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Here, we present a reproducible in vitro electroporation protocol for genetic manipulation of primary cerebellar granule cell precursors (GCPs) that is cost-effective, efficient, and viable. Moreover, this protocol also demonstrates a straightforward method for the molecular study of primary cilium-dependent Hedgehog signaling pathways in primary GCP cells.
The primary cilium is a critical signaling organelle found on nearly every cell that transduces Hedgehog (Hh) signaling stimuli from the cell surface. In the granule cell precursor (GCP), the primary cilium acts as a pivotal signaling center that orchestrates precursor cell proliferation by modulating the Hh signaling pathway. The investigation of primary cilium-dependent Hh signaling machinery is facilitated by in vitro genetic manipulation of the pathway components to visualize their dynamic localization to the primary cilium. However, transfection of transgenes in the primary cultures of GCPs using the currently known electroporation methods is generally costly and often results in low cell viability and undesirable transfection efficiency. This paper introduces an efficient, cost-effective, and simple electroporation protocol that demonstrates a high transfection efficiency of ~80-90% and optimal cell viability. This is a simple, reproducible, and efficient genetic modification method that is applicable to the study of the primary cilium-dependent Hedgehog signaling pathway in primary GCP cultures.
Cerebellar GCPs are widely used to study the machinery of the Hh signaling pathway in neuronal progenitor cell-types owing to their high abundance and high sensitivity to the Hh signaling pathway in vivo1,2,3,4. In GCPs, the primary cilium acts as a pivotal Hh signal transduction hub5 that orchestrates the proliferation of the precursor cells6,7,8. In vitro visualization of Hh signaling components on the primary cilium is often challenging due to their low endogenous basal levels. Hence, transgene modification of protein expression levels and fluorophore tagging of the gene of interest are useful approaches to study the pathway at molecular resolution. However, genetic manipulation of GCP primary cultures using liposome-based transfection approaches often result in low transfection efficiency, hindering further molecular investigations9. Electroporation increases the efficiency but commonly requires exorbitant vendor-specific and cell type-restricted electroporation reagents10.
This paper introduces a high-efficiency and cost-effective electroporation method to manipulate the Hh signaling pathway components in GCP primary cultures. Using this modified electroporation protocol, a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Smoothened transgene (pEGFP-Smo) was efficiently delivered to GCPs and achieved high cell survival and transfection rates (80-90%). Furthermore, as evidenced by the immunocytochemical staining, the transfected GCPs showed high sensitivity to Smoothened agonist-induced activation of the Hh signaling pathway by trafficking EGFP-Smo to the primary cilia. This protocol shall be directly applicable and beneficial for experiments that involve in vitro genetic modification of cell types that are difficult to transfect, such as human and rodent primary cell cultures, as well as human induced pluripotent stem cells.
All animal-related procedures were carried out in compliance with animal handling guidelines and the protocol approved by the Department of Health, Hong Kong. Animal experiment licenses following Animal (Control of Experiments) Ordinance (Cap. 340) were obtained from the Department of Health, Hong Kong Government. The animal work was carried out in compliance with the animal safety ethics approved by HKBU Research Office and Laboratory Safety Committee. Refer to the Table of Materials for details about all materials used in this protocol.
1. Preexperiment preparation
2. Experimental day 0
3. DIV 2: Visualization of primary cilia and investigation of the Hh signaling pathway
Using the Opti-MEM (see the Table of Materials) as the universal reagent, this proposed electroporation methodology could achieve consistently high electroporation efficiency at ~80-90% (Figure 1). The electroporation efficiency of the Smo-EGFP vector was determined at DIV 2 post electroporation by quantification of the percentage of green fluorescence-positive cells in all paired box protein-6 (Pax6)-expressing GCP cells. The electroporation efficiency of DMSO- and SAG-trea...
Transfection of transgenes in primary GCP culture by electroporation method is typically associated with low cell viability and poor transfection efficiency9,10. This paper introduces a cost-effective and reproducible electroporation protocol that has demonstrated high efficiency and viability. In addition, we also demonstrate a straightforward method of studying the primary cilium-dependent Hh signaling pathway in primary GCP cells.
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The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
This study was supported by HKBU Seed Fund and Tier-2 Start-up Grant (RG-SGT2/18-19/SCI/009), Research Grant Council-Collaborative Research Fund (CRF-C2103-20GF) to C.H.H. Hor.
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
GCP Culture | |||
B27 supplement | Life Technologies LTD | 17504044 | |
Cell strainer, 70 µm | Corning | 352350 | |
DNase I from bovine pancreas | Roche | 11284932001 | |
Earle’s Balanced Salt Solution | Gibco, Life Technologies | 14155063 | |
FBS, qualified | Thermo Scientific | SH30028.02 | |
GlutamMAXTM-I ,100x | Gibco, Life Technologies | 35050061 | L-glutamine substitute |
L-cysteine | Sigma Aldrich | C7352 | |
Matrigel | BD Biosciences | 354277 | Basement membrane matrix |
Neurobasal | Gibco, Life Technologies | 21103049 | |
Papain,suspension | Worthington Biochemical Corporation | LS003126 | |
Poly-D-lysine Hydrobromide | Sigma Aldrich | P6407 | |
SAG | Cayman Chemical | 11914-1 | Smoothened agonist |
IF staining | |||
Bovine Serum Albumin | Sigma Aldrich | A7906 | |
Paraformaldehyde | Sigma Aldrich | P6148 | |
Triton X-100 | Sigma Aldrich | X100 | |
Primary antibody mix | |||
Anti-GFP-goat ab | Rockland | 600-101-215 | Dilution Factor: 1 : 1000 |
Anti-Arl13b mouse monoclonal ab | NeuroMab | 75-287 | Dilution Factor: 1 : 1000 |
Anti-Pax6 rabbit polyclonal ab | Covance | PRB-278P | Dilution Factor: 1 : 1000 |
Secondary antibody mix | |||
Alexa Fluor 488 donkey anti-goat IgG | Invitrogen | A-11055 | Dilution Factor: 1 : 1000 |
Alexa Fluor 555 donkey anti-mouse IgG | Invitrogen | A-31570 | Dilution Factor: 1 : 1000 |
Alexa Fluor 647 donkey anti-rabbit IgG | Invitrogen | A-31573 | Dilution Factor: 1 : 1000 |
DAPI | Thermo Scientific | 62247 | Dilution Factor: 1 : 1000 |
Electroporation | |||
CU 500 cuvette chamber | Nepagene | CU500 | |
EPA Electroporation cuvette (2 mm gap) | Nepagene | EC-002 | |
Opti-MEM | Life Technologies LTD | 31985070 | reduced-serum medium for transfection |
pEGFP-mSmo | Addgene | 25395 | |
Super Electroporator NEPA21 TYPE II In Vitro and In Vivo Electroporation | Nepagene | NEPA21 | electroporator |
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