The authors wish to thank past members of the Stock lab: Ming-Min Lee, Kathryn Plichta, Victoria Miranda-Thompson and Sam-Kyu Kim for their contributions to the improvement of many of these protocols. This work was funded in part by the National Science Foundation grant IOS-0840932 and IOS-0724978 to S. P. Stock

1. In vivo Rearing of Entomopathogenic Nematodes with their Symboitic Bacteria
<ol>
	<li>Invert a 100 x 15 mm plastic Petri dish and place two discs of filter paper (90 mm) in the lid of the dish.</li>
	<li>Evenly distribute 1 ml of the IJ (infective juveniles) water suspension (at a concentration of 1,000-2,000 IJ/ml) on the filter paper. 
	NOTE: IJs do not need to be surface-sterilized.</li>
	<li>Add 10 last instar larvae of the greater waxmoth Galleria mellonella to the dish. The goal is to pr...

<ol>
	<li>Akhurst, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphological+and+functional+dimorphism+in+Xenorhabdus+spp.,+bacteria+symbiotically+associated+with+the+insect+pathogenic+nematodes,+Neoaplectana+and+Heterorhabditis.">Morphological and functional dimorphism in Xenorhabdus spp., bacteria symbiotically associated with the insect pathogenic nematodes, Neoaplectana and Heterorhabditis.</a> J. Gen. Microbiol. 121, 303-309 (1980).</li><li>Dunphy, G. B., Webster, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+monoxenic+culture+of+Neoaplectana+carpocapsae+DD+136+and+Heterorhabditis+heliothidis.">The monoxenic culture of Neoaplectana carpocapsae DD 136 and Heterorhabditis heliothidis.</a> Revue Nematol. 12, 113-123 (1989).</li><li>Boemare, N., Gaugler, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biology,+taxonomy+and+systematics+of+Photorhabdus+and+Xenorhabdus.">Biology, taxonomy and systematics of Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus.</a> Entomopathogenic Nematology. , (2002).</li><li>Boemare, N. E., Akhurst, R. A., Dworkin, M., Falkow, S., Rosenberg, E., Schleifer, K. -. H., Stackebrandt, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Genera+Photorhabdus+and+Xenorhabdus.">The Genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus.</a> The Prokaryotes. , 473-488 (2002).</li><li>Ehlers, R. U., Wulff, A., Peters, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathogenicity+of+axenic+Steinernema+feltiae.+Xenorhabdus+bovienii.+and+the+bacto-helminthic+complex+to+larvae+of+Tipula+oleracea+(Diptera)+and+Galleria+mellonella+(Lepidoptera).">Pathogenicity of axenic Steinernema feltiae. Xenorhabdus bovienii. and the bacto-helminthic complex to larvae of Tipula oleracea (Diptera) and Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera).</a> Journal Invertebrate Pathology. 69, 212-217 (1997).</li><li>Gaugler, R., Kaya, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Biological Control. Boca. , (1990).</li><li>Heungens, K., Cowles, C. E., Goodrich-Blair, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+Xenorhabdus+nematophila+genes+required+for+mutualistic+colonization+of+Steinernema+carpocapsae+nematodes.">Identification of Xenorhabdus nematophila genes required for mutualistic colonization of Steinernema carpocapsae nematodes.</a> Molecular Microbiology. 45, 1337-1353 (2002).</li><li>Kaya, H. K., Gaugler, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Entomopathogenic+nematodes.">Entomopathogenic nematodes.</a> Annual Review of Entomology. 38, 181-206 (1993).</li><li>Kaya, H. K., Stock, S. P., Lackey, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Techniques+in+insect+nematology.">Techniques in insect nematology.</a> Manual of techniques in insect pathology. , 281-324 (1997).</li><li>Koppenh&#246;fer, H., Nguyen, K. B., Hunt, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+Symbionts+of+Steinernema+and+Heterorhabditis.">Bacterial Symbionts of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis.</a> Entomopathogenic Nematodes: Systematics, Phylogeny and Bacterial Symbionts. , 735-759 (2007).</li><li>Lunau, S., Stoessel, S., Schmidt Peisker, A. J., Ehlers, R. U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+of+monoxenic+inocula+for+scaling+up+in+vitro+cultures+of+the+entomopathogenic+nematodes+Steinernema+spp+and+Heterorhabditis+spp.">Establishment of monoxenic inocula for scaling up in vitro cultures of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema spp and Heterorhabditis spp.</a> Nematologica. 39, 385-399 (1993).</li><li>Orozco, R. A., Lee, M., Stock, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soil+sampling+and+isolation+of+entomopathogenic+nematodes+(Steinernematidae,+Heterorhabditidae).">Soil sampling and isolation of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae).</a> J. Vis. Exp. (89), (2014).</li><li>Poinar, G. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+presence+of+Achromobacter+nematophilus+in+the+infective+stage+of+a+Neoaplectana+sp+(Steinernematidae:+Nematoda).">The presence of Achromobacter nematophilus in the infective stage of a Neoaplectana sp (Steinernematidae: Nematoda).</a> Nematologica. 12, 105-108 (1966).</li><li>Poinar, G. O., Thomas, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Significance+of+Achromobacter+nematophilus+sp.+nov.+(Achromobacteriaceae:+Eubacteriales)+associated+with+a+nematode.">Significance of Achromobacter nematophilus sp. nov. (Achromobacteriaceae: Eubacteriales) associated with a nematode.</a> Int. Bull. Bacteriol. Nomencl. Taxon. 15, 249-252 (1966).</li><li>Sicard, M., Brugirard-Ricaud, K., Pag&#232;s, S., Lanois, A., Boemare, N. E., Breh&#233;li, M., Givaudan, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stages+of+infection+during+the+tripartite+interaction+between+Xenorhabdus+nematophila,+its+nematode+vector,+and+insect+hosts.">Stages of infection during the tripartite interaction between Xenorhabdus nematophila, its nematode vector, and insect hosts.</a> Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70, 6473-6480 (2004).</li><li>Sicard, M., Hinsinger, J., LeBrun, N., Pag&#232;s, S., Boemare, N., Moulia, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interspecific+competition+between+entomopathogenic+nematodes+(Steinernema)+is+modified+by+their+bacterial+symbionts+(Xenorhabdus).">Interspecific competition between entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema) is modified by their bacterial symbionts (Xenorhabdus).</a> BMC Evolutionary Biology. 6, 68-78 (2006).</li><li>Snyder, H., Stock, S. P., Kim, S. K., Flores-Lara, Y., Forst, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+insights+into+the+colonization+and+release+processes+of+Xenorhabdus+nematophila+and+the+morphology+and+ultrastructure+of+the+bacterial+receptacle+of+its+nematode+host,+Steinernema+carpocapsae.">New insights into the colonization and release processes of Xenorhabdus nematophila and the morphology and ultrastructure of the bacterial receptacle of its nematode host, Steinernema carpocapsae.</a> Applied and environmental microbiology. 73, 5338-5346 (2007).</li><li>Stiernagle, T., ed, C. .. e. l. e. g. a. n. s. .. W. o. r. m. B. o. o. k. .. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maintenance+of+C.+elegans.">Maintenance of C. elegans.</a> WormBook. , (2006).</li><li>Stock, S. P., Goodrich-Blair, H., Lacey, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nematode+parasites,+pathogens+and+associated+of+insects+and+invertebrates+of+economic+importance.">Nematode parasites, pathogens and associated of insects and invertebrates of economic importance.</a> Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology. , 373-426 (2012).</li></ol>

No conflicts of interest declared.

Using a suitable host is a key factor for the successful in vivo rearing of EPN. Usually, both steinernematids and heterorhabditids can reproduce and successfully complete their life cycle in larvae of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). However, other insect species from different families and/or orders can be considered. A few of the currently described nematode species are known to have specificity for a particular insect host. For example, S. kushidai and...

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) Steinernema and Heterorhabditis spp. (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) and their bacterial symbionts, Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus spp (Enterobacteriaceae) are considered an emergent model of terrestrial animal-microbe symbiotic relationships2-4,6,10,19. Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus spp. are harbored as symbionts in the intestine of the only free-living stage of the nematodes, also known as the infective juvenile (IJ) or 3rd stage infective juvenile8,10,13. The bacterium-nematode pair is pathogenic for a wide range of insects and has successfully been implemented in biological control and integrated pest management programs worldwide6,8.
Herein we show a selection of in vivo and in vitro techniques that are frequently exercised for the rearing of EPN under laboratory conditions. In vivo methods contemplate an insect host for the rearing of the nematodes. Usually, immature stages of various insect orders (i.e.&#160;Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, etc.) are considered suitable hosts. In vivo methods are usually considered for maintenance of nematode cultures in the lab. This method may not be suitable when considering mass production of the nematodes. Large quantities of insect hosts may be required for this purpose demanding more time and additional costs related to the insect rearing.
Entomopathogenic nematodes can also be cultured in vitro on several media. Depending on the goal of the study; in vitro methods may or consider the incorporation of the symbiotic bacteria in the media. In this presentation, we describe two commonly used methods for the propagation of EPN. The ingredients of the media provide a source of nutrients for the symbiotic bacterium and a sterol source for the nematodes. In vitro methods offer the advantage the rearing of EPN without an insect host.
Originally, many of the in vitro media developed were used for the multiplication of EPN when suitable insect hosts are not available. However, over the past years, in vitro rearing methods have become widely employed in research aiming to understand the mutualistic relationship between EPN and their symbiotic bacteria17,19.
The techniques detailed in this presentation correspond to those described by various authors and refined by the Stock Laboratory, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ, USA). These techniques are distinct from the body of techniques that are used in the mass production of these organisms for pest management purposes.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1827">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:485px;">Material&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:488px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:595px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:485px;"></td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
			<td style="width:488px;"></td>
			<td style="width:595px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="28">
			<td height="28" style="height:28px;width:485px;">For in vivo Infections</td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
			<td style="width:488px;"></td>
			<td style="width:595px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:485px;">100 x 15 Petri Dishes</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:488px;">25384-088</td>
			<td style="width:595px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:485px;">Filter Paper, 9 cm Grade 1 Cellulose</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Whatman/VWR</td>
			<td style="width:488px;">28450-081</td>
			<td style="width:595px;">Grade 1 filter paper recommended</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:18px;width:485px;">Insect hosts</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Timberline</td>
			<td style="width:488px;">http://www.timberlinefisheries.com/ProductDetails.asp?ProductCode=WAXLG</td>
			<td style="width:595px;">Galleria mellonella are recommended</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:485px;"></td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
			<td style="width:488px;"></td>
			<td style="width:595px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;width:485px;">For Liver-Kidney Agar (for 500 ml)</td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
			<td style="width:488px;"></td>
			<td style="width:595px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="16">
			<td height="16" style="height:16px;width:485px;">60 x 15 mm Petri Dishes</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">VWR</td>
			<td>25384-092</td>
			<td style="width:595px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:485px;">Beef Liver, 50 g</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Locally sourced; butcher or supermarket</td>
			<td style="width:488px;"></td>
			<td style="width:595px;">Remaining may be stored frozen and thawed for future use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:485px;">Beef Kidney, 50 g</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Locally sourced; butcher or supermarket</td>
			<td style="width:488px;"></td>
			<td style="width:595px;">Remaining may be stored frozen and thawed for future use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:485px;">Sodium Chloride 2.5g ( 0.5% final concentration )</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Acros/VWR</td>
			<td>200002-434</td>
			<td style="width:595px;">any research grade NaCl can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:485px;">Agar, 7.5 g (1.5% agar, final concentration)</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">HiMedia/VWR</td>
			<td>95026-642</td>
			<td style="width:595px;">any media grade agar can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">500 ml distilled H20&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
			<td style="width:488px;"></td>
			<td style="width:595px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
			<td style="width:488px;"></td>
			<td style="width:595px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:485px;">For Lipid Agar (for 1 L)</td>
			<td style="width:260px;"></td>
			<td style="width:488px;"></td>
			<td style="width:595px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:485px;">100 x 15 Petri Dishes</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">VWR</td>
			<td>25384-088</td>
			<td style="width:595px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:485px;">Nutrient Broth, 8 g</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">BD/VWR</td>
			<td>90002-660</td>
			<td style="width:595px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:485px;">Yeast Extract, 5g</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">EMD/VWR</td>
			<td>EM1.03753.0500</td>
			<td style="width:595px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:485px;">Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate,&#160; 10 ml (0.2g/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">EMD/VWR</td>
			<td>EM-MX0045-1</td>
			<td style="width:595px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:485px;">Corn Oil, 4 ml</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Any brand</td>
			<td style="width:488px;">Locally source; supermarket</td>
			<td style="width:595px;">Any brand of corn oil can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:485px;">Corn Syrup, 96 ml combine 7 ml corn syrup in 89 ml heated H20 and swirl for homogeneity</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Karo</td>
			<td style="width:488px;">Locally sourced; supermarket</td>
			<td style="width:595px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Agar, 15 g</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">HiMedia/VWR</td>
			<td>95026-642</td>
			<td style="width:595px;">any media grade agar can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Distilled H20,890 ml</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vivo and in vitro rearing of entomopathogenic nematodes (steinernematidae and heterorhabditidae)

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) have a mutualistic partnership with Gram-negative Gamma-Proteobacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae. Xenorhabdus bacteria are associated with steinernematids nematodes while Photorhabdus are symbionts of heterorhabditids. Together nematodes and bacteria form a potent insecticidal complex that kills a wide range of insect species in an intimate and specific partnership. Herein, we demonstrate in vivo and in vitro techniques commonly used in the rearing of these nematodes under laboratory conditions. Furthermore, these techniques represent key steps for the successful establishment of EPN cultures and also form the basis for other bioassays that utilize these organisms for research. The production of aposymbiotic (symbiont&#8211;free) nematodes is often critical for an in-depth and multifaceted approach to the study of symbiosis. This protocol does not require the addition of antibiotics and can be accomplished in a short amount of time with standard laboratory equipment. Nematodes produced in this manner are relatively robust, although their survivorship in storage may vary depending on the species used. The techniques detailed in this presentation correspond to those described by various authors and refined by P. Stock&#8217;s Laboratory, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ, USA). These techniques are distinct from the body of techniques that are used in the mass production of these organisms for pest management purposes.

The in vivo rearing method uses live insects as hosts for nematode growth and reproduction. Infection chambers are an efficient method for exposing insects IJs. This is the only stage in the nematodes&#8217; life cycle that vectors the bacterial symbionts from one insect host to another. Figure 1 shows the set up for an infection chamber as well as the materials needed to build this chamber. In vitro rearing methods allow EPN to grow without an insect host but are also implemented for t...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In vivo and In vitro Rearing of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae at JoVE.com

In vivo and In vitro Rearing of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae

The goal of this presentation is to demonstrate in vivo and in vitro techniques for the rearing of entomopathogenic nematodes. In vivo methods consider the rearing of these nematodes with an insect host, whereas the in vitro methods utilize rich agar media.

In vivo and In vitro Rearing of Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae)

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) have a mutualistic partnership with Gram-negative Gamma-Proteobacteria in the ...

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20.3K Görüntüleme.  University of Arizona.  Bu sunumun amacı in vivo ve entomopatojen nematodların yetiştirmesi için in vitro teknikleri göstermektir., In vitro yöntemler zengin ağar medya kullanmak ise in vivo yöntemler, bir böceğin bu nematodların yetiştirme düşünün. 