Dual Immunofluorescence of γH2AX and 53BP1 in Human Peripheral Lymphocytes

Summary

This protocol presents a method to assess the formation and repair of DNA double-strand breaks through the simultaneous detection of γH2AX and 53BP1 foci in interphase nuclei of bleomycin-treated human peripheral lymphocytes.

Abstract

Double strand breaks (DSBs) are one of the most severe lesions that can occur in cell nuclei, and, if not repaired, they can lead to severe outcomes, including cancer. The cell is, therefore, provided with complex mechanisms to repair DSBs, and these pathways involve histone H2AX in its phosphorylated form at Ser-139 (namely γH2AX) and p53 binding protein 1 (53BP1). As both proteins can form foci at the sites of DSBs, identification of these markers is considered a suitable method to study both DSBs and their kinetics of repair. According to the molecular processes that lead to the formation of γH2AX and 53BP1 foci, it could be more useful to investigate their co-localization near the DSBs in order to set up an alternative approach that allows quantifying DSBs by the simultaneous detection of two DNA damage markers. Thus, this protocol aims to assess the genomic damage induced in human lymphocytes by the radiomimetic agent bleomycin through the presence of γH2AX and 53BP1 foci in a dual immunofluorescence. Using this methodology, we also delineated the variation in the number of γH2AX and 53BP1 foci over time, as a preliminary attempt to study the repair kinetics of bleomycin-induced DSBs.

Introduction

DNA damage is continuously induced by agents that can be endogenous, such as ROS generated by cellular oxidative metabolism, or exogenous, both chemicals and physical¹. Among the most harmful lesions, double-strand breaks (DSBs) play a fundamental role in contributing to genomic instability, since they cause chromosome aberrations that in turn can initiate the carcinogenesis process. Thus, cells are provided with complex and efficient mechanisms of DSBs repairing².

When a DSB occurs, the cell triggers the DNA damage response (DDR) where, together with the MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 complex, ATM or ATR kinases are recruited to activate other proteins that slow down or stop the cell cycle³. An essential target of these kinases is histone H2AX, which is phosphorylated on Ser-139 within a few megabases from the DSBs (namely γH2AX), thereby allowing the recruitment of several repair factors such as, among others, BRCA1 and p53 binding protein 1 (53BP1)³. Later, one pathway among homologous recombination (HR), non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), or single-strand annealing (SSA) is triggered to repair the DSBs^4,5. Therefore, 53BP1 is involved in dictating the choice between HR or NHEJ, mainly promoting the activation of NHEJ rather than HR⁶. Moreover, both the phosphorylated form of H2AX histone and 53BP1 can form foci at the sites of DSBs. As these foci persist until the integrity of the double strand is restored, assessing the appearance/disappearance of γH2AX or 53BP1 foci within a time interval is considered a useful method to evaluate the occurrence and repair of DSBs in a cell system^6,7. However, according to the molecular processes above described, since γH2AX and 53BP1 foci are expected to co-localize near the DSBs during DDR^8,9, it can be useful to detect concurrently the presence of these markers in a dual immunofluorescence.

Thus, the aim of this manuscript was to evaluate the suitability of the simultaneous quantification of γH2AX and 53BP1 foci to assess the genomic damage induced in human peripheral lymphocytes by the radiomimetic agent bleomycin. Using the same methodology, we also attempted to delineate repair kinetics of bleomycin-induced DSBs according to a previously set up experimental procedure¹⁰.

Protocol

The study was approved by the ethical committee of Pisa University, and informed and signed consent was obtained from each donor.

1. Formation of γH2AX and 53BP1 foci

1. Preparation of samples and mutagenic treatment
   1. Collect whole blood samples by venipuncture from healthy adult individuals in blood collection (e.g., Vacutainer) tubes containing lithium heparin as an anticoagulant.
   2. In order to guarantee proper blood sample preservation, start the procedure within 24 h of sampling.
   3. Add 300 µL of the sample to a tube containing 4.7 mL of complete medium (0.5% penicillin-streptomycin, 0.75% phytohemagglutinin, 10% FBS previously inactivated, 88.75% RPMI 1640).
   4. Then add bleomycin sulfate to a final concentration of 5 µg/mL.
      CAUTION: Bleomycin sulfate is a mutagen. Avoid skin contact and inhalation. Prepare the solution and add the sample under a hood.
   5. For each sample, set up a negative control (absence of mutagen).
   6. Place the tube in a thermostat at 37 °C for 2 h.
2. Fixation
   1. Centrifuge samples at 540 x g for 5 min at room temperature.
   2. Aspirate the supernatant and resuspend the pellet with vortex.
   3. Add 5 mL of hypotonic solution (2.87 g of KCl dissolved in 500 mL of deionized water) and 400 µL of pre-fixative solution (5:3 acetic acid: methanol) to cause hemolysis of red blood cells.
   4. Centrifuge samples at 540 x g for 5 min at room temperature.
   5. Aspirate the supernatant and resuspend the pellet in 5 mL of methanol at room temperature for at least 30 min to fix the cells.
   6. Alternatively, store the cells at -20 °C until use.
3. Slides preparation
   1. Centrifuge samples at 540 x g for 5 min at room temperature.
   2. Aspirate the supernatant and resuspend the pellet in 5 mL of a 3:1 methanol: acetic acid solution. Repeat these steps one more time.
   3. At the end, centrifuge the solution again at 540 x g for 5 min at room temperature.
   4. Aspirate the supernatant again leaving enough solution (0.5 mL) to resuspend the pellet, pipette vigorously, drop the resuspended cell pellet on the slides, and air dry. Store the slides at 4 °C.
4. Immunofluorescence
   NOTE: Immunofluorescence is an immunologic method for identifying specific cell targets using a primary antibody binding the target itself and a fluorescent secondary antibody binding the primary that allows localizing the target¹¹. In this case, a mouse monoclonal anti-53BP1 (1:50) and a rabbit polyclonal anti-γH2AX (1:50) are used as primary antibodies, while AlexaFluor568 anti-mouse (1:400) and DyLight488 anti-rabbit (1:200) are used as secondary antibodies, respectively.
   1. Wash the slides two times in 50 mL of 1x PBS for 5 min in couplin jar (16 slides back-to-back).
   2. Then keep them for 30 min in blocking solution (10 mL of FBS, 10 mL of 10x PBS, 80 mL of deionized water, 300 µL of Triton-X).
   3. Add to each slide 10 µL of each of the two solutions containing the primary antibodies dissolved in the blocking solution. Cover the slides with paraffin tape and incubate at 4 °C overnight.
   4. After incubation, perform three washing in 1x PBS for 5 min.
   5. Add to each slide 10 µL of each of the two solutions containing the secondary antibodies dissolved in the blocking solution. Cover the slides with paraffin tape and incubate at room temperature for 2 h.
   6. Perform three washing in 1x PBS for 5 min.
   7. Add 2.5 µL of antifade solution with DAPI on the coverslips before the assembly to counterstain the nuclei.
      ​NOTE: In order to assess foci kinetics, the procedure is the same as described from 1.1 to 1.4, noting that cell harvesting and the dual immunofluorescence are performed at 0 h, after 2 h post-bleomycin treatment and then, after having removed the mutagen, at 4 h, 6 h, and 24 h post-treatment.

2. Analysis through a fluorescence microscope

NOTE: "Fluorescence microscope" refers to any microscope that uses fluorescence to generate an image. The specimen is illuminated with light of a specific wavelength (or wavelengths) which is absorbed by the fluorophores, causing them to emit light of longer wavelengths¹². AlexaFluor568 and DyLight 488 absorb light of approximately 568 and 488 nm and emit light of 603 and 520 nm, respectively. Thus, they are visible as red or green fluorescence using a TRITC or a FITC filter, respectively.

1. Score the presence of foci in each slide under a 100x immersion objective (Figure 1).
2. Score 200 nuclei per slide and count the number of γH2AX/53BP1 foci in each nucleus.
3. Express results in terms of the average number of foci per total nuclei scored. These include both γH2AX/53BP1 positive (showing at least one fluorescence signal) and negative (not showing any fluorescence signal) nuclei.

Results

Data obtained by the fluorescence microscope analysis of peripheral lymphocytes allow us to evaluate three main aspects: the effectiveness of bleomycin treatment in increasing the number of γH2AX and 53BP1 foci (and thus of DSBs) due to its mutagenic effect, at what extent both foci co-localized at the site of DSBs, and the time-course of γH2AX and 53BP1 foci to delineate the repair kinetics of bleomycin-induced DSBs. As expected, a very higher frequency of both γH2AX and 53BP1 foci was observed between un...

Discussion

Immunofluorescence analysis of γH2AX and 53BP1 foci is a suitable method for assessing genomic damage in interphase nuclei of a cell system. This procedure has several critical points that can affect the outcome of the experiments, mainly, the agents used in fixation and permeabilization, the type of antibodies and their dilution factors, and the concentration of the mutagen.

The maintenance of protein integrity is fundamental since the immunofluorescence method expects to identify antige...

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
AlexaFluor 568 goat anti-mouse IgG (γ1)	Invitrogen	A21124	53BP1 secondary antibody
Bleoprim	Sanofi		bleomycin sulfate (mutagen)
Penicillin-streptomycin solution 100X	Euroclone	ECB3001D	antibiotics for culture medium
PBS 10X	Termofisher	14200075	Phosphate-buffered saline
FBS	Euroclone	EC20180L	Fetal Bovine Serum for immunofluorescence
Goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) DyLight 488 Coniugated	Termofisher	#35552	γH2AX secondary antibody
Mouse anti-53BP1 monoclonal antibody	Merck	MAB 3802	53BP1 primary antibody
Labophot 2	Nikon		Fluorescence microscope
P-histone H2AX (Ser139) rabbit antibody	Cell Signaling	#2577	γH2AX primary antibody
Phytohemoagglutinin	Termofisher	R30852801	component of culture medium
Prolong gold antifade reagent with DAPI	Cell Signaling	#8961	Antifade solution with DAPI for counterstaining
RPMI 1640	Euroclone	ECB9006L	Culture medium
Triton-X100	Sigma	T9284	Nonionic detergent for permeabilization