High-Resolution Cardiac Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography for Small Animals

Summary

Here, we present an experimental imaging protocol for the quantification of cardiac function and morphology using high-resolution positron emission tomography/computed tomography for small animals. Both mice and rats are considered, discussing the different requirements of computed tomography contrast agents for the two species.

Abstract

Positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT) are among the most employed diagnostic imaging techniques, and both serve in understanding cardiac function and metabolism. In preclinical research, dedicated scanners with high sensitivity and high spatio-temporal resolution are employed, designed to cope with the demanding technological requirements posed by the small heart size and very high heart rates of mice and rats. In this paper, a bimodal cardiac PET/CT imaging protocol for experimental mouse and/or rat models of cardiac diseases is described, from animal preparation and image acquisition and reconstruction to image processing and visualization.

In particular, the ¹⁸F-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose ([¹⁸F]FDG)-PET scan allows for the measurement and visualization of glucose metabolism in the different segments of the left ventricle (LV). Polar maps are convenient tools to display this information. The CT part consists of a time-resolved 3D reconstruction of the entire heart (4D-CT) using retrospective gating without electrocardiography (ECG) leads, allowing the morphofunctional evaluation of the LV and the subsequent quantification of the most important cardiac function parameters, such as ejection fraction (EF) and stroke volume (SV). Using an integrated PET/CT scanner, this protocol can be executed within the same anesthesia induction without the need to reposition the animal between different scanners. Hence, PET/CT can be seen as a comprehensive tool for the morphofunctional and metabolic evaluation of the heart in several small animal models of cardiac diseases.

Introduction

Small animal models are extremely important for the advancement of the understanding of cardiovascular diseases^1,2. Non-invasive, diagnostic imaging tools have revolutionized the way we look at cardiac function in the last decades, both in clinical and preclinical settings. As far as small animal models of cardiac diseases are concerned, specific imaging tools have been developed with very high spatiotemporal resolution. Thus, such instruments can match the need for accurate quantification of the relevant metabolic and kinetic myocardial parameters on the very small and very fast-moving hearts of mice and rats....

Protocol

Animal experiments were performed in accordance with the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the International Guidelines on Handling of Laboratory Animals, demanded by the European Directive (Directive 86/609/EEC of 1986 and Directive 2010/63/UE) and Italian laws (D.Lgs. 26/2014).

1. Setup of the PET/CT imaging protocols and workflow

NOTE: The protocol presented here is specifically designed for cardiac imaging of mouse models. Working with rats might imply some modifications to the actual protocol, mainly because of the bigger size of the animal (roughly 10x....

Results

In this section, typical results are shown for both PET and CT analysis following the procedures described so far. Figure 6 shows the results of the automatic myocardial and LV cavity segmentation of the [¹⁸F]FDG PET scan of a control (healthy) CD-1 mouse. Even though the right ventricle is not always visible in the reconstructed images, the orientation axes based on the DICOM header can be used to correctly discriminate the interventricular septum from the other LV walls, as requ.......

Discussion

The protocol presented in this paper focuses on a typical experimental procedure for translational cardiovascular research on small animal models of cardiac injury by using high-resolution PET/CT imaging. The presented results are indicative of the high quantitative and qualitative value of PET and Cine-CT images, providing both functional and structural information of the whole heart regarding its glucose metabolism, shape, and the dynamics of its contraction. Moreover, all the images obtained are 3D, time-resolved, and.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.9% sterile saline	Fresenius Kabi		0.9% sodium chloride for injection
1025L Physiological Monitoring	Small Animal Instruments		Physiological monitoring system for small animal imaging
5 mL syringes	Artsana		Syringes with needle for injection of PET tracer
Atomlab 500	Else Nuclear		PET Dose calibrator
Atrium software	Inviscan	Version 1.5.5	PET/CT operating software
Butterfly catheters	Delta Med		27.5 G needle
Carimas software	Turku PET Center	Version 2.10	Image analysis software
Fenestra VC	Medilumine		Lipid emulsion iodinated contrast agent for small animals
Heat lamp			Heat lamp with clamp and switch
Insulin syringes	Artsana		Syringes with needle for injection of CT CA
Iomeron 400 mgI/mL	Bracco		Iomeprol, vascular contrast agent
IRIS PET/CT	Inviscan		PET/CT scanner for small animals
Isoflurane	Zoetis		Inhalation anesthetic, 250 mL
OneTouch Glucometer	Johnson&Johnson Medical		Glucose meter kit
Osirix MD software	Pixmeo	Version 11	Image analysis software
Oxygen	Air liquide		Compressed gas
Rectal probe for 1025L	Small Animal Instruments		Rectal probe with cable for SAII 1025L systems
Respiratory sensor for 1025L	Small Animal Instruments		Respiratory pillow with tubings for SAII 1025L systems
TJ-3A syringe pump	Longer		Motorized syringe pump for CT CA injection