Formulation and Characterization of Bioactive Agent Containing Nanodisks

Summary

Here, we describe the production and characterization of bioactive agents containing nanodisks. Amphotericin B nanodisks are taken as an example to describe the protocol in a stepwise manner.

Abstract

The term nanodisk refers to a discrete type of nanoparticle comprised of a bilayer forming lipid, a scaffold protein, and an integrated bioactive agent. Nanodisks are organized as a disk-shaped lipid bilayer whose perimeter is circumscribed by the scaffold protein, usually a member of the exchangeable apolipoprotein family. Numerous hydrophobic bioactive agents have been efficiently solubilized in nanodisks by their integration into the hydrophobic milieu of the particle's lipid bilayer, yielding a largely homogenous population of particles in the range of 10-20 nm in diameter. The formulation of nanodisks requires a precise ratio of individual components, an appropriate sequential addition of each component, followed by bath sonication of the formulation mixture. The amphipathic scaffold protein spontaneously contacts and reorganizes the dispersed bilayer forming lipid/bioactive agent mixture to form a discrete, homogeneous population of nanodisk particles. During this process, the reaction mixture transitions from an opaque, turbid appearance to a clarified sample that, when fully optimized, yields no precipitate upon centrifugation. Characterization studies involve the determination of bioactive agent solubilization efficiency, electron microscopy, gel filtration chromatography, ultraviolet visible (UV/Vis) absorbance spectroscopy, and/or fluorescence spectroscopy. This is normally followed by an investigation of biological activity using cultured cells or mice. In the case of nanodisks harboring an antibiotic (i.e., the macrolide polyene antibiotic amphotericin B), their ability to inhibit the growth of yeast or fungi as a function of concentration or time can be measured. The relative ease of formulation, versatility with respect to component parts, nanoscale particle size, inherent stability, and aqueous solubility permits myriad in vitro and in vivo applications of nanodisk technology. In the present article, we describe a general methodology to formulate and characterize nanodisks containing amphotericin B as the hydrophobic bioactive agent.

Introduction

Nascent discoidal high density lipoproteins (HDLs) are naturally occurring progenitors of the far more abundant spherical HDL present in the human circulatory system. These nascent particles, also referred to as pre-ß HDL, possess unique and distinctive structural properties¹. Indeed, rather than existing as a spheroidal particle, nascent HDLs are disk-shaped. Extensive structural characterization studies on natural and reconstituted discoidal HDLs have revealed that they are comprised of a phospholipid bilayer whose perimeter is circumscribed by an amphipathic exchangeable apolipoprotein (apo), such as apoA-I. In human lipoprotein metabol....

Protocol

1. Transformation, expression, and purification of scaffold protein component

1. BL21 bacterial transformation with apoE4-NT containing plasmid
   1. Thaw a tube of BL21 (DE3) competent cells on ice for 10 min.
   2. Once all the ice has melted, mix gently and carefully pipette 50 µL of the cells into a transformation tube on ice.
   3. Add 5 µL containing 50 ng of plasmid DNA (for sequence, see Supplemental Table 1) to the cell mixture. Carefully flick the tube four or five times to mix. Do not vortex.
   4. Place the mixture on ice for 30 min.
   5. Heat shock the mixture at exactly 42 &#....

Results

Bioactive agent nanodisk formulation process
In the ampB-nanodisk formulation procedure described, the reaction is considered complete when the sample appearance transitions from turbid to clear (Figure 1). This change indicates that nanodisks have formed and that the bioactive agent has been solubilized. Oftentimes, bioactive agents absorb light in the visible wavelength region (e.g., ampB, curcumin, lutein, coenzyme Q₁₀) and, in these cases, the sample ado.......

Discussion

Formulation of a bioactive agent containing nanodisks provide a convenient method to solubilize otherwise insoluble hydrophobic compounds. Because the product bioactive agent nanodisks are fully soluble in aqueous media, they provide a useful delivery method for a wide range of hydrophobic molecules (Table 1). These include small molecules, natural and synthetic drugs, phytonutrients, hormones, etc. The formulation strategy usually follows a standard protocol that must take into consideration the so.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Amphotericin B	Cayman Chemical Company	11636	ND Formulation & Standard Preparation
Ampicillin	Fisher Scientific	BP17925	Transformation & Expansion
ApoE4-NT Plasmid	GenScript	N/A	Transformation
Baffled Flask	New Brunswick Scientific	N/A	Expansion & Expression
BL21 competent E coli	New England Biolabs	C2527I	Transformation
Centrifuge bottles	Nalgene	3140-0250	Expression
Chloroform	Fisher Scientific	G607-4	ND Formulation
DMSO	Sigma Aldrich	472301	Standard Prepartation
Dymyristoylphosphatidylcholine	Avanti Lipids	850345P	ND Formulation
Erlenmeyer flask	Bellco Biotechnology	N/A	Expansion & Expression
Falcon Tubes	Sarstedt Ag & Co	D51588	Yeast Viability Assay
Glass borosilicate tubes	VWR	47729-570	ND Formulation
GraphPad (Software)	Dotmatics	N/A	Yeast Viability Assay
Heated Sonication Bath	VWR	N/A	ND Formulaton
Heating and Nitrogen module	Thermo Scientific	TS-18822	ND Formulation
HiTrap Heparin HP (5 mL)	GE Healthcare	17-0407-03	Purification
Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside	Fisher Scientific	BP1755	Expression
J-25 Centrifuge	Beckman Coulter	J325-IM-2	Expression
JA-14 Rotor	Beckman Coulter	339247	Expression
Lyophilizer	Labconco	7755030	ND Formulation
Methanol	Fisher Scientific	A452-4	ND Formulation
Nitrogen gas	Praxair	UN1066	ND Formulation
NZCYM media	RPI Research Products	N7200-1000.0	Expansion & Expression
Pet-22B vector	GenScript	N/A	Transformation
Petri dish	Fisher Scientific	FB0875718	Transformation & Expansion
Quartz Cuvettes	Fisher Brand	14385 928A	Spectral Analysis
Shaking Incubator	New Brunswick Scientific	M1344-0004	Transformation, Expansion, & Expression
Slide-A-Lyzer Buoys	Thermo Scientific	66430	Purification
SnakeSkin Dialysis Tubing	Thermo Scientific	68100	Purification
SnakeSkin Dialysis Tubing	Thermo Scientific	88243	Purification
Sodium Chloride	Fisher Scientific	S271	Purification
Sodium Phosphate dibasic	Fisher Scientific	S374-500	Purification
Sodium Phosphate monobasic	Fisher Scientific	BP329-500	Purification
Spectra/POR Weighted Closures	Spectrum Medical Industries	132736	Purification
Spectrophotometer	Shimadzu UV-1800	220-92961-01	spectral analysis
Tabletop Centrifuge	Beckman Coulter	366816	ND Formulation
UVProbe 2.61 (Software)	Shimadzu	N/A	Spectral Analysis
Vacuum filter	Millipore	9004-70-0	Expression & Purification
Vacuum pump	GAST Manufacturing Inc	DOA-P704-AA	Expression & Purification
Vortex	Fisher Scientific	12-812	ND Formulation
Yeast	N/A	BY4741	Yeast Viability Assay
Yeast Extract-Peptone-Dextrose	BD	242820	Yeast Viability Assay