Detection of DNA Breaks in Dividing Human Cells by Neutral Comet Assay

Summary

This protocol is designed to investigate the extent of DNA damage occurring during DNA replication. Under neutral conditions, the induction of DNA breaks can be readily assessed within a short time frame. Additionally, the protocol is adaptable to other cell types and various replication stress reagents.

Abstract

DNA replication is constantly challenged by a wide variety of endogenous and exogenous stressors that can damage DNA. Such lesions encountered during genome duplication can stall replisomes and convert replication forks into double-strand breaks. If left unrepaired, these toxic DNA breaks can trigger chromosomal rearrangements, leading to heightened genome instability and an increased likelihood of cellular transformation. Additionally, cancer cells exhibit persistent replication stress, making the targeting of replication fork vulnerabilities in tumor cells an attractive strategy for chemotherapy. A highly versatile and powerful technique to study DNA breaks during replication is the comet assay. This gel electrophoresis technique reliably detects the induction and repair of DNA breaks at the single-cell level. Herein, a protocol is outlined that allows investigators to measure the extent of DNA damage in mitotically dividing human cells using fork-stalling agents across multiple cell types. Coupling this with automated comet scoring facilitates rapid analysis and enhances the reliability in studying induction of DNA breaks.

Introduction

The comet assay is a gel electrophoresis method used to detect DNA breaks at the single-cell level. It relies on the principle that open-ended DNA breaks migrate under electrophoretic conditions, while intact DNA remains largely static. Broken DNA migrates because breaks result in the relaxation of supercoiled DNA, causing its gradual spatial relocation towards the anode in the electrophoretic chamber, which results in a comet-like appearance observed by immunofluorescence^1,2. The extent of DNA damage is then measured by quantifying the amount of broken DNA that has migrated relative to the compact DNA.

Protocol

This protocol (Figure 1) primarily utilizes adherent U2OS cancer cell lines but is adaptable to a wide variety of adherent and suspension cells grown in tissue culture. The solutions and buffers used in this study are detailed in Table 1. The reagents and equipment used are listed in the Table of Materials.

1. Preparation of materials

1. Prior to the day of the experiment, place the provided bottle with low melting ag.......

Discussion

This protocol outlines a NC assay for assessing DNA breaks in human cells undergoing active replication. The protocol is relatively simple to perform, and researchers can readily adapt it to high pH conditions for alkaline analyses⁸. It includes two critical steps, as described in steps 3.7 and 4.5. In step 3.7, it is essential to spread the melted agarose with cells uniformly across the well to prevent comets from overlapping during analysis. Ensure that cellular aggregates are dissolved before r.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1x DPBS	Gibco	14190144
Camptothecin	Selleckchem	S1288
Comet LMAgarose (LMA)	R&D systems	4250-050-02
CometAssay Electrophoresis System II	R&D systems	4250-050-ES	Includes electrophoresis tank, safety lid, cables, 2/20 wells slide trays and slide tray overlay
CometScore software	TriTek		open-sourced
CometSlide	R&D systems	4250-050-03
DMEM, high glucose	Gibco	11965092
DMEM/F12	Gibco	11320033
DMSO	FisherSci	D128-4
Epifluorescence microscope	Keyence	BZ-X810
Fetal Bovine Serum - Premium	Bio-Techne	S11150
Gibco Trypsin-EDTA (0.05%), phenol red	Gibco	25300054
GraphPad Prism 10.0	GraphPad
HEK293T cells	ATCC	CRL-11268
hTERT-RPE-1 cells	ATCC	CRL-4000
Hydroxyurea	Millipore Sigma	H8627
PARP inhibitor Olaparib	Selleckchem	S8096
PowerPac	FisherSci	FB300Q
Surface Treated Sterile Tissue Culture Plate	FisherSci	FB012927
SYBR Green I Nucleic Acid Gel Stain (10,000x)	FisherSci	S7567
U2OS cells	ATCC	HTB-96
UVP HB-1000 Hybridization Incubator	FisherSci	UVP95003001