei Isolation Kit	Sigma-Aldrich	NUC-101	Nuclei EZ Lysis Buffer (Product No. N3408) needed for buffer preparation.
PBS (Phosphate-Buffered Saline) 1X without calcium or magnesium	Corning	21-040-CV
Petri dishes, polystyrene 60 mm	Sigma-Aldrich	P5481
Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS) with 10% Bovine Albumin	Sigma-Aldrich	SRE0036
pluriStrainer Mini 100 µm	pluriSelect	43-10100-46
pluriStrainer Mini 20 µm	pluriSelect	43-10020-40
pluriStrainer Mini 40 µm	pluriSelect	43-10040-40
Polystyrene Centrifuge Tube (15 mL)	Falcon	352099
Razor blades	-	-
RiboLock RNase Inhibitor (40 U/µL)	Thermo Fisher	EO0384
Ribonucleoside-vanadyl complex	New England Biolabs	S1402S	Follow manufacturer's instructions (https://international.neb.com/products/s1402-ribonucleoside-vanadyl-complex#Product%20Information). Upon use the 200 mM stock solution is reconstituted to a green-black clear solution by incubating at 65 °C.
RNAlater Stabilization Solution	Invitrogen	AM7020
RNase AWAY	Fisher Scientific	11952385