Investigating Angiogenesis on a Functional and Molecular Level by Leveraging the Scratch Wound Migration Assay and the Spheroid Sprouting Assay

Summary

This study presents the two-dimensional (2D) scratch wound migration assay and the three-dimensional (3D) spheroid sprouting assay, along with their respective downstream analysis methods, including RNA extraction and immunocytochemistry, as suitable assays to study angiogenesis in vitro.

Abstract

Angiogenesis plays a crucial role in both physiological and pathological processes within the body including tumor growth or neovascular eye disease. A detailed understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms and reliable screening models are essential for targeting diseases effectively and developing new therapeutic options. Several in vitro assays have been developed to model angiogenesis, capitalizing on the opportunities a controlled environment provides to elucidate angiogenic drivers at a molecular level and screen for therapeutic targets.

This study presents workflows for investigating angiogenesis in vitro using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We detail a scratch wound migration assay utilizing a live cell imaging system measuring endothelial cell migration in a 2D setting and the spheroid sprouting assay assessing endothelial cell sprouting in a 3D setting provided by a collagen matrix. Additionally, we outline strategies for sample preparation to enable further molecular analyses such as transcriptomics, particularly in the 3D setting, including RNA extraction as well as immunocytochemistry. Altogether, this framework offers scientists a reliable and versatile toolset to pursue their scientific inquiries in in vitro angiogenesis assays.

Introduction

Angiogenesis, which refers to the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones¹, is a crucial process during physiological development and pathologic conditions. It is indispensable for providing energy to highly metabolically active tissues such as the retina² or the developing central nervous system³ and during the healing of damaged tissue⁴. Abnormal angiogenesis, on the other hand, is the basis for numerous diseases. Solid tumors, such as colorectal cancer or non-small cell lung cancer, facilitate their growth and the necessary energy supply by promoting angiog....

Protocol

1. HUVEC cell culture

NOTE: Perform all following steps under sterile working conditions (sterile working bench).

1. Expanding HUVECs
   1. For both angiogenesis assays, use pooled human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) or human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs).
   2. Cultivate the cells until they reach 90% confluence in an uncoated T75 flask with endothelial cell growth medium (EGM) before performing a split. Perform medium change 3 times.......

Discussion

In this report, we presented a spectrum of techniques with functional and molecular readouts to study angiogenesis in vitro.

The migration assay represents a well-established technique used across all fields of wet laboratory work. We chose the commercially available live-cell imaging approach to take advantage of the 96-well format suitable for screening and dose-response experiments, the standardized and reproducible wound size created by the WoundMaker tool, the opportunity to ob.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
10x Medium 199	Sigma-Aldrich	M0650
2-(4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)1-piperazinyl)-ethan-sulfonsäure	PAN-Biotec	P05-01100	HEPES
Alexa Fluor 647-conjugated AffiniPure F(ab)‘2-Fragment	Jackson IR	115-606-072
Axio Vert. A1	Zeiss
CapturePro 2.10.0.1	JENOTIK Optical Systems
Collagen Type 1 rat tail	Corning	354236
Collagenase D	Roche	11088858001
Endothelial Cell Basal Medium	Lonza	CC-3156	EBM
Endothelial Cell Growth Medium	Lonza	CC-3162	EGM
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid	Serva	11290.02	EDTA
Fetal bovine serum	Bio&SELL	S 0615	FBS
Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells, pooled	Lonza	C2519A	HUVEC
IncuCyte ImageLock 96-well plates	Sartorius	4379
Incucyte S3 Live-Cell Analysis System	Sartorius
Methocel	Sigma	m-0512
Microvascular Endothelial Cell Medium with 10% FBS	PB-MH-100-4090-GFP	PELOBiotech
NaOH	Carl Roth	P031.2
Phalloidin-Fluorescein Isothiocyanate Labeled (0.5 mg/mL Methanol)	Sigma-Aldrich	P5282-.1MG	Phalloidin-FITC
Phosphate-buffered saline	Thermo Fisher Scientfic	14190-094	PBS
Primary Human Retinal Microvascular Endothelial Cells	Cell Systems	ACBRI 181
ProLong Glass Antifade Mountant with NucBlue	Invitrogen by ThermoFisher Scientific	2260939
QIAzol Lysis Reagent	QIAGEN	79306
recombinant human Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor	PeproTech	100-20	VEGF
Squared petri dish	Greiner	688102
Trizol	Qiagen	79306
Trypsin	PAN-Biotec	P10-024100
VEGF-R2 (monoclonal)	ThermoFisher Scientific Inc.	B.309.4
WoundMaker	Sartorius	4493