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Mass-Rearing and Molecular Studies in Tortricidae Pest Insects
In This Article
Summary
The present protocol describes the rearing method of tortricid pest insects in the laboratories. The procedures to distinguish insects' sex and extract nucleic acids for high throughput sequencing are established using two tortricid pests.
Abstract
Tortricidae (Lepidoptera), commonly known as tortrix or leafroller moths, comprises many agricultural and forestry pests, which cause serious agricultural losses. To understand the biology of such pest moths, fundamental techniques have been in high demand. Here, methods for mass-rearing, observations, and molecular studies are developed using two tea tortrix, Homona magnanima and Adoxophyes honmai (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Insects were mass-reared with sliced artificial diet and maintained by inbreeding for over 100 generations by considering their biological characteristics. Insects have various sex dimorphisms; hence it is difficult to distinguish the sex during the developing stages, which have prevented subsequent assays. The present work highlighted that the sex of tortricids larvae could be determined by observing testes or lactic-acetic orcein staining to visualize the female-specific W chromosome. Moreover, using the sex determination methods, the present study enabled nucleic acid extractions from sex determined embryos and application toward high throughput sequencing. These tips are applicable for other pest insects and will facilitate further morphological and genetic studies.
Introduction
Lepidopteran insects represent more than 10% of all described living species1, and certain taxa species cause severe damage to plants and serious agricultural losses2,3. Although molecular and genetic studies have been developed using model insects such as the silkworm Bombyx mori4,5, pest insects remain uninvestigated, partly because of the difficulties for rearing and handling6,7. Therefore, fundamental studies and techniques are necessary to understand the bi....
Protocol
1. Insect collection and mass rearing
- Collect tortricid insects from fields following previously published References8,12.
NOTE:Â H. magnanima and A. honmai larvae are collected from damaged tea leaves (Figure 1A); adults are attracted using 4 W portable UV light (365 nm wavelength, see Table of Materials, Figure 1B). - Re.......
Representative Results
Establishment of host lines and their maintenance
The viability of field-collected larvae is differently attributed to field location, seasons, and rearing conditions (e.g., 90% of viability in Taiwan, Taoyuan, as shown in Arai et al.12). Approximately 30%-50% of pairs will generate the next generation as usual. For H. magnanima and A. honmai, matrilines have been maintained by inbreeding for over 100 generations.
Morphol.......
Discussion
Tortricid comprises several agricultural and forestry pests; the present study presented methods to rear tortrix over generations, observe embryogenesis and sex of the insects, and conduct molecular analysis using matured embryos.
One of the obstacles for pest insect study is to establish rearing methods. Especially, inbreeding sometimes affect the fitness of the species negatively. The fitness reduction by the inbred, called inbreeding depression, has widely been observed in various plants an.......
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge support from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Research Fellowships for Young Scientists [Grant Number 19J13123 and 21J00895].
....Materials
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| 1/2 ounce cup | FP CHUPA | CP070009 | insect rearing; https://www.askul.co.jp/p/6010417/ |
| 1/2 ounce cup lid | FP CHUPA | CP070011 | insect rearing; https://www.askul.co.jp/p/6010434/?int_id=recom_DtTogether |
| 99.7% acetic acid | FUJIFILM Wako Chemicals Co., Osaka, Japan | 36289 | fixation; https://labchem-wako.fujifilm.com/jp/product/detail/W01ALF036289.html |
| Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer | Agilent Technologies | not shown | Nucleic acids quantification; https://www.agilent.com/en/product/automated-electrophoresis/bioanalyzer-systems/bioanalyzer-instrument |
| Agilent RNA6000 nano kit | Agilent Technologies | 5067-1511 | Nucleic acids quantification; https://www.agilent.com/cs/library/usermanuals/Public/G2938-90034_RNA6000Nano_KG |
| benzalkonium chloride solution | Nihon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd | No.4987123116046 | Sterilization; https://www.nihon-pharm.co.jp/consumer/products/disinfection.html |
| Cotton | AOUME | 8-1611-02 | insect rearing; https://item.rakuten.co.jp/athlete-med/10006937/?scid=af_pc_etc&sc2id=af_113_0_1 |
| DAPI solution | Dojindo, Tokyo, Japan | 340-07971 | stainings; https://www.dojindo.co.jp/products/D523/ |
| Disodium Hydrogenphosphate | FUJIFILM Wako Chemicals Co. | 4.98748E+12 | Na2HPO4; https://labchem-wako.fujifilm.com/jp/product/detail/W01W0119-0286.html |
| dsDNA HS quantification kit | Invitrogen | Q33231 | Nucleic acids quantification; https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/Q33230?SID=srch-srp-Q33230 |
| Econospin RNA II column | Epoch Life Science Inc. | EP-11201 | RNA extraction; http://www.epochlifescience.com/Product/SpinColumn/minispin.aspx |
| Ethanol | FUJIFILM Wako Chemicals Co., Osaka, Japan | 4.98748E+12 | fixation; https://labchem-wako.fujifilm.com/jp/product/detail/W01W0105-0045.html |
| Ethylenediamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic Acid Tetrasodium Salt Tetrahydrate (4NA) | FUJIFILM Wako Chemicals Co. | 4.98748E+12 | Cell lysis buffer (EDTA); https://labchem-wako.fujifilm.com/jp/product/detail/W01T02N003.html |
| Glassine paper | HEIKO | 2100010 | insect rearing; https://www.monotaro.com/p/8927/0964/?utm_id=g_pla& utm_medium=cpc&utm_source= Adw |
| heat block WSC-2620 PowerBLOCK | ATTO, Tokyo, Japan | 4002620 | incubation; https://www.attoeng.site/ |
| heptane | FUJIFILM Wako Chemicals Co., Osaka, Japan | 4.98748E+12 | fixation; https://labchem-wako.fujifilm.com/jp/product/detail/W01W0108-0015.html |
| INSECTA LF | Nosan Co., Ltd | not shown | Artificial diet; https://www.nosan.co.jp/business/fodder/ist.htm |
| ISOGENII | Nippon Gene | 311-07361 | RNA extraction; https://www.nippongene.com/siyaku/product/extraction/isogen2/isogen2.html |
| isopropanol | FUJIFILM Wako Chemicals Co. | 4.98748E+12 | nucleic acids extraction; https://labchem-wako.fujifilm.com/jp/product/detail/W01W0232-0004.html |
| Lactic acid | FUJIFILM Wako Chemicals Co. | 4.98748E+12 | Stainings; https://labchem-wako.fujifilm.com/jp/product/detail/W01W0112-0005.html |
| methanol | FUJIFILM Wako Chemicals Co., Osaka, Japan | 4.98748E+12 | fixation; https://labchem-wako.fujifilm.com/jp/product/detail/W01W0113-0182.html |
| MSV-3500 vortex | Biosan | BS-010210-TAK | Voltex mixer; https://biosan.lv/products/-msv-3500-multi-speed-vortex/ |
| Nano Photometer NP 80 | Implen | not shown | Nucleic acids quantification; https://www.implen.de/product-page/implen-nanophotometer-np80-microvolume-cuvette-spectrophotometer/tech-specs/ |
| Natural pack wide | Inomata chemical | 1859 | insect rearing; https://www.monotaro.com/g/03035766/?t.q=%E3%83%8A%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3% 83%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%91% E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83% AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89 |
| NEBNext Ultra II RNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina | New England BioLabs | E7770S | Library preparation; https://www.nebj.jp/products/detail/2039 |
| orcein | FUJIFILM Wako Chemicals Co. | 4.98748E+12 | Stainings; https://labchem-wako.fujifilm.com/jp/product/detail/W01W0115-0094.html |
| Paraformaldehyde | FUJIFILM Wako Chemicals Co. | 160-16061 | fixation; https://labchem-wako.fujifilm.com/jp/product/detail/W01W0116-1606.html |
| Polyoxyethylene(20) Sorbitan Monolaurate | FUJIFILM Wako Chemicals Co. | 4.98748E+12 | Tween-20; https://labchem-wako.fujifilm.com/jp/product/detail/W01W0116-2121.html |
| Portable UV Black Light (4W, 365nm wavelength) | Southwalker Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan | not shown | Insect collection; http://www.southwalker.com/shopping/?pid=1364614057-467328 |
| Potassium Chloride | FUJIFILM Wako Chemicals Co. | 4.98748E+12 | KCl; https://labchem-wako.fujifilm.com/jp/product/detail/W01W0116-0354.html |
| Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate | FUJIFILM Wako Chemicals Co. | 4.98748E+12 | KH2PO4; https://labchem-wako.fujifilm.com/jp/product/detail/W01W0116-0424.html |
| ProLong Diamond Antifade Mountant | Invitrogen, MA, USA | P36965 | antifade; https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/P36965 |
| Proteinase K Solution | Merck | 71049-4CN | DNA extraction; https://www.merckmillipore.com/JP/ja/product/Proteinase-K-Solution-600-mAU-ml,EMD_BIO-71049 |
| protein precipitation solution | Qiagen | 158912 | DNA extraction; https://www.qiagen.com/us/products/discovery-and-translational-research/lab-essentials/buffers-reagents/puregene-accessories/?cmpid=PC_DA_NON_ BIOCOMPARE_ProductListing_ 0121_RD_MarketPlace_ProductC |
| Qubit V4 | Invitrogen | Q33238 | Nucleic acids quantification; https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/Q33238 |
| rifampicin | FUJIFILM Wako Chemicals Co., Osaka, Japan | 4.98748E+12 | Sterilization; https://labchem-wako.fujifilm.com/jp/product/detail/W01W0118-0100.html |
| RNA HS quantification kit | Invitrogen | Q32855 | Nucleic acids quantification; https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/Q32852 |
| RNase solution | Nippon Gene | 313-01461 | RNA extraction; https://www.nippongene.com/siyaku/product/modifying-enzymes/rnase-a/rnase-s.html |
| Silk Mate 2S | Nosan Co., Ltd | not shown | Artificial diet; https://www.nosan.co.jp/business/fodder/ist.htm |
| Sodium Chloride | FUJIFILM Wako Chemicals Co. | 4.98748E+12 | NaCl; https://labchem-wako.fujifilm.com/jp/product/detail/W01W0119-0166.html |
| Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate | FUJIFILM Wako Chemicals Co. | 4.98748E+12 | Cell lysis buffer (SDS); https://labchem-wako.fujifilm.com/jp/product/detail/W01W0119-1398.html |
| sodium hypochlorite aqueous solution | FUJIFILM Wako Chemicals Co., Osaka, Japan | 4.98748E+12 | egg separation; https://labchem-wako.fujifilm.com/jp/product/detail/W01W0119-0220.html |
| Tetracycline Hydrochloride | FUJIFILM Wako Chemicals Co., Osaka, Japan | 4.98748E+12 | Sterilization; https://labchem-wako.fujifilm.com/jp/product/detail/W01W0120-1656.html |
| Tris-HCl | FUJIFILM Wako Chemicals Co. | 4.98748E+12 | Cell lysis buffer; https://labchem-wako.fujifilm.com/jp/product/detail/W01W0120-1536.html |
| ultra-pure distilled water | Invitrogen | 10977023 | RNA extraction; https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/10977015 |
References
- Gaston, K. J. The magnitude of global insect species richness. Conservation Biology. 5 (3), 283-296 (1991).
- Pogue, M. A world revision of the genus Spodoptera Guenée (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).
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