We thank Kwon laboratory members for helpful discussions. This work was supported by grants from NHLBI/NIH (R01HL111198) and Maryland Stem Cell Research Fund (MSCRF).

Tüm fareler Johns Hopkins Üniversitesi&#39;nde hayvan tesisi -accredited Laboratuar Hayvan Bakımı Akreditasyon Amerikan Derneği (AAALAC) muhafaza ve Laboratuvar Hayvanları Bakım ve Kullanım Kılavuzu belirtilen prosedürlere uygun olarak muhafaza edildi. Kurumsal Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Komitesi (IACUC) tüm deneysel protokolleri onayladı. 1. Deneysel hazırlanması <ol><li> 60 dakika boyunca fosfat tamponlu çözelti içinde% 10 Fetal Sığır Serumu (FBS) (PBS) ile kaplayın 12 oyuklu plaka. </li><li> Kaplama çözeltisini çıkarın ve serum içermeyen vasat (SFM) ve 200 ul ilave edin. Medya film tüm yüzey alanı kaplamaktadır emin olmak için plakayı döndürdüm. </li></ol> 2. Cerrahi İşlemleri <ol><li> Tam ötenazi sağlamak için servikal dislokasyon tarafından takip kurumun hayvan bakım komitesi tarafından onaylanmış protokol kullanılarak gebe fareler Euthanize. </li><li> Sprey ve% 70 ile fare göbek bölgesini temizlemeketanol. Kirlenmesini önlemek için sıkı steril teknikler koruyun. </li><li> Kullanım forseps ve makas göbek bölgesinde 0.5 cm 2 kesi yapmak için. </li><li> / Çimdik kesi altında ve üstünde cildi kapmak ve yavaşça zıt yönlerde (baş ve kuyruk) cilt çekmek için parmaklarınızı kullanın. </li><li> Göbek bölgesinde zarında bir başlangıç ​​kesi yapmak için forseps ve makas kullanın. Yavaşça böylece rahim ifşa her bir tarafında (2 x 1.5 cm2) üzerine overlere göbek V-şeklinde membran kesti. </li><li> Böylece yumurtalıktan rahim kurtararak, yumurtalık tarafında yumurtalık çimdik yumurtalık ve rahim makas bağlayan yumurtalık çimdik için forseps kullanabilir. </li><li> Yavaşça forseps yumurtalık tarafından rahim yukarı çekin ve makas ile mesane bölgeden serbest rahim kesti. </li><li> Forseps ile yumurta kanalı tarafından daha fazla yukarı rahim çekin ve böylece m rahim bırakmadan diğer tarafta makas ile yumurtalık kesmekouse. </li><li> 50 ml&#39;lik bir tüpe transfer rahim ve Ca + 2 ve Mg + 2 ile birlikte, steril, soğuk PBS ve 20 ml ekleyin. PBS embriyo diseksiyonu sırasında Ca 2+ ve Mg 2+ içermelidir. </li><li> Yavaşça kan rahim yıkamak için 10 saniye boyunca tüp sallayın. </li><li> Forseps ile tüp rahim aktarın ve 10 ml çanak koyun ve uterus üzerine soğuk PBS 5 ml ekleyin. </li><li> Bir stereomikroskop altında rahim ile çanak yerleştirin. Not: 2,13-2,19 Stereomikroskopta gerektirir Adımları. </li><li> Yavaşça tek rahim itibaren embriyolar ile amniyotik keseler rahim açıp dışarı incelemek için forseps iki çift kullanın. <ol><li> Dikkatle embriyo çevreleyen amniyotik kese açmak için forseps iki çift kullanın tek forseps ile kesesini tutam ve yavaşça embriyo çıkarın, kesme ve embriyo amniyon kesesi serbest bırakmak için diğer forseps kullanabilir. Belirli bir genotip Gerekirse, genotipleme için amniyotik kese tutun. </li></ol></li><li> Yan embriyo yerleştirin ve kemer ve farenks kesenin (Şekil 1A &#39;&#39;) arasındaki kalbe posterior kemer nd 1 st ve 2 kesmek için forseps kullanabilir. </li><li> Yavaşça diğer tarafa çevirmek embriyo ve posterior kemer ve farenks kese arasındaki kalbe 1. ve 2. kemer kesmek için forseps kullanabilir. </li><li> Hala 1 st ve embriyoya 2. farengeal kemerli bağlanan kalp çıkış yolunu kesmek için forseps kullanabilir. Hala embriyodan, kelebeğin (Şekil 1B) şeklinde birbirine bağlı olan kemerler, çıkartın. </li><li> Çimdik için forseps kullanabilir ve kalan kalp çıkım yolu ve foregut endoderm 1 st farengeal kemerli bırakın (Şekil 1B &#39;* kesik çizgi ile gösterilen ve). </li><li> Çimdik için forseps kullanabilir ve kalan kalp çıkış yolundan 2. faringeal kemerler serbestve foregut endoderm (Şekil 1B &#39;kesikli çizgi ve ** ile gösterilir). </li><li> Ayrı ayrı forseps kullanarak kemerlerin her çift aktarın ve iyi belirlenmiş bir ortasında iki kemerler yerleştirin. Ayrı kuyularda Levha 1. ve 2. faringeal kemerler. Kemerler adım 1.2 ilave medya filmi ile temas içinde olduğundan emin olun. Onlar bu dönemde ek için kuyunun yüzeyi ile temas kurmaya gerek olarak kemerler, orta kapsamında DEĞİLDİR çok önemlidir. </li></ol> 3. Kuluçka ve Görüntüleme <ol><li> Kemerler iyi bir yüzey alanı eklemek için 2 saat boyunca 37 ° C /% 5 CO2 içinde 12 oyuklu plaka kemerler inkübe edin. </li><li> Yavaşça kuyunun aşağı tarafı 37 ° C SFM 200 ul ekleyin. Kemerler bağlı kalır emin olun ve / N O kuluçkaya yatmaktadır. </li><li> Ertesi gün, görsel farengeal kemerler takılı ve hafifçe aşağı tarafı 37 ° C SFM 200 ul ekleyin olduğunu kontrol ediniyi. Kemerler bekâr ve yüzen kalırsa, yavaşça sadece medyanın film kalana kadar kemerleri çıkarmadan bir pipet ile ortamı çıkarın. Kuyu ve tekrar adım 3.1 ortasına kemerler yerleştirmek için pipet kullanın. </li><li> Günlük Monitör; herhangi bir medya buharlaştırılarak yerine 2 günde medya ~ 100-200 ul ekleyin. Not: hücrelerini göç sonra 24-48 saat kemer etrafında görünür ve çoğalırlar ve önümüzdeki 5-8 gün içinde kemer göç edecektir. Dayak kardiyomiyositlerde 36-72 saat oluşumu 2. faringeal kemer (Şekil 2B) den görülebilir sonra. Miyotüp formasyonu eki (Şekil 2A) sonra 1 st farenks kemer 3-7 gün görülebilir. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Kelly, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+second+heart+field.">The second heart field.</a> Curr Top Dev Biol. 100, 33-65 (2012).</li><li>Bruneau, B. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+developmental+genetics+of+congenital+heart+disease.">The developmental genetics of congenital heart disease.</a> Nature. 451, 943-948 (2008).</li><li>Tzahor, E., Evans, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharyngeal+mesoderm+development+during+embryogenesis:+implications+for+both+heart+and+head+myogenesis.">Pharyngeal mesoderm development during embryogenesis: implications for both heart and head myogenesis.</a> Cardiovasc Res. 91, 196-202 (2011).</li><li>Uosaki, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+Contact+with+Endoderm-like+Cells+Efficiently+Induces+Cardiac+Progenitors+from+Mouse+and+Human+Pluripotent+Stem+Cells.">Direct Contact with Endoderm-like Cells Efficiently Induces Cardiac Progenitors from Mouse and Human Pluripotent Stem Cells.</a> PLoS One. 7 (10), e46413 (2012).</li><li>Cheng, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibronectin+mediates+mesendodermal+cell+fate+decisions.">Fibronectin mediates mesendodermal cell fate decisions.</a> Development. 140, 2587-2596 (2013).</li><li>Kwon, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+regulatory+pathway+involving+Notch1/beta-catenin/Isl1+determines+cardiac+progenitor+cell+fate.">A regulatory pathway involving Notch1/beta-catenin/Isl1 determines cardiac progenitor cell fate.</a> Nature cell biology. 11, 951-957 (2009).</li><li>Shenje, L. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Precardiac+deletion+of+Numb+and+Numblike+reveals+renewal+of+cardiac+progenitors.">Precardiac deletion of Numb and Numblike reveals renewal of cardiac progenitors.</a> Elife. 3, e02164 (2014).</li><li>Grevellec, A., Tucker, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pharyngeal+pouches+and+clefts:+Development,+evolution,+structure+and+derivatives.">The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: Development, evolution, structure and derivatives.</a> Semin Cell Dev Biol. 21, 325-332 (2010).</li><li>Kwon, C., Cordes, K. R., Srivastava, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wnt/beta-catenin+signaling+acts+at+multiple+developmental+stages+to+promote+mammalian+cardiogenesis.">Wnt/beta-catenin signaling acts at multiple developmental stages to promote mammalian cardiogenesis.</a> Cell Cycle. 7, 3815-3818 (2008).</li><li>Cho, G. S., Fernandez, L., Kwon, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regenerative+medicine+for+the+heart:+perspectives+on+stem-cell+therapy.">Regenerative medicine for the heart: perspectives on stem-cell therapy.</a> Antioxid Redox Signal. 21, 2018-2031 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Bu videoda, biz izole etmek ve 9.5 gün eski fare embriyolarının ilk kültür ve ikinci yutak kemerler nasıl gösterilmektedir. Farengeal kemerler, ilk kemerlerin 8 ikinci kemerli ve baş kas atalarıdır -in embriyogenez 10,11 sırasında kalbi yapmak için çok güçlü kalp progenitör hücrelerin bina blokları içeren gelişmekte olan embriyoların 9&#39;un craniolateral tarafında görünen çıkıntı geçici segmente edilmiş . Yutak kemerlerin dis...

Faringeal mezoderm hücreleri kalp parça ve yutak kas yol açmaktadır. Embriyonik gelişim sırasında, ikinci kalp alanından multipotent kalp progenitör hücrelerin yutak mezodermden göç ve kardiyak çıkış yolunu ve sağ ventrikül doldurmak ve onların anormal gelişim yakından doğum kusurları ve doğum defect- konjenital kalp hastalığı lideri nedeni ile ilişkilidir İnsanlarda 1-3 benzer ölümler. Son çalışmalar yutak mezoderm mezoderm kardiyo-Kraniofasiyal gelişim 4 kritik bir parçası yaparak, kalp ek olarak, kas kafa katkıda bulunduğunu göstermiştir. Böylece, indüksiyon, çoğalması ve yutak mezoderm baş ve kalp atalarıdır farklılaşma dahil gelişimsel süreçleri etkin soruşturma 5-7 altındadır. Yakın zamana kadar, kardiyak progenitör hücreler genişleme witho tabi olup olmadığı bilinmeyen kaldıkendi cep çevre hakkında bilgi eksikliği kısmen ut farklılaşma. Bizim yeni bir çalışma faringeal kemerler kalp ve kas atalarıdır yenilenmesi için bir mikroçevresinin olarak hizmet ve birkaç hafta üzerinde 8 ex vivo kültüre olabileceğini düşündürmektedir. Bu eksplant yöntemi kardiyo-kraniofasial atalarıdır ex vivo gelişimini incelemek için yeni ve eşsiz bir fırsat sunmaktadır.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<colgroup>
		<col span="4" />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30071.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS + Ca2 + Mg2</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>21-030-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10cm petri plates</td>
			<td>Fishersci</td>
			<td>FB0875712</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">Dissection forceps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">Serum Free Media:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IMDM</td>
			<td>Cellgro</td>
			<td>15-016-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ham&#8217;s F12</td>
			<td>Cellgro</td>
			<td>10-080-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N2-SUPPLEMENT</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>17502-048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27-retinoic acid</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12587-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% BSA (in PBS) &#224; (Invitrogen Cat#. P2489)</td>
			<td>Life Sciences</td>
			<td>P2489</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100X Glutamine (Gibco Cat.# 25030-081)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>35050-61</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100X Pen/Strep (Gibco Cat#. 15070-063)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ex vivo culture of pharyngeal arches to study heart and muscle progenitors and their niche

Gelişmekte olan embriyoların faringeal mezoderm baş ve kalp kaslarının geniş bölgelere katkıda bulunur. Biz (aynı zamanda brankiyal kemerli olarak da bilinir) farenks kemerli baş ve kalp progenitör hücre gelişimini ex vivo çalışma için yeni bir yöntem geliştirdik. Bu yöntemi kullanarak, biz son zamanlarda ikinci faringeal kemer kendini yenileyen kalp atalarıdır içeren ve fare kalp gelişimi sırasında atalarıdır genişletilmesi için bir mikro olarak hizmet ettiğini tarif var. progenitör hücrelerin kemerin içinde farklılaşmamış ve geniş kalır, ancak hızlı bir şekilde kemer dışarı göç gibi fonksiyonel kardiyomiyositler olur. Biz de ilk faringeal kemer kemer ayrıldıktan sonra miyotüplerinin sebebiyet veren kas atalarıdır içerdiğini bildirdi. Burada, biz diseksiyon ve fare embriyoları geliştirmekten birinci ve ikinci faringeal kemerler ex vivo kültür prosedürü göstermektedir. yöntem baş ve kalp progenitör / kas dev incelemek için birini sağlayankardiyomiyosit ayrıntılı ex vivo miyotüp formasyonu da dahil olmak üzere elopment.

Onlar çoğalır ve baş ve kalp kas, sırasıyla (Şekil 1A, A &#39;ve A&#39; &#39;) olmak üzere, 1. ve 2. faringeal kemer göç olarak gelişimi sırasında, yüz kası ve kalp atalarıdır izlenebilmektedir. Yutak kemerlerin Kültürleme detaylı ex vivo kalp ve kas gelişimini incelemek için benzersiz bir yol sunuyor. Diseksiyon ve yutak kemerlerin bağlanması sonrasında, ekli kemerli göç hücrelerin kültür 24-48 saat içinde görülebilir. Kültür miyot...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ex Vivo Culture of Pharyngeal Arches to Study Heart and Muscle Progenitors and Their Niche at JoVE.com

Ex Vivo Culture of Pharyngeal Arches to Study Heart and Muscle Progenitors and Their Niche

Here, we present a protocol to culture pharyngeal arches to study the biology of heart and muscle progenitor cells and their microenvironment.

Faringeal Arches Ex Vivo Kültür Kalp ve kas atalarıdır ve Bunların Niche Eğitim için

The pharyngeal mesoderm of developing embryos contributes to broad regions of head and heart musculature. We have developed a novel method to study head ...

ex-vivo-culture-pharyngeal-arches-to-study-heart-muscle-progenitors

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Ex Vivo Culture of Pharyngeal Arches to Study Heart and Muscle Progenitors and Their Niche

7.8K Görüntüleme.  Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Here, we present a protocol to culture pharyngeal arches to study the biology of heart and muscle progenitor cells and their microenvironment.

Video: Ex Vivo Culture of Pharyngeal Arches to Study Heart and Muscle Progenitors and Their Niche

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Culture of Mouse Hippocampal Tissue

Mouse genetics offers a powerful tool determining the role of specific genes during development. Analyzing the resulting phenotypes by immunohistochemical and molecular methods provides information of potential target genes and signaling pathways. To further elucidate specific regulatory mechanisms requires a system allowing the manipulation of only a small number of cells of a specific tissue by either overexpression, ablation or re-introduction of specific genes and follow their fate during development. To achieve this ex utero electroporation of hippocampal structures, especially the dentate gyrus, followed by organotypic slice culture provides such a tool. Using this system to generate mosaic deletions allows determining whether the gene of interest regulates cell-autonomously developmental processes like progenitor cell proliferation or neuronal differentiation. Furthermore it facilitates the rescue of phenotypes by re-introducing the deleted gene or its target genes. In contrast to in utero electroporation the ex utero approach improves the rate of successfully targeting deeper layers of the brain like the dentate gyrus. Overall ex utero electroporation and organotypic slice culture provide a potent tool to study regulatory mechanisms in a semi-native environment mirroring endogenous conditions.

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Culture of Mouse Hippocampal Tissue

Here we present a protocol providing a tool to examine regulatory mechanisms of specific genes during hippocampal development. Employing ex utero electroporation and organotypic slice culture allows the up- and down-regulation of the expression of genes of interest in single cells and follow their fate during development.

Fare Hipokampal Doku Ex Utero Elektroporasyon ve Organotipik Dilim Kültür

Mouse genetics offers a powerful tool determining the role of specific genes during development. Analyzing the resulting phenotypes by immunohistochemical ...

Gelişim Biyolojisi

Ex Vivo Culture of Chick Cerebellar Slices and Spatially Targeted Electroporation of Granule Cell Precursors

The cerebellar external granule layer (EGL) is the site of the largest transit amplification in the developing brain, and an excellent model for studying neuronal proliferation and differentiation. In addition, evolutionary modifications of its proliferative capability have been responsible for the dramatic expansion of cerebellar size in the amniotes, making the cerebellum an excellent model for evo-devo studies of the vertebrate brain. The constituent cells of the EGL, cerebellar granule progenitors, also represent a significant cell of origin for medulloblastoma, the most prevalent paediatric neuronal tumour. Following transit amplification, granule precursors migrate radially into the internal granular layer of the cerebellum where they represent the largest neuronal population in the mature mammalian brain. In chick, the peak of EGL proliferation occurs towards the end of the second week of gestation. In order to target genetic modification to this layer at the peak of proliferation, we have developed a method for genetic manipulation through ex vivo electroporation of cerebellum slices from embryonic Day 14 chick embryos. This method recapitulates several important aspects of in vivo granule neuron development and will be useful in generating a thorough understanding of cerebellar granule cell proliferation and differentiation, and thus of cerebellum development, evolution and disease.

Ex Vivo Culture of Chick Cerebellar Slices and Spatially Targeted Electroporation of Granule Cell Precursors

The cerebellar external granule layer is the site of the largest transit amplification in the developing brain. Here, we present a protocol to target genetic modification to this layer at the peak of proliferation using ex vivo electroporation and culture of cerebellar slices from embryonic Day 14 chick embryos.

Ex Vivo Chick Serebellar Dilimleri Kültür ve Mekansal Elektroporasyon granül hücre öncülerinin Hedefli

The cerebellar external granule layer (EGL) is the site of the largest transit amplification in the developing brain, and an excellent model for studying ...

Epicardial Outgrowth Culture Assay and Ex Vivo Assessment of Epicardial-derived Cell Migration

A single layer of epicardial cells lines the heart, providing paracrine factors that stimulate cardiomyocyte proliferation and directly contributing cardiovascular progenitors during development and disease. While a number of factors have been implicated in epicardium-derived cell (EPDC) mobilization, the mechanisms governing their subsequent migration and differentiation are poorly understood. Here, we present in vitro and ex vivo strategies to study EPDC motility and differentiation. First, we describe a method of obtaining primary epicardial cells by outgrowth culture from the embryonic mouse heart. We also introduce a detailed protocol to assess three-dimensional migration of labeled EPDC in an organ culture system. We provide evidence using these techniques that genetic deletion of myocardin-related transcription factors in the epicardium attenuates EPDC migration. This approach serves as a platform to evaluate candidate modifiers of EPDC biology and could be used to develop genetic or chemical screens to identify novel regulators of EPDC mobilization that might be useful for cardiac repair.

Epicardial Outgrowth Culture Assay and Ex Vivo Assessment of Epicardial-derived Cell Migration

Here, we describe methods for isolating primary mouse epicardial cells by an outgrowth culture assay and assessing the functional migration of epicardial-derived cells (EPDC) using an ex vivo heart culture system. These protocols are suitable for identifying genetic and chemical modulators of epicardial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and motility.

Epikardiyal dışsal gelişimi Kültürü Deneyi ve<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; Epikardiyal türetilmiş Hücre Göç Değerlendirilmesi

A single layer of epicardial cells lines the heart, providing paracrine factors that stimulate cardiomyocyte proliferation and directly contributing ...

Identification Of Erythromyeloid Progenitors And Their Progeny In The Mouse Embryo By Flow Cytometry

Macrophages are professional phagocytes from the innate arm of the immune system. In steady-state, sessile macrophages are found in adult tissues where they act as front line sentinels of infection and tissue damage. While other immune cells are continuously renewed from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) located in the bone marrow, a lineage of macrophages, known as resident macrophages, have been shown to be self-maintained in tissues without input from bone marrow HSPCs. This lineage is exemplified by microglia in the brain, Kupffer cells in the liver and Langerhans cells in the epidermis among others. The intestinal and colon lamina propria are the only adult tissues devoid of HSPC-independent resident macrophages. Recent investigations have identified that resident macrophages originate from the extra-embryonic yolk sac hematopoiesis from progenitor(s) distinct from fetal hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Among yolk sac definitive hematopoiesis, erythromyeloid progenitors (EMP) give rise both to erythroid and myeloid cells, in particular resident macrophages. EMP are only generated within the yolk sac between E8.5 and E10.5 days of development and they migrate to the fetal liver as early as circulation is connected, where they expand and differentiate until at least E16.5. Their progeny includes erythrocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and mast cells but only EMP-derived macrophages persist until adulthood in tissues. The transient nature of EMP emergence and the temporal overlap with HSC generation renders the analysis of these progenitors difficult. We have established a tamoxifen-inducible fate mapping protocol based on expression of the macrophage cytokine receptor Csf1r promoter to characterize EMP and EMP-derived cells in vivo by flow cytometry.

While infiltrating macrophages are continuously recruited to adult tissues from circulating precursors, resident macrophages seed their tissue during development, where they are maintained without further input from progenitors. The progenitors for resident macrophages were recently identified. Here, we present methods for the genetic fate mapping of the resident macrophage progenitors.

Akım Sitometresi ile Fare Embriyosunda Eritromiyeloid Progenitörlerin Ve Döllerinin Belirlenmesi

Macrophages are professional phagocytes from the innate arm of the immune system. In steady-state, sessile macrophages are found in adult tissues where ...

Isolation, Culture, and Differentiation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells and Osteoclast Progenitors from Mice

Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) constitute a cell population routinely used as a representation of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. They reside within the bone marrow cavity alongside hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which can give rise to red blood cells, immune progenitors, and osteoclasts. Thus, extractions of cell populations from the bone marrow results in a very heterogeneous mix of various cell populations, which can present challenges in experimental design and confound data interpretation. Several isolation and culture techniques have been developed in laboratories in order to obtain more or less homogeneous populations of BMSCs and HSCs invitro. Here, we present two methods for isolation of BMSCs and HSCs from mouse long bones: one method that yields a mixed population of BMSCs and HSCs and one method that attempts to separate the two cell populations based on adherence. Both methods provide cells suitable for osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation experiments as well as functional assays.

In this article, we present methods to isolate and differentiate bone marrow stromal cells and hematopoietic stem cells from mouse long bones. Two different protocols are presented yielding different cell populations suitable for expansion and differentiation into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and osteoclasts.

Yalıtım, kültür ve kemik iliği Stromal hücreler ve Osteoklast ataları fareler gelen farklılaşma

Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) constitute a cell population routinely used as a representation of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. They reside within ...

Application of Chronic Stimulation to Study Contractile Activity-induced Rat Skeletal Muscle Phenotypic Adaptations

Skeletal muscle is a highly adaptable tissue, as its biochemical and physiological properties are greatly altered in response to chronic exercise. To investigate the underlying mechanisms that bring about various muscle adaptations, a number of exercise protocols such as treadmill, wheel running, and swimming exercise have been used in the animal studies. However, these exercise models require a long period of time to achieve muscle adaptations, which may be also regulated by humoral or neurological factors, thus limiting their applications in studying the muscle-specific contraction-induced adaptations. Indirect low frequency stimulation (10 Hz) to induce chronic contractile activity (CCA) has been used as an alternative model for exercise training, as it can successfully lead to muscle mitochondrial adaptations within 7 days, independent of systemic factors. This paper details the surgical techniques required to apply the treatment of CCA to the skeletal muscle of rats, for widespread application in future studies.

This protocol describes the use of the chronic contractile activity model of exercise to observe stimulation-induced skeletal muscle adaptations in the rat hindlimb.

Contractile fare faaliyet kaynaklı kas iskelet fenotipik uyarlamalar çalışmaya kronik stimulasyon uygulanması

Skeletal muscle is a highly adaptable tissue, as its biochemical and physiological properties are greatly altered in response to chronic exercise. To ...

In Vivo Imaging of Muscle-tendon Morphogenesis in Drosophila Pupae

Muscles together with tendons and the skeleton enable animals including humans to move their body parts. Muscle morphogenesis is highly conserved from animals to humans. Therefore, the powerful Drosophila model system can be used to study concepts of muscle-tendon development that can also be applied to human muscle biology. Here, we describe in detail how morphogenesis of the adult muscle-tendon system can be easily imaged in living, developing Drosophila pupae. Hence, the method allows investigating proteins, cells and tissues in their physiological environment. In addition to a step-by-step protocol with helpful tips, we provide a comprehensive overview of fluorescently tagged marker proteins that are suitable for studying the muscle-tendon system. To highlight the versatile applications of the protocol, we show example movies ranging from visualization of long-term morphogenetic events &#8211; occurring on the time scale of hours and days &#8211; to visualization of short-term dynamic processes like muscle twitching occurring on time scale of seconds. Taken together, this protocol should enable the reader to design and perform live-imaging experiments for investigating muscle-tendon morphogenesis in the intact organism.

In Vivo Imaging of Muscle-tendon Morphogenesis in Drosophila Pupae

Here, we present an easy-to-use and versatile method to perform live imaging of developmental processes in general and muscle-tendon morphogenesis in particular in living Drosophila pupae.

Vivo Kas-tendon morfogenez Drosophila pupa içinde görüntüleme

Muscles together with tendons and the skeleton enable animals including humans to move their body parts. Muscle morphogenesis is highly conserved from ...

Generation of First Heart Field-like Cardiac Progenitors and Ventricular-like Cardiomyocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

The generation of large amounts of functional human pluripotent stem cells-derived cardiac progenitors and cardiomyocytes of defined heart field origin is a pre-requisite for cell-based cardiac therapies and disease modeling. We have recently shown that Id genes are both necessary and sufficient to specify first heart field progenitors during vertebrate development. This differentiation protocol leverages these findings and uses Id1 overexpression in combination with Activin A as potent specifying cues to produce first heart field-like (FHF-L) progenitors. Importantly, resulting progenitors efficiently differentiate (~70&#8211;90%) into ventricular-like cardiomyocytes. Here we describe a detailed method to 1) generate Id1-overexpressing hPSCs and 2) differentiate scalable quantities of cryopreservable FHF-L progenitors and ventricular-like cardiomyocytes.

Here we describe a scalable method, using a simple combination of Activin A and lentivirus-mediated Id1-overexpression, to generate first heart field-like cardiac progenitors and ventricular-like cardiomyocytes from human pluripotent stem cells.

İlk kalp alan benzeri kardiyak ataları ve ventrikül benzeri Cardiomyocytes insan Pluripotent kök hücrelerden nesil

The generation of large amounts of functional human pluripotent stem cells-derived cardiac progenitors and cardiomyocytes of defined heart field origin is ...

Ex Vivo Perfusion of the Rodent Placenta

The placenta is a key organ during pregnancy that serves as a barrier to fetal xenobiotic exposure and mediates the exchange of nutrients for waste. An assay is described here to perfuse an isolated rat placenta and evaluate the maternal-to-fetal translocation of xenobiotics ex vivo. In addition, the evaluation of physiological processes such as fluid flow to the fetus and placental metabolism may be conducted with this methodology. This technique is suitable for evaluating maternal-to-fetal kinetics of pharmaceutical candidates or environmental contaminants. In contrast to current alternative approaches, this methodology allows the evaluation of the isolated maternal-fetal vasculature, with the systemic neural or immune involvement removed, allowing any observed changes in physiological function to be attributable to local factors within the isolated tissue.

Here is presented a protocol of ex vivo maternal-fetal vascular perfusion to enable the administration of a test article into maternal vasculature and to evaluate placental transfer of xenobiotic particles or pharmacological agents in addition to alterations in placental physiology.

Rodent placenta 'nın ex vivo perfüzyon

The placenta is a key organ during pregnancy that serves as a barrier to fetal xenobiotic exposure and mediates the exchange of nutrients for waste. An ...

Isolation, Culture, Characterization, and Differentiation of Human Muscle Progenitor Cells from the Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Procedure

The use of primary human tissue and cells is ideal for the investigation of biological and physiological processes such as the skeletal muscle regenerative process. There are recognized challenges to working with human primary adult stem cells, particularly human muscle progenitor cells (hMPCs) derived from skeletal muscle biopsies, including low cell yield from collected tissue and a large degree of donor heterogeneity of growth and death parameters among cultures. While incorporating heterogeneity into experimental design requires a larger sample size to detect significant effects, it also allows us to identify mechanisms that underlie variability in hMPC&#160;expansion capacity, and thus allows us to better understand heterogeneity in skeletal muscle regeneration. Novel mechanisms that distinguish the expansion capacity of cultures have the potential to lead to the development of therapies to improve skeletal muscle regeneration.

We present techniques for isolating, culturing, characterizing, and differentiating human primary muscle progenitor cells (hMPCs) obtained from skeletal muscle biopsy tissue. hMPCs obtained and characterized through these methods can be used to subsequently address research questions related to human myogenesis and skeletal muscle regeneration.