This work was supported by grants to W.Z.S. from the Medical Research and Development Service, Department of Veterans Affairs (Merit Review 1I01 BX001067-01A2), the Alzheimer&#39;s Association (NPSPAD-11-202149), and resources from the Midwest Biomedical Research Foundation.

All procedures for using these animals have been approved by the Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Eighteen-month-old mice overexpressing Swedish mutant beta-amyloid precursor protein (APPswe) and their C57/BL6 WT littermates were used for the experiments. Details of breeding and genotyping is given in He et al.8.
1. Perfusion and tissue processing
<ol>
	<li>Anesthetize mice using an intraperitoneal injection with...

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Here we demonstrate a method to estimate the density of cholinergic fibers in the NBM using a space ball (sphere) probe. This probe estimates the total fiber length in the region of interest. The total length can be divided by the volume of the region to get the fiber density. To estimate the volume of the region, the Cavalieri point count method was used. The Cavalieri point count method is an unbiased and efficient estimator of a 3D reference volume for any region. The method calculates an estimate of the area on a cut...

Quantitative estimates of length and/or density of nerve fibers in the brain are important parameters of neuropathological studies. The length of cholinergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic axons in various brain regions are often correlated with the specific functions of the region. Because the distribution of these axons is generally heterogeneous, design-based stereology is used to avoid bias during sampling. The space ball probe of stereology has been designed to provide efficient and reliable measures of line-like structures such as neuronal fibers in a region of interest1. The probe makes a virtual sphere that is imposed systematically in the tissue to measure line intersections with the surface of the probe. Because it is impossible to put sphere probes in the tissue for analysis, the commercially available software provides a virtual three-dimensional (3D) sphere, which is basically a series of concentric circles of various diameters that represent the surface of the sphere probe.
Selective cholinergic neurodegeneration is one of the consistent features of Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD)2,3,4. Dysfunctional cholinergic transmission is considered a causative factor for cognitive decline in AD. Cholinergic dysfunction is also evident in many other mental disorders such as Parkinson&#39;s, addiction, and schizophrenia. Different aspects of cholinergic neurodegeneration are studied in animal models (e.g., reduction in acetylcholine5, ChAT protein6, cholinergic fiber neurodegeneration in the vicinity of amyloid plaques6, and decrease in cholinergic fibers and synaptic varicosities7,8). Fiber degeneration is believed to take place earlier than neuronal loss, because cholinergic neuronal loss is not always observed in studies. Most of the cholinergic neurons are in the basal forebrain and the brain stem, and their axons project to various brain regions such as the cortices and hippocampus. NBM is situated in the basal forebrain and found to be one of the commonly affected brain areas in AD.
The fractionator method of stereology is based on systematic random sampling of a tissue at multiple levels. Section sampling fraction (SSF) is the non-computer based systematic sampling of sections for the fractionator method of stereology. Area sampling fraction (ASF) is fractionation of an area of the region of interest in the section. Thickness sampling fraction (TSF) is the fractionation of the thickness of a section. The space ball probe allows us to quantify profiles of interest in a 3D sphere at fractionated locations. Here we use a space ball probe for estimation of the total length of cholinergic fibers in the NBM of mouse brain to illustrate the procedures. The current protocol provides details on tissue processing, sampling methods for stereology, immunohistochemical staining using the ChAT antibody, and unbiased stereology to estimate cholinergic fiber length and fiber density in the NBM of mouse brain.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>ABC kit</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>PK6100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-ChAT Antibody</td>
			<td>Millipore, MA, USA</td>
			<td>AB144P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine anti-goat IgG-B</td>
			<td>Santacruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>SC-2347</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum, Adult</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>B9433</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryostat</td>
			<td>Lieca Microsystems, Buffalo Grove, IL, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>D5652</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethylene Glycol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>324558</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>G2025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen Peroxide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>H1009</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immpact-DAB kit</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>SK4105</td>
			<td>Enhanced DAB peroxidase substrate solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine</td>
			<td>Westward Pharmaceuticals, NJ, USA</td>
			<td>0143-9509-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Lieca Microsystems, Buffalo Grove, IL, USA</td>
			<td>AF6000</td>
			<td>Equipped with motorized stage and IMI-tech color digital camera</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optimum cutting temperature (O.C.T.) embedding medium</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences, PA, USA</td>
			<td>62550-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Permount mounting medium</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences, PA, USA</td>
			<td>17986-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereologer Software</td>
			<td>Stereology Resource Center, Inc. St. Petersburg, FL, USA</td>
			<td>Stereologer2000</td>
			<td>Installed on a Dell Desktop computer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>T8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trizma Base</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>T1503</td>
			<td>Tris base</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trizma hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>T5941</td>
			<td>Tris hydrochloride</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
			<td>Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany</td>
			<td>Rompun</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylenes, Histological grade</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td>534056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

stereological estimation of cholinergic fiber length in the nucleus basalis of meynert of the mouse brain

The length of cholinergic or other neuronal axons in various brain regions are often correlated with the specific function of the region. Stereology is a useful method to quantify neuronal profiles of various brain structures. Here we provide a software-based stereology protocol to estimate the total length of cholinergic fibers in the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) of the basal forebrain. The method uses a space ball probe for length estimates. The cholinergic fibers are visualized by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunostaining with the horseradish peroxidase-diaminobenzidine (HRP-DAB) detection system. The staining protocol is also valid for fiber and cell number estimation in various brain regions using stereology software. The stereology protocol can be used for estimation of any linear profiles such as cholinoceptive fibers, dopaminergic/catecholaminergic fibers, serotonergic fibers, astrocyte processes, or even vascular profiles.

Representative results are shown in Table 1 and Figure 5. Group C, which was decoded as APPswe group (APP), had significantly lower fiber length (Figure 5B) and fiber length density (Figure 5C) compared to their wild type (WILD) littermates. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the volume of the NBM between the two groups analyzed (Figu...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stereological Estimation of Cholinergic Fiber Length in the Nucleus Basalis of Meynert of the Mouse Brain at JoVE.com

Stereological Estimation of Cholinergic Fiber Length in the Nucleus Basalis of Meynert of the Mouse Brain

Neuronal fiber length within a three-dimensional structure of a brain region is a reliable parameter to quantify specific neuronal structural integrity or degeneration. This article details a stereological quantification method to measure cholinergic fiber length within the nucleus basalis of Meynert in mice as an example.

The length of cholinergic or other neuronal axons in various brain regions are often correlated with the specific function of the region. Stereology is a ...

Neurodenegration in many neurological disorders is a chronic process of which neuronal fiber loss often occurs prior to the cell body loss. The stereological quantification of neuronal fibers in three dimensions provides a sensitive and accurate method for detecting early neurodegenerative change. This technology utilizes the reliable and efficient computer-based unbiased fractionation of space balls to measure the lengths of line-like structures such as neuronal fibers in 3D.Demonstrating the procedure will be done by Prabhakar Singh, a post-doc and our expert in stereology, and David Peng, the research assistant in my lab. After confirming a lack of response to pedal reflex in the anesthetized mouse, transcardially perfuse with approximately 50 milliliters of ice cold 0.1 molar DPBS, followed by approximately 25 milliliters of 4%PFA in 0.1 molar PBS. At the end of the perfusion, post-fix the brain in a container of fresh 4%PFA for 24 hours at four degrees Celsius.The next day, wash the brain with three one to two-minute washes in fresh DPBS per wash and transfer the brain into a 15%sucrose in 0.1 DPBS solution overnight. The next morning, place the brain into a 30%sucrose solution and 0.1 molar DPBS for 48 hours at four degrees Celsius. At the end of the incubation, transfer the brain to a cryotome chamber pre-set to minus 20 degrees Celsius.Brains can be kept in sealed tubes and stored at minus 80 degrees Celsius. For sectioning, embed the tissue sample in optimum cutting temperature embedding medium and mount the sample on a specimen disc. Then acquire serial 30 micrometer thick sections in a coronal plane in the cryotome, transferring each section into individual wells of a 24-well culture plate containing cryoprotectant solution in preparation for minus 20 degrees Celsius storage.To identify the first and last sections of each brain, compare the morphological features with a standard mouse brain atlas. NBM begins at bregma minus 0.0 millimeters and ends at minus 1.6 millimeters. The selection of every eighth section yields a total of six to seven sections and allows an appropriate coefficient of error for both a volume and fiber length estimation.For immunohistochemical labeling of the tissue sections, after blocking any nonspecific binding with 10%normal bovine serum in 0.1%Triton X-100 in Tris-buffered saline, label the sections with the primary antibody of interest for 48 hours at four degrees Celsius. At the end of the incubation, wash the sections three times for three minutes in fresh Tris-buffered saline per wash, followed by incubation with an appropriate biotinylated secondary antibody for one hour at room temperature. At the end of the incubation, wash the sections three times in fresh Tris-buffered saline as demonstrated, followed by staining with Avidin biotin peroxidase complex and DAB peroxidase substrate solution according to the manufacturer's protocols.After washing, mount all of the sections from one brain tissue sample onto one gelatinized slide and allow the samples to air dry. To dehydrate the sections, immerse the samples two times for five minutes per dilution in sequential ascending ethanol solutions as indicated, followed by clearing with two 10-minute xylene washes. Then use an appropriate mounting medium to place coverslips onto the slides.For stereology, open a new study in the software. A study initialization dialogue box will open. Fill out the study information and confirm that multi-level fraction-based is selected.Double-click on volume to open the volume dialogue box. Name the feature of interest and select the region point counting probe and click next. Double-click on length and provide a name of the feature.Select sphere probe and click next. In the case initialization box, to code the groups before starting the study, set the total number of sections starting from the first section containing the area of interest to the last section containing the area of interest and the section sampling interval to eight. Click next to open the probe initialization dialogue box which will automatically set the lowest magnification for the region selection and volume estimation and confirm the settings.Click preview to check if the region of interest can be identified at the selected lower magnification. Enter 50, 000 micrometers cube per point for the region volume fraction and click preview and done. Under object high magnification, set the length to 63X and double-click length to open the length sphere dialogue box.Set the diameter of this sphere to 10 micrometers and click done. Set appropriate values for the frame area, frame height, guard zone, and frame spacing. Then click next and follow the instructions provided by the software.To insert the first section, place the slide onto the stage of the microscope under a 5X objective and click the green arrow to draw an arbitrary boundary around the NBM to define the region of interest. Click the green arrow and done to change the 63X objective to obtain the fiber measurements of the current fraction. The section thickness dialogue box will appear.Set the top and bottom surface of the section to measure the actual thickness of the section using the manual z-axis focus knob and click done. Move the z-axis slowly from top to bottom in the frame height of the section to mark all of the intersecting fibers on the surface of the virtual sphere probe. When all of the fibers have been marked, click next to advance to the next location.When all of the fractions have been completed, click the green arrow. The software will ask to have the next section inserted. Bring the next sample on the slide into focus using the 5X objective and repeat the fiber measurement as just demonstrated.When all of the sections have been measured, the software will generate a result for the case showing the coefficient of error values. If the coefficient of error is acceptable, proceed to the next case. If the coefficient of error is not acceptable, the software will provide recommendations to change some of the parameters.When all of the cases have been completed, generate results for each case and group. In this representative experiment, the Swedish mutant beta amyloid precursor protein group demonstrated a significantly lower fiber length and fiber length density compared to their wild-type litter mates. The results also showed that there was no significant difference in the volume of the NBM between the two groups analyzed.This technique requires proper the acquisition in the correct orientation and a good staining method with the incubation period. The stereology protocol can be used for the estimation of any linear profiles such as other neuronal fibers, astrocyte processes, or even vascular profiles.

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Neuroscience

5.4K Görüntüleme.  Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Birçok nörolojik bozukluklarda nörodenegration nöronal lif kaybı genellikle hücre vücut kaybı öncesinde oluşur kronik bir süreçtir. Nöronal liflerin üç boyutlu stereoolojik niceliği, erken nörodejeneratif değişimi saptaması için hassas ve doğru bir yöntem sağlar. Bu teknoloji, 3D nöronal lifler gibi çizgi benzeri yapıların uzunluklarını ölçmek için uzay toplarının güvenilir ve verimli bilgisayar tabanlı tarafsız fraksiyonu kullanır.Prosedürü gö...