Name: modified single-loop reconstruction for pancreaticoduodenectomy
Uploaded: 2019-09-28T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modified Single-Loop Reconstruction for Pancreaticoduodenectomy at JoVE.com

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This protocol focuses on the reconstruction phase of PD using mSLR and follows the guidelines of the ethics committee of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany.
NOTE: Patients with a resectable tumor of the pancreatic head, the papillary region or severe refractory chronic calcifying pancreatitis underwent PD. Resectability was present if the tumor had less than 50 % contact to the peripancreatic arteries and did not infiltrate the portal vein or the superior mesenteric vein. Distant metastases i...

<ol>
	<li>Cameron, J. L., He, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two+thousand+consecutive+pancreaticoduodenectomies.">Two thousand consecutive pancreaticoduodenectomies.</a> Journal of American College of Surgeons. 220 (4), 530-536 (2015).</li><li>Keck, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pancreatogastrostomy+Versus+Pancreatojejunostomy+for+RECOnstruction+After+PANCreatoduodenectomy+(RECOPANC,+DRKS+00000767):+Perioperative+and+Long-term+Results+of+a+Multicenter+Randomized+Controlled+Trial.">Pancreatogastrostomy Versus Pancreatojejunostomy for RECOnstruction After PANCreatoduodenectomy (RECOPANC, DRKS 00000767): Perioperative and Long-term Results of a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial.</a> Annals of Surgery. 263 (3), 440-449 (2016).</li><li>Deng, L. H., Xiong, J. J., Xia, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolated+Roux-en-Y+pancreaticojejunostomy+versus+conventional+pancreaticojejunostomy+after+pancreaticoduodenectomy:+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">Isolated Roux-en-Y pancreaticojejunostomy versus conventional pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> Journal of Evidence Based Medicine. 10 (1), 37-45 (2017).</li><li>Klaiber, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Meta-analysis+of+complication+rates+for+single-loop+versus+dual-loop+(Roux-en-Y)+with+isolated+pancreaticojejunostomy+reconstruction+after+pancreaticoduodenectomy.">Meta-analysis of complication rates for single-loop versus dual-loop (Roux-en-Y) with isolated pancreaticojejunostomy reconstruction after pancreaticoduodenectomy.</a> British Journal of Surgery. 102 (4), 331-340 (2015).</li><li>Eshmuminov, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+postoperative+pancreatic+fistula+rates+using+the+updated+2016+International+Study+Group+Pancreatic+Fistula+definition+in+patients+undergoing+pancreatic+resection+with+soft+and+hard+pancreatic+texture.">Systematic review and meta-analysis of postoperative pancreatic fistula rates using the updated 2016 International Study Group Pancreatic Fistula definition in patients undergoing pancreatic resection with soft and hard pancreatic texture.</a> HPB (Oxford). 20 (11), 992-1003 (2018).</li><li>Ke, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+prospective,+randomized+trial+of+Roux-en-Y+reconstruction+with+isolated+pancreatic+drainage+versus+conventional+loop+reconstruction+after+pancreaticoduodenectomy.">A prospective, randomized trial of Roux-en-Y reconstruction with isolated pancreatic drainage versus conventional loop reconstruction after pancreaticoduodenectomy.</a> Surgery. 153 (6), 743-752 (2013).</li><li>El Nakeeb, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolated+Roux+loop+pancreaticojejunostomy+versus+pancreaticogastrostomy+after+pancreaticoduodenectomy:+a+prospective+randomized+study.">Isolated Roux loop pancreaticojejunostomy versus pancreaticogastrostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy: a prospective randomized study.</a> HPB (Oxford). 16 (8), 713-722 (2014).</li><li>Tani, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Randomized+clinical+trial+of+isolated+Roux-en-Y+versus+conventional+reconstruction+after+pancreaticoduodenectomy.">Randomized clinical trial of isolated Roux-en-Y versus conventional reconstruction after pancreaticoduodenectomy.</a> British Journal of Surgery. 101 (9), 1084-1091 (2014).</li><li>Machado, M. C., da Cunha, J. E., Bacchella, T., Bove, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+modified+technique+for+the+reconstruction+of+the+alimentary+tract+after+pancreatoduodenectomy.">A modified technique for the reconstruction of the alimentary tract after pancreatoduodenectomy.</a> Surgery Gynecology Obstetrics. 143 (2), 271-272 (1976).</li><li>Aghalarov, I., Herzog, T., Uhl, W., Belyaev, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+modified+single-loop+reconstruction+after+pancreaticoduodenectomy+reduces+severity+of+postoperative+pancreatic+fistula+in+high-risk+patients.">A modified single-loop reconstruction after pancreaticoduodenectomy reduces severity of postoperative pancreatic fistula in high-risk patients.</a> HPB (Oxford). 20 (7), 676-683 (2018).</li><li>Marangoni, G., Morris-Stiff, G., Deshmukh, S., Hakeem, A., Smith, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+modern+approach+to+teaching+pancreatic+surgery:+stepwise+pancreatoduodenectomy+for+trainees.">A modern approach to teaching pancreatic surgery: stepwise pancreatoduodenectomy for trainees.</a> Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. 16 (8), 1597-1604 (2012).</li><li>. Pyloruserhaltende Duodenohemipankreatektomie nach Traverso-Longmire mit T-Drainage (pp-Whipple) Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.webop.de/Allgemein-und-Viszeralchirurgie/Pankreas-und-Milz/Pyloruserhaltende-Duodenohemipankreatektomie-nach-Traverso-Longmire-mit-T-Drainage-pp-Whipple">https://www.webop.de/Allgemein-und-Viszeralchirurgie/Pankreas-und-Milz/Pyloruserhaltende-Duodenohemipankreatektomie-nach-Traverso-Longmire-mit-T-Drainage-pp-Whipple</a> (2019)</li><li>Machado, M. C., Machado, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+use+of+isolated+pancreatic+anastomosis+after+pancreatoduodenectomy:+Five+years+of+experience+with+zero+mortality.">Systematic use of isolated pancreatic anastomosis after pancreatoduodenectomy: Five years of experience with zero mortality.</a> European Journal of Surgical Oncology. 42 (10), 1584-1590 (2016).</li><li>Pescio, G., Cariati, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+reconstructive+method+after+pancreaticoduodenectomy:+the+triple+Roux+on+a+"P"+loop.+Rationale+and+radionuclide+scanning+evaluation.">A new reconstructive method after pancreaticoduodenectomy: the triple Roux on a "P" loop. Rationale and radionuclide scanning evaluation.</a> HPB Surgery. 9 (4), 223-227 (1996).</li><li>Kingsnorth, A. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Safety+and+function+of+isolated+Roux+loop+pancreaticojejunostomy+after+Whipple's+pancreaticoduodenectomy.">Safety and function of isolated Roux loop pancreaticojejunostomy after Whipple's pancreaticoduodenectomy.</a> Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 76 (3), 175-179 (1994).</li><li>Jester, A. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Impact+of+Hepaticojejunostomy+Leaks+After+Pancreatoduodenectomy:+a+Devastating+Source+of+Morbidity+and+Mortality.">The Impact of Hepaticojejunostomy Leaks After Pancreatoduodenectomy: a Devastating Source of Morbidity and Mortality.</a> Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. 21 (6), 1017-1024 (2017).</li><li>Funovics, J. M., Zoch, G., Wenzl, E., Schulz, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progress+in+reconstruction+after+resection+of+the+head+of+the+pancreas.">Progress in reconstruction after resection of the head of the pancreas.</a> Surgery Gynecology Obstetrics. 164 (6), 545-548 (1987).</li><li>Jover, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Results+of+defunctionalized+jejunal+loop+after+pancreaticoduodenectomy.">Results of defunctionalized jejunal loop after pancreaticoduodenectomy.</a> Cirurgia Espanola. 80 (6), 373-377 (2006).</li><li>Albertson, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pancreaticoduodenectomy+with+reconstruction+by+Roux-en-Y+pancreaticojejunostomy:+no+operative+mortality+in+a+series+of+25+cases.">Pancreaticoduodenectomy with reconstruction by Roux-en-Y pancreaticojejunostomy: no operative mortality in a series of 25 cases.</a> The Southern Medical Journal. 87 (2), 197-201 (1994).</li></ol>

To date, POPF contributes significantly to the postoperative morbidity following PD1.
A mixture of bile and pancreatic juice can lead to mutual activation of both secretions, increasing their adverse effects on the PJ or the HJ9,13,14,15,16. Cytotoxic activity of activated phospholipase A2, which converts bil...

Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is considered a sophisticated surgical procedure. While mortality has decreased over the last decades, morbidity still remains high1. The most frequent and feared complication is the postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF), which occurs in over 20% of operations2,3,4,5. POPF can lead to subsequent complications such as postpancreatectomy hemorrhage, delayed gastric emptying, intraabdominal abscess and sepsis. Increased hospital costs, prolonged hospital stay, and delayed initiation of chemotherapy in cancer patients have a dramatic socioeconomic impact2,3,4.
Different surgical approaches have been introduced in the last decades to decrease the frequency and severity of POPF. One of those is the double-loop reconstruction (DLR) with isolated Roux-en-Y loops for the biliary and pancreatic anastomoses. Separating pancreatic juice from bile is thought to decrease the detrimental effects of mutually activated secretions on the pancreaticojejunostomy (PJ). Results in the literature have been encouraging6,7,8. However, operative time is significantly prolonged with DLR4,9.
We here introduce the technique of modified single-loop reconstruction (mSLR) during PD to separate pancreatic secretion from bile compared to the conventional single-loop reconstruction (SLR, Figure 1). In this method, a single long small-bowel loop is used for the construction of the hepaticojejunostomy (HJ) and PJ. A side-to-side anastomosis between the afferent and efferent limb of the HJ facilitates isolated flow of bile and pancreatic secretions. The first promising results confirming decreased mortality and morbidity in patients with high-risk pancreata were reported by our group in 201810.
This method reduces the severity of POPF by separating pancreatic fluid and bile without prolonging the duration of surgery significantly compared to the double-loop reconstruction.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexis O XXL</td>
			<td>Applied medical</td>
			<td>C8405</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bauchtuch Gr&#252;n 10x90</td>
			<td>Nobatrast</td>
			<td>603219</td>
			<td>abdominal compress</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bauchtuch Gr&#252;n 45x45</td>
			<td>Nobatrast</td>
			<td>607544</td>
			<td>abdominal compress</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GIA 60mm-3.8mm</td>
			<td>Covidien/Medtronic</td>
			<td>GIA6038S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GIA Loading Unit</td>
			<td>Covidien/Medtronic</td>
			<td>GIA6038L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OP-Flex Yankauer</td>
			<td>Unomedical</td>
			<td>34094182</td>
			<td>suction device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pr&#228;pariertupfer-Set</td>
			<td>Fuhrmann</td>
			<td>32019</td>
			<td>sterile swab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Schlinggazetupfer 30x40</td>
			<td>Fuhrmann</td>
			<td>32016</td>
			<td>sterile swab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Telescopic Smoke Pencil</td>
			<td>LiNA Medical</td>
			<td>SHK-TSP-CL</td>
			<td>electro cautery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermocover ECO</td>
			<td>PEMAX</td>
			<td>TC43-75EC2</td>
			<td>bowel cover</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whipple-Set</td>
			<td>M&#246;lnlycke</td>
			<td>97016042-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Drainages:</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drainagebeutel</td>
			<td>Coloplast</td>
			<td>?</td>
			<td>drainagebag</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silikon-Kapillardrainage</td>
			<td>AsidBonz</td>
			<td>551012</td>
			<td>capillary drainage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trichteransatz f&#252;r T-Rohr</td>
			<td>R&#252;sch</td>
			<td>333169-000025</td>
			<td>2,5 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T-Rohr nach Kehr</td>
			<td>R&#252;sch</td>
			<td>423600-000025</td>
			<td>t-tube 2,5 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Sutures:</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethiloop 2mm 2x45cm</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>EH387</td>
			<td>loop</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mersilene 0 FSL</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>EH7637</td>
			<td>fixation of the drainage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PDS 1 CT</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>PDP9234</td>
			<td>suturing of the fascia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vicryl 2-0 , 6x45cm</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>VCP1226</td>
			<td>for ligature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vicryl 2-0 SHplus, 8x70</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>VCP7850</td>
			<td>for ligature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vicryl 3-0 MH-1plus</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>VCP245</td>
			<td>subcutaneous suture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Pancreatic anastomoses:</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolene 5-0 c1</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>8890</td>
			<td>6 x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PDS 5.0 RB-1plus</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>X1153</td>
			<td>2 x Multipack</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolene 4-0 RB-1</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>8871</td>
			<td>2 x holding sutures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Hepaticojejunostomy:</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolene 5-0 c1</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>8890</td>
			<td>2 x holding sutures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PDS 5-0 c1</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>PDP1013</td>
			<td>7 x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PDS 6-0 c1</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>PDP1012</td>
			<td>1 x mucosa fixation sutures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Gastrojejunostomy:</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PDS 4-0 SH-1 plus</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>X1154</td>
			<td>1 x Multipack</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Jejuno-Jejunostomy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ligasure</td>
			<td>Covidien</td>
			<td>LS1520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PDS 5-0 RB-1 plus</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>X1153</td>
			<td>1 x Multipack</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolene 2-0 SH</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>8833</td>
			<td>Vessel-suture, etc.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolene 3-0 SH</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>8832</td>
			<td>Cystic duct, cystic artery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolene 4-0 RB-1</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>8871</td>
			<td>2 mal suturing of the slit in the meso</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

modified single-loop reconstruction for pancreaticoduodenectomy

Modified single-loop reconstruction in pancreaticoduodenectomy separates pancreatic secretion from bile. It is performed in cases of high-risk pancreatic remnants to reduce the severity of postoperative pancreatic fistulas and moreover the overall postoperative morbidity. This reconstruction technique is characterized by an extra-long jejunal loop for the construction of the pancreaticojejunostomy and hepaticojejunostomy. The longer distance between these anastomoses and an additional jejuno-jejunostomy between the afferent and efferent limb of the hepaticojejunostomy separate the fluids and prevent backflow of bile towards the pancreaticojejunostomy. Thus, the secretions cannot activate each other and aggravate an existing anastomotic leakage. We observed a reduced rate of severe postoperative pancreatic fistulas after modified single-loop reconstruction compared to conventional single loop reconstruction. The technique is easy to perform, safe, and less time-consuming than a traditional double-loop reconstruction.

Every patient undergoing PD underwent an investigation of the pancreatic tissue to evaluate the indication for mSLR. High-risk pancreatic remnants (i.e., soft pancreatic tissue and a tiny main pancreatic duct) were reconstructed using a modified single loop whenever possible.
We identified 50 patients with high risk pancreatic tissue and a small main pancreatic duct. All of them underwent mSLR. The mean age was 63 &#177; 13 years old. The male/female ratio was 17:33. Indications for surgery we...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modified Single-Loop Reconstruction for Pancreaticoduodenectomy at JoVE.com

Modified Single-Loop Reconstruction for Pancreaticoduodenectomy

The technique of modified single-loop reconstruction following pancreaticoduodenectomy separates pancreatic secretion from bile, thus reducing the severity of POPF without prolonging the duration of surgery.

Modified single-loop reconstruction in pancreaticoduodenectomy separates pancreatic secretion from bile. It is performed in cases of high-risk pancreatic ...

Separation of pancreatic secretion from bile decreases detrimental effects of mutually activated secretions on the pancreaticoduodenostomy. This reduces the severity, but not the incidence, of postoperative pancreatic fistula. The single-loop reconstruction is a frequently performed reconstruction technique in pancreaticoduodenectomy.The double-loop reconstruction has been introduced first in 1976. It realizes the theory of separation of pancreatic fluid and bile. However, this procedure is significantly more time-consuming than the conventional single-loop reconstruction.The modified single-loop reconstruction aims to separate pancreatic fluid from bile with a long jejunal limb and an additional jejunal anastomosis between the afferent and efferent limb of the hepaticojejunostomy. This picture demonstrates the finished reconstruction phase of a pancreaticoduodenectomy with a modified single-loop reconstruction. The green arrows demonstrate the pancreaticojejunostomy, the hepaticojejunostomy, and the jejunojejunostomy.The extra long jejunal limb can be seen clearly in this picture. The study protocol of this study involving human surgery only was approved by the Ethics Committee at the Ruhr-University of Bochum. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients.This is the preparation of a teres ligament patch. It will be wrapped around the hepatic artery after completion of the anastomosis to reduce the risk of erosion bleeding in cases of anastomotic leakages. Begin the reconstruction phase with immobilization of a long, mobile jejunal loop.Resect the first 10 inches of the jejunum to provide enough length of the mesentery. Reposit the jejunal loop in right upper abdominal quadrant. Perform a double-layered intersite duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy.Use interrupted polydioxanone 5-0 sutures for the outer layer and interrupted polypropylene 5-0 sutures for the inner layer. Stents or sealants are not required. This sequence shows the suture of the inner layer of the pancreaticojejunostomy with an interrupted polypropylene 5-0 suture.Place the sutures close to each other to avoid an insufficiency of the anastomosis. Don't place the sutures too close to each other to avoid necrosis of the suture tissue. Here we see the construction of the outer layer of the pancreaticojejunostomy with an interrupted polydioxanone 5-0 suture.The sutures are prepared as demonstrated in this sequence. Once again, don't place the sutures too close to each other. This is the finished double-layer into the duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy.Construct the outer wall of the jejunojejunostomy before constructing the hepaticojejunostomy. This facilitates the construction of the hepaticojejunostomy. Now we can clearly see how the long jejunal limb is going to be placed.The jejunal loop between hepaticojejunostomy and pancreaticojejunostomy measures 25 to 35 centimeters instead of 10 centimeters. This creates distance between the anastomosis for diversion of the secretions. It further facilitates construction of an additional jejunojejunostomy between the afferent and efferent limb of the hepaticojejunostomy.Perform a single-layer interrupted polydioxanone 5-0 suture for the hepaticojejunostomy. Split thin-walled and tiny common bile ducts with a T-tube. Begin the hepaticojejunostomy with four mucosa fixation sutures.Two polypropylene 5-0 holding sutures facilitate construction of the hepaticojejunostomy. Begin the construction of the hepaticojejunostomy with a Roux-en-Y using interrupted polydioxanone 5-0 sutures. Prepare the surgical knots but don't tie them at the beginning.The prepared surgical knots are tied afterwards to enable an equal tension on each suture. Here we can see clearly the extra long jejunal limb for a modified single-loop reconstruction. Here we see the construction of the anterior wall of the hepaticojejunostomy.The jejenojejunostomy is a 1.5 centimeter measuring double-layered jejunal anastomosis performed with a polydioxanone 5-0 suture. Construct the anastomosis at the lowest point between the efferent and afferent limb of the hepaticojejunostomy. Construct this anastomosis of the pancreaticojejunostomy and the hepaticojejunostomy because they are most sophisticated.Use monopolar cautery to open the jejunum for construction of jejunojejunostomy. Perform a continuous suture with a polydioxanone 5-0 suture for the inner layer of the rear wall of the jejunojejunostomy. The continuous suturing allows equal distribution of tension on the anastomosis.Here we see the construction of the inner layer of the anterior wall of the anastomosis. This is the construction of the outer layer of the anterior wall. Here we see the pancreaticojejunostomy, the jejunojejunostomy, and the hepaticojejunostomy in the background.Close the gap in the mesocolon after transposition of the jejunal limb to avoid internal hernia. Every patient with a soft pancreatic tissue and a tiny main pancreatic duct underwent modified single-loop reconstruction whenever possible. Mobilization of the long jejunal limb was usually no problem.In rare cases, mobilization was limited due to extreme visceral obesity or severe adhesions due to past surgical history. Small patients come along with naturally smaller space in the upper abdomen, impeding the preparation as well. The continuous double-layer reconstruction of the jejunojejunostomy was performed without difficulties in all patients.No anastomotic insufficiency occurred postoperatively. This method reduces the incidence of severe postoperative pancreatic fistula in all patients with high risk pancreatic remnants. The number of postpancreatectomy hemorrhages and reoperations was significantly lower with modified single-loop reconstruction.In comparison to the double-loop reconstruction, this procedure is significantly less technically demanding and less time-consuming. The modified single-loop reconstruction is a simple technique to separate pancreatic secretion from bile for reduction of postoperative morbidity. It is safe and less time-consuming than the double-loop reconstruction.

modified-single-loop-reconstruction-for-pancreaticoduodenectomy

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Modified Technique for Coronary Artery Ligation in Mice

Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most important causes of mortality in humans1-3. In order to improve morbidity and mortality in patients with MI we need better knowledge about pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia. This knowledge may be valuable to define new therapeutic targets for innovative cardiovascular therapies4. Experimental MI model in mice is an increasingly popular small-animal model in preclinical research in which MI is induced by means of permanent or temporary ligation of left coronary artery (LCA)5. In this video, we describe the step-by-step method of how to induce experimental MI in mice.
The animal is first anesthetized with 2% isoflurane. The unconscious mouse is then intubated and connected to a ventilator for artificial ventilation. The left chest is shaved and 1.5 cm incision along mid-axillary line is made in the skin. The left pectoralis major muscle is bluntly dissociated until the ribs are exposed. The muscle layers are pulled aside and fixed with an eyelid-retractor. After these preparations, left thoracotomy is performed between the third and fourth ribs in order to visualize the anterior surface of the heart and left lung. The proximal segment of LCA artery is then ligated with a 7-0 ethilon suture which typically induces an infarct size ~40% of left ventricle. At the end, the chest is closed and the animals receive postoperative analgesia (Temgesic, 0.3 mg/50 ml, ip). The animals are kept in a warm cage until spontaneous recovery.

The surgical procedure used to induce experimental myocardial infarction in mice begins with left thoracotomy between the third and the fourth ribs in order to visualize the anterior surface of the heart and left lung. The left coronary artery is ligated, the chest is closed and the mouse is allowed to recover spontaneously.

Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most important causes of mortality in humans1-3. In order to improve morbidity and mortality in patients with MI ...

A Modified Method for Heterotopic Mouse Heart Transplantion

Mice are often used as heart transplant donors and recipients in studies of transplant immunology due to the wide range of transgenic mice and reagents available. A difficulty is presented due to the small size of the animal and the considerable technical challenges of the microsurgery involved in heart transplantation. In particular, a high rate of technical failure early after transplantation may result from recipient death and post-operative complications such as hind limb paralysis or a non-beating heart. Here, the complete technique for heterotopic mouse heart transplantation is demonstrated, involving harvesting the donor heart and its subsequent implantation into a recipient mouse. The donor heart is harvested immediately following in situ perfusion with cold heparinized saline and transection of the ascending aorta and pulmonary artery. The recipient operation involves preparation of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava (IVC), followed by end-to-side anastomosis of the donor aorta with the recipient aorta using a single running 10-0 microsuture and a similar anastomosis of the donor pulmonary artery with the recipient IVC. Following the operation the animal is injected with 0.6 ml normal saline subcutaneously and allowed to recover on a 37&#160;&#176;C heating pad. The results from 227 mouse heart transplants are summarized with a success rate at 48 hr of 86.8%. Of the 13.2% failures within 48 hr, 5 (2.2%) experienced hind limb paralysis, 10 (4.4%) had a non-beating heart due to graft ischemic injury and/or thrombosis, while 15 (6.6%) died within 48 hr.

A technique is demonstrated for the microsurgical procedure for heterotopic transplantation of hearts in mice, including simplified methods for donor harvesting and recipient vessel anastomosis.

Mice are often used as heart transplant donors and recipients in studies of transplant immunology due to the wide range of transgenic mice and reagents ...

Designing CAD/CAM Surgical Guides for Maxillary Reconstruction Using an In-house Approach

Computer-aided design/computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD/CAM) is now being evaluated as a preparative technique for maxillofacial surgery. Because this technique is expensive and available in only limited areas of the world, we developed a novel CAD/CAM surgical guide using an in-house approach. By using the CAD software, the maxillary resection area and cutting planes and the fibular cutting planes and angles are determined. Once the resection area is decided, the necessary faces are extracted using a Boolean modifier. These superficial faces are united to fit the surface of the bones and thickened to stabilize the solids. Not only the cutting guides for the fibula and maxilla but also the location arrangement of the transferred bone segments is defined by thickening the superficial faces. The CAD design is recorded as .stl files and three-dimensionally (3-D) printed as actual surgical guides. To check the accuracy of the guides, model surgery using 3-D-printed facial and fibular models is performed. These methods may be used to assist surgeons where commercial guides are not available.

Methods for designing a computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) surgical guide are shown. Cutting planes are separated, united, and thickened to easily visualize the necessary bone transfer. These designs can be three-dimensional printed and checked for accuracy.

Computer-aided design/computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD/CAM) is now being evaluated as a preparative technique for maxillofacial surgery. Because this ...

Porcine As a Training Module for Head and Neck Microvascular Reconstruction

Live models that resemble surgical conditions of humans are needed for training free-flap harvesting and anastomosis. Animal models for training purposes have been available for years in many surgical fields. We used the female (because they are easy to handle for the procedure) Yorkshire pigs for the head and neck reconstruction by harvesting the deep inferior epigastric artery perforator or the superior epigastric artery perforator flap. The anastomosis site (neck skin defect or tracheal wall defect) was prepared via the dissection of the common carotid artery and the internal jugular vein, in which 3.5&#215; loupe magnification was used for anastomosis as we use on human cases in real life. This procedure demonstrates a new training method using a reliable learning model and provides a detailed anatomy in a live scenario. We focused on the ischemia time, harvesting, vessel anastomosis, and designing the flap to fit the defect site. This model improves tissue handling and with the use of proper instruments can be repeated many times so that the surgeon is fully confident before starting the surgery on humans.

Here we present a protocol for the use of the pig superior epigastric artery perforator flap as a learning module for head and neck microvascular reconstruction.

Live models that resemble surgical conditions of humans are needed for training free-flap harvesting and anastomosis. Animal models for training purposes ...

A Training and Testing System for Performing Vascular Reconstruction In Vitro

Manual vascular reconstruction training is essential for a beginner surgeon. However, an optimal training system for vascular reconstruction in vitro has yet to be developed. In this study, we introduce an in vitro training and testing system using a magnetic anchoring technique with which a trainee can practice manual vascular reconstruction individually. Additionally, this system can also be used to test the quality of the reconstruction. The described system includes a vascular reconstruction training machine, magnetic tractors, and a magnetic suture puller. In this manuscript, we detail an end-to-end vein anastomosis using porcine right and left iliac veins. To identify the potential damage caused by a magnetic suture puller on the suture, we created three groups with six segments of 4-0 polypropylene sutures each: a control group with no intervention on the polypropylene suture, a group in which the polypropylene suture is manually pulled with sterile gloves 20x, and a magnetic puller group in which the magnetic puller pulled the polypropylene suture 20x. These groups were tested by light microscopy and breaking strength tests, and the effect of reconstruction was assessed. In the light microscopy test, the control group was less likely to be damaged (p &#60; 0.05) and the number of damaged points of the manual group and magnetic puller group were similar (p &#62; 0.05). The results of the breaking strength test were compared across groups and no significant difference was observed (p &#62; 0.05). The end-to-end anastomosis of the porcine iliac veins was successfully performed using this training system, and the reconstructed veins could undergo 2.0 kPa perfusion pressure. Using this training and testing system the trainee can practice manual vascular reconstruction in vitro individually with the aid of magnetic tractors and a magnetic suture puller, and the quality of the reconstruction can be tested.

Here we present a training and testing system where a trainee can complete manual vascular reconstruction in vitro individually using a magnetic anchoring technique. The system can also be used to test the quality of reconstruction.

Manual vascular reconstruction training is essential for a beginner surgeon. However, an optimal training system for vascular reconstruction in vitro has ...

Technical Detail for Robot Assisted Pancreaticoduodenectomy

Since its first report in 2003, robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy (RPD) has gained popularity among pancreatic surgeons. Inherent advantages of the robotic platform, including three-dimensional vision, wristed instruments, and improved ergonomics, allow the surgeon to recapitulate the principles of open pancreatoduodenectomy allowing safe oncologic dissection, hemostasis, and meticulous reconstruction. Over the course of the past decade, significant strides have been achieved in outlining the safety, feasibility, and learning curve of the robotic Whipple. When performed by high volume pancreatic surgeons experienced in RPD, recent comparative effectiveness studies show potential advantages compared to the open technique, including reductions in hospital stay and morbidity. National data also show reductions in conversion rates compared to its laparoscopic counterpart. Although long-term oncologic data are still needed, short-term oncologic surrogates of margin resection and lymph node harvest suggest no compromise in oncologic outcomes. As pancreatic surgeons increasingly integrate robotics into their practice, proficiency-based training and credentialing will be necessary for the safe application and dissemination of RPD. Here, we provide the detailed steps of a robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy performed at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.&#160;

The following manuscript details a stepwise approach to the robot-assisted pancreaticoduodenectomy performed at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.

Since its first report in 2003, robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy (RPD) has gained popularity among pancreatic surgeons. Inherent advantages of the robotic ...

A Postoperative Evaluation Guideline for Computer-Assisted Reconstruction of the Mandible

Valid comparisons of postoperative accuracy results in computer-assisted reconstruction of the mandible are difficult due to heterogeneity in imaging modalities, mandibular defect classification, and evaluation methodologies between studies. This guideline uses a step-by-step approach guiding the process of imaging, classification of mandibular defects and volume assessment of three-dimensional (3D) models, after which a legitimized quantitative accuracy evaluation method can be performed between the postoperative clinical situation and the preoperative virtual plan. The condyles and the vertical and horizontal corners of the mandible are used as bony landmarks to define virtual lines in the computer-assisted surgery (CAS) software. Between these lines the axial, coronal, and both sagittal mandibular angles are calculated on both pre- and postoperative 3D models of the (neo)mandible and subsequently the deviations are calculated. By superimposing the postoperative 3D model to the preoperative virtually planned 3D model, which is fixed to the XYZ axis, the deviation between pre- and postoperative virtually planned dental implant positions can be calculated. This protocol continues and specifies an earlier publication of this evaluation guideline.

Here, we propose a practical, feasible and reproducible evaluation guideline for computer-assisted reconstruction of the mandible in order to create uniformity between studies regarding postoperative accuracy evaluation. This protocol continues and specifies an earlier publication of this evaluation guideline.

Valid comparisons of postoperative accuracy results in computer-assisted reconstruction of the mandible are difficult due to heterogeneity in imaging ...

Therapy Interventions for Upper Limb Amputees Undergoing Selective Nerve Transfers

Targeted Muscle Reinnervation (TMR) improves the biological control interface for myoelectric prostheses after above-elbow amputation. Selective activation of muscle units is made possible by surgically re-routing nerves, yielding a high number of independent myoelectric control signals. However, this intervention requires careful patient selection and specific rehabilitation therapy. Here a rehabilitation protocol is presented for high-level upper limb amputees undergoing TMR, based on an expert Delphi study. Interventions before surgery include detailed patient assessment and general measures for pain control, muscle endurance and strength, balance, and range of motion of the remaining joints. After surgery, additional therapeutic interventions focus on edema control and scar treatment and the selective activation of cortical areas responsible for upper limb control. Following successful&#160;reinnervation of target muscles, surface electromyographic (sEMG) biofeedback is used to train the activation of the novel muscular units. Later on, a table-top prosthesis may provide the first experience of prosthetic control. After fitting the actual prosthesis, training includes repetitive drills without objects, object manipulation, and finally, activities of daily living. Ultimately, regular patient appointments and functional assessments allow tracking prosthetic function and enabling early interventions if malfunctioning.

This work presents a protocol to enhance prosthetic function after selective nerve transfer surgery. Rehabilitation interventions include patient information and selection, support of wound healing, cortical re-activation of sensory-motor areas of the upper limb, training of selective muscle activation, prosthetic handling in daily life, and regular follow-up assessments.

Targeted Muscle Reinnervation (TMR) improves the biological control interface for myoelectric prostheses after above-elbow amputation. Selective ...

Management of the Uncinate Process in No-Touch Laparoscopic Pancreaticoduodenectomy

Laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy (LPD) is a demanding abdominal operation that necessitates meticulous surgical skills and teamwork. The management of the pancreatic uncinate process is one of the most important and difficult processes in LPD because of its deep anatomical location and difficult exposure. Complete resection of the uncinate process and mesopancreas has become the cornerstone of LPD. In particular, it is even more difficult to avoid positive surgical margins and incomplete lymph node dissection when the tumor is located in the uncinate process. No-touch LPD, which is an ideal oncological operation process fitting the "tumor-free" principle, has been reported by our group previously. This article introduces the management of the uncinate process in no-touch LPD. Based on the multi-angle arterial approach, in this protocol, the median-anterior and left-posterior approaches to the SMA are used to correctly deal with the important vascular structure, the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (IPDA), in order to ensure the safe and complete excision of the uncinate process and mesopancreas. For the achievement of the no-touch isolation technique in LPD, the pancreatic head and the blood supply to the duodenal region must be severed at the very early stage of the operation; after that, the tumor can be isolated intact, resection can be performed in situ, and finally, the tissue can be removed en bloc. This paper aims to show the distinctive ways to manage the uncinate process in no-touch LPD and investigate the viability and safety of this approach. Moreover, the technique may increase the R0 resection rate.

Complete resection of the uncinate process and mesopancreas is one of the most important and difficult processes in laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy (LPD). This article presents a method for managing the uncinate process in no-touch LPD using the median-anterior and left-posterior approaches to the superior mesenteric artery (SMA).

Laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy (LPD) is a demanding abdominal operation that necessitates meticulous surgical skills and teamwork. The management of ...

Digital Model for Horizontal 3D Reconstruction of Pulmonary Nodules

To reconstruct the three-dimensional digital model of the pulmonary nodules, implement the Three-Dimensional Lung Horizon Function in the MATLAB workspace. Then open the Graphical User Interface, or GUI, to check the horizontal three-dimensional model. Drag the scroll bar on the GUI with the mouse to observe the continuous three-dimensional lung structure, allowing for the clear visualization of various types of pulmonary nodules and their relative spatial relationships with the lung tissue.Use the Zoom function to observe the local features of the lesions and relevant three-dimensional structural output pictures. To measure the size of the nodules, use the Mark Pixel Coordinates button to calculate the distance between two points. The default color bar, jet colormap, displays values from low to high in a blue to red range.To reset the GUI, right click the color bar and select the standard gray colormap. If the filter window is not satisfactory, use the left mouse button to adjust the window level by dragging up and down in the middle of the figure. Drag left and right to adjust the window width to display the accurate filtering range on the color bar.The continuous three-dimensional reconstruction resulted in the axial view of the pulmonary nodules and the relationship between the nodules and the surrounding lung tissue.