The authors would like to acknowledge funding support from the University of South Florida, Department of Surgery (Mack Wu, MD, PhD).

NOTE: Approval for all animal procedures presented below was obtained from the University of South Florida&#8217;s Animal Care Committee (IACUC) and abide by all requirements of the Animal Welfare Act and the Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
1. Preparation of Silicone Sheets and Surgical Instruments
<ol>
	<li>Precut strips (10.5 cm x 3.0 cm) of non-reinforced 0.01 thickness, medical grade silicone sheeting and sterilize using an autoclave.</li>
	<li>Clean and sterilize suitable surgical instruments (scissors, forceps and drapes or towels to create a sterile field during surgery).</li>
</ol>
2. Experimental Animals
<ol>
	<li>Use adult male or female rats weighing in range from 250-350 g obtained from a commercial breeder. If aged rats are utilized, they should be &#8805;350 g in order to ensure better survival post-surgery. Prior to the start of any experiments acclimate all animals for at least 7 days under standard conditions of a 12 hr light-dark cycle with food and water ad libitum.</li>
</ol>
3. Anesthesia, Pre-operative Analgesia and Operative Preparation
<ol>
	<li>Induce general anesthesia by using isoflurane at 3%-4% via an induction chamber and maintain (via use of a nose cone) at 1%-2% with O2 during skin preparation and surgery. Monitor the depth of anesthesia by observation of the rate and depth of respiration, interdigital pinch or palpebral blink reflex. 
	NOTE: At this time, a vet ointment can be placed on the eyes to prevent dryness while the animal is under anesthesia.</li>
	<li>In a location remote from the sterile surgical area, place the rat in the prone position and shave the dorsum with clippers from the base of the neck down approximately 11 cm. Stencil with permanent marker, the outline for the 3.0 cm x 10.5 cm flap (see Figure 1A).</li>
	<li>Move the rat to a clean, designated surgical area equipped with an approved heating pad and sterile surgical drapes or towels. Inject 5 mg/kg Ketoprofen subcutaneously prior to the first surgical incisions for pain management. Additional fluids (saline) can be given (up to 5 cc) subcutaneously as needed.</li>
	<li>Prepare the skin further by swabbing first with 70% isopropyl alcohol and second with 0.2% chlorhexidine, then apply sterile drapes to create a sterile field. 10% povidone-iodine (Betadine) can also be used. 
	NOTE: An antibiotic (ampicillin at 15 mg/kg) can be administered subcutaneously, but if good aseptic techniques are used it is not required.</li>
</ol>
4. Creating Excisional Wounds and Bipedicled Flap
<ol>
	<li>Using a sterile, disposable 6 mm biopsy punch tool, create two circular &#8220;ischemic&#8221; wounds in the center of the designated flap area (Figure 1B). The depth of the wound should be down to (not through) the underlying fascia of the panniculus carnosus muscle (Figure 1B inset).</li>
	<li>Using forceps lift the skin in the middle of the wound outline created by the punch biopsy and then use iris scissors (with curved tips) to excise the circular piece of tissue (including the panniculus carnosus muscle). The result will be a full-thickness wound with the fascia as the base of the wound. 
	NOTE: The excised tissue (wound plugs) can be snap frozen in liquid nitrogen or fixed in 10% buffered-formalin O/N for later processing as control, normal skin.</li>
	<li>Create a bipedicled flap by making incisions with a sterile scalpel on each side of the ischemic wounds along the pre-drawn lines (Figure 1C) that are 10.5 cm in length and 3.0 cm apart. The depth of the incisions should be down to the paraspinous muscles. Using iris scissors, separate the panniculus carnosus fascia from the paraspinous muscles, being careful to keep the fascia intact as the &#8220;base&#8221; of the 6 mm punches (Figure 1D).</li>
	<li>Take 1 sterile pre-cut silicone sheet and place it in between the panniculus carnosus fascia and the paraspinous muscles (Figure 1E) ensuring that the sheet does not buckle or fold. Using black, non-absorbable sutures (size 4.0) close both incisions by anchoring the silicone sheet to the skin with at least 8 interrupted stitches on each side, along the length of the flap (Figure 1F and 1G).</li>
	<li>Using a sterile, disposable biopsy punch tool, create two internal control &#8220;non-ischemic&#8221; wounds (down to the anterior fascia of the panniculus carnosus muscle) 1 cm lateral to the ischemic wounds on either side of the flap (Figure 1G).</li>
	<li>Place a ruler below the wounds and take digital photos for wound measurement purposes (see Figure 3A). At this time, blood flow (perfusion) can be monitored by use of laser Doppler or other manipulations (topical drug placement) performed.</li>
	<li>Apply an approved liquid adhesive both cranial and caudal to the wounds and a transparent film dressing to keep the wound environment moist and clean (sterile). An additional dressing may be placed at the caudal end of the flap to prevent the animal from removing the most caudal sutures.</li>
</ol>
5. Post-operative Procedures
<ol>
	<li>Place animals in cages (singly housed) equipped with shallow feeders so as to prevent the surgical site from rubbing against the feeder. Animals should not be left unattended or returned to the company of other animals until they regain sufficient consciousness to maintain sternal recumbency and exhibit purposeful movement. Heating mats should be placed under half of the cage for up to 2 days during recovery.</li>
	<li>To manage pain post-operatively, administer Ketoprofen (5 mg/kg) subcutaneously to animals the following morning and 1x per day for up to 48 hr post-surgery. Animals should also be monitored daily for prolonged signs of pain, weight loss or surgical site infections.</li>
</ol>
6. Subsequent Wound Measurements and Dressing Changes
<ol>
	<li>Measure ischemic and non-ischemic wounds frequently under general anesthesia using isoflurane at 3%-4% via an induction chamber and maintained (via a nose cone) at 1%-2% with O2 as in step 3.1.</li>
	<li>Remove the dressing gently as to not pull the adhesive from the skin. At this time additional digital photos are taken for wound measurements, topical treatments re-applied, laser Doppler imaging (LDI) or other manipulations performed to suit the investigator&#8217;s needs.</li>
	<li>Apply adhesive and a clean dressing and allow the animal to recover as in step 5.1.</li>
</ol>
7. Wound Collection and Euthanasia
<ol>
	<li>Harvest ischemic and non-ischemic wounds (on days the investigator deems appropriate) while the animal is under general anesthesia using isoflurane at 3%-4% via an induction chamber and maintained (via a nose cone) at 1%-2% with O2 as in step 3.1.</li>
	<li>Using a scalpel, make a square shaped excision around the wound to include some healthy tissue around the wound. Place the excision into a 1.5 ml snap cap tube and snap freeze in liquid nitrogen (store at -80 &#176;C) for future molecular analysis or incubate in 10% buffered formalin O/N at RT for histological processing. 
	NOTE: The wound excisions can also be cut in half to provide more samples for analysis.</li>
	<li>After wound tissue removal, euthanize the animal using the approved method of CO2 inhalation.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Ansell, D. M., Holden, K. A., Hardman, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+wound+repair:+Are+they+cutting+it.">Animal models of wound repair: Are they cutting it.</a> Experimental dermatology. 21 (8), 581-585 (2012).</li><li>Dorsett-Martin, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rat+models+of+skin+wound+healing:+a+review.">Rat models of skin wound healing: a review.</a> Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society. 12 (6), 591-599 (2003).</li><li>Davidson, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+for+wound+repair.">Animal models for wound repair.</a> Arch Dermatol Res. 290 (S1-11), (1998).</li><li>Finn, G., Magnus, S. A., Tonny, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Models+for+use+in+wound+healing+research:+A+survey+focusing+on+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+adult+soft+tissue).">Models for use in wound healing research: A survey focusing on in vitro and in vivo adult soft tissue).</a> Wound Repair and Regeneration. 8, (2000).</li><li>Gould, L. J., Leong, M., Sonstein, J., Wilson, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+and+validation+of+an+ischemic+wound+model.">Optimization and validation of an ischemic wound model.</a> Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society. 13 (6), 576-582 (2004).</li><li>Loots, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differences+in+cellular+infiltrate+and+extracellular+matrix+of+chronic+diabetic+and+venous+ulcers+versus+acute+wounds.">Differences in cellular infiltrate and extracellular matrix of chronic diabetic and venous ulcers versus acute wounds.</a> The Journal of investigative dermatology. 111 (5), 850-857 (1998).</li><li>Schwartz, D. A., Lindblad, W. J., Rees, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altered+collagen+metabolism+and+delayed+healing+in+a+novel+model+of+ischemic+wounds.">Altered collagen metabolism and delayed healing in a novel model of ischemic wounds.</a> Wound Repair Regen. 3 (2), 204-212 (1995).</li><li>Chen, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+and+mechanistic+validation+of+delayed+healing+rat+wounds+as+a+model+for+human+chronic+wounds.">Molecular and mechanistic validation of delayed healing rat wounds as a model for human chronic wounds.</a> Wound Repair and Regeneration. 7, (1999).</li><li>Zhang, Q., Chang, Q., Cox, R. A., Gong, X., Gould, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyperbaric+oxygen+attenuates+apoptosis+and+decreases+inflammation+in+an+ischemic+wound+model.">Hyperbaric oxygen attenuates apoptosis and decreases inflammation in an ischemic wound model.</a> The Journal of investigative dermatology. 128 (8), 2102-2112 (2008).</li><li>Zhang, Q., Gould, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyperbaric+oxygen+reduces+matrix+metalloproteinases+in+ischemic+wounds+through+a+redox-dependent+mechanism.">Hyperbaric oxygen reduces matrix metalloproteinases in ischemic wounds through a redox-dependent mechanism.</a> The Journal of investigative dermatology. 134 (1), 237-246 (2013).</li><li>Moor, A. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Consequences+of+age+on+ischemic+wound+healing+in+rats:+altered+antioxidant+activity+and+delayed+wound+closure.">Consequences of age on ischemic wound healing in rats: altered antioxidant activity and delayed wound closure.</a> Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 36 (2), 733-748 (2014).</li><li>Roy, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+a+preclinical+model+of+chronic+ischemic+wound).">Characterization of a preclinical model of chronic ischemic wound).</a> Physiological genomics. 37 (3), 211-224 (2009).</li><li>Biswas, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia+inducible+microRNA+210+attenuates+keratinocyte+proliferation+and+impairs+closure+in+a+murine+model+of+ischemic+wounds.">Hypoxia inducible microRNA 210 attenuates keratinocyte proliferation and impairs closure in a murine model of ischemic wounds.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (15), 6976-6981 (2010).</li><li>Winocour, S., Vorstenbosch, J., Trzeciak, A., Lessard, L., Philip, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD109,+a+novel+TGF-beta+antagonist,+decreases+fibrotic+responses+in+a+hypoxic+wound+model.">CD109, a novel TGF-beta antagonist, decreases fibrotic responses in a hypoxic wound model.</a> Exp Dermatol. 23 (7), 475-479 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Wound healing in rats has often been the subject of debate due to their ability to heal infected wounds and high rate of interanimal variability5. One of the original goals of the model during its development was to decrease this variation. Modifications to the width of the flap, reducing the number of wounds with specific placement (centered on the flap with consistent cranio-caudal location) and introduction of a silicone sheet has accomplished this goal. Wound healing by contraction has also been reduced an...

Effective drug development and other wound healing therapeutics require appropriate in vivo models, despite known problems in translating findings in animal models to human therapies1. What follows is a description of a detailed protocol for the use of a rat model of ischemic skin wound healing to investigate mechanisms that further the understanding of pathological wound healing. The rat species, often employed due to its wide availability, size and docile nature is used for wound healing studies as it is large enough to provide a suitable skin area for incisional and excisional wounding, imaging and tissue collection2. However it should be taken into careful consideration that the skin of a rat and a human are different anatomically, with rats being referred to as loose-skinned animals. This distinct characteristic allows for wound contraction, rather than epithelialization to contribute significantly to the closing of rat skin wounds2. Additionally, the presence of a subcutaneous panniculus carnosus muscle in rats, contributes to healing by both contraction and collagen formation3,4. These very important anatomical distinctions were considered in the development of the rat ischemic skin wound model and specific modifications were implemented to decrease wound contraction and reduce the influence of the panniculus carnosus muscle5.
In diabetic foot ulcers, venous leg ulcers, and pressure ulcers, healing is delayed and these wounds are considered chronic. The wounds are characterized by excessive inflammation, which prevents the wound from progressing to the next phases of wound repair6. One of the main factors in the development of a chronic wound is localized tissue ischemia (reduced blood flow)5 contributing to the inability to clear inflammation. At the time during which this model was being developed and validated (in 2003-4), there were no standardized animal models that could provide enough tissue to test induction of angiogenesis in the wound bed, a key stage during normal wound healing and the motivation for developing this model5. That said, the model presented here is a modification of the ischemic wound model originally described by Schwartz et al.7 and subsequently used in modified form by Chen et al.8
In the modified ischemic wound model, changes have been made to circumvent the above mentioned anatomical characteristics of the rat that lead to healing by contraction rather than epithelialization: (1) Two full-thickness excisional wounds are created within a bipedicled dorsal skin flap and the panniculus carnosus muscle is removed from the wound bed by dissecting just above the muscle fascia. (2) The flap itself has more narrow dimensions, ensuring that blood supply is random and the wounds located at the midpoint of the flap are ischemic. (3) A silicone sheet is inserted beneath the flap, preventing readherence and reperfusion of the flap from underlying tissue. Wound contraction is limited (not eliminated) by anchoring or suturing the flap to the silicone sheet5.
The model has recently been used in studies ranging from hyperbaric oxygen effects on ischemic wound healing9,10 to ischemic wound healing in young versus aged rats11 and has proven to be a reliable model of prolonged tissue ischemia. The dimensions of the bipedicled flap have also been adapted to different rat strains, including Sprague Dawley (11 cm long by 2 cm wide) and F344 rats (10.5 cm long by 3.0-3.5 cm wide) and other species, including swine12 and mice13,14 . This video utilizes the F344 inbred rat strain in the demonstration of the ischemic skin wound model.
Approval for all animal procedures presented below was obtained from the University of South Florida&#8217;s Animal Care Committee (IACUC) and abide by all requirements of the Animal Welfare Act and the Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Sil-Tec medical grade sheeting</td><td>Technical Products Inc.</td><td>500-3</td><td>nonreinforced, 0.01 inches in thickness</td></tr><tr><td>Mini Iris scissors, 8 cm, curved, SS</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>#503671</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethilon Nylon Sutures</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>1964G</td><td>black, size 4.0, PC-3 16&amp;nbsp;mm needles (3/8 circle)</td></tr><tr><td>Laser Doppler Imager</td><td>Moor Instruments</td><td>moorLDI2-IR</td><td>Standard blood flow imager: http://us.moor.co.uk/product/moorldi2-laser-doppler-imager/8</td></tr><tr><td>ImageJ</td><td>NIH</td><td>free download</td><td>http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/</td></tr><tr><td>Mastisol</td><td>Henry Schein</td><td>Cat # 7289210</td><td>Fisher Scientific NC9774929</td></tr><tr><td>Tegaderm</td><td>Medical Specialties&amp;nbsp;</td><td>3M1624W</td><td>Fisher Scientific NC9922128</td></tr></tbody></table>

demonstration of the rat ischemic skin wound model

The propensity for chronic wounds in humans increases with ageing, disease conditions such as diabetes and impaired cardiovascular function, and unrelieved pressure due to immobility. Animal models have been developed that attempt to mimic these conditions for the purpose of furthering our understanding of the complexity of chronic wounds. The model described herein is a rat ischemic skin flap model that permits a prolonged reduction of blood flow resulting in wounds that become ischemic and resemble a chronic wound phenotype (reduced vascularization, increased inflammation and delayed wound closure). It consists of a bipedicled dorsal flap with 2 ischemic wounds placed centrally and 2 non-ischemic wounds lateral to the flap as controls. A novel addition to this ischemic skin flap model is the placement of a silicone sheet beneath the flap that functions as a barrier and a splint to prevent revascularization and reduce contraction as the wounds heal. Despite the debate of using rats for wound healing studies due to their quite distinct anatomic and physiologic differences compared to humans (i.e., the presence of a panniculus carnosus muscle, short life-span, increased number of hair follicles, and their ability to heal infected wounds) the modifications employed in this model make it a valuable alternative to previously developed ischemic skin flap models.

The rat ischemic wound healing model protocol should take approximately 20 min&#160;per animal if performed efficiently. Prior to application of a dressing the model should appear as represented in Figure 1G. It will be important to verify that the bipedicled flap and wounds therein are ischemic. Subcutaneous oxygen tension (PscO2) at the level of the wounds has been measured during validation of this model5 by placing a polarographic electrode in the subcutaneous tissue between the...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Demonstration of the Rat Ischemic Skin Wound Model at JoVE.com

Demonstration of the Rat Ischemic Skin Wound Model

The rat, due to its size, availability, and rather docile behavior, has been utilized as a research model for many years. The goal of this protocol is to utilize the rat as an ischemic skin wound healing model to provide valuable insight into the pathophysiology of chronic wounds.

The propensity for chronic wounds in humans increases with ageing, disease conditions such as diabetes and impaired cardiovascular function, and ...

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Research

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21.2K Views.  University of South Florida. The rat, due to its size, availability, and rather docile behavior, has been utilized as a research model for many years. The goal of this protocol is to utilize the rat as an ischemic skin wound healing model to provide valuable insight into the pathophysiology of chronic wounds.

Video: Demonstration of the Rat Ischemic Skin Wound Model

A Simplified Technique for Producing an Ischemic Wound Model

One major obstacle in current diabetic wound research is a lack of an ischemic wound model that can be safely used in diabetic animals. Drugs that work well in non-ischemic wounds may not work in human diabetic wounds because vasculopathy is one major factor that hinders healing of these wounds. We published an article in 2007 describing a rabbit ear ischemic wound model created by a minimally invasive surgical technique. Since then, we have further simplified the procedure for easier operation. On one ear, three small skin incisions were made on the vascular pedicles, 1-2 cm from the ear base. The central artery was ligated and cut along with the nerve. The whole cranial bundle was cut and ligated, leaving only the caudal branch intact. A circumferential subcutaneous tunnel was made through the incisions, to cut subcutaneous tissues, muscles, nerves, and small vessels. The other ear was used as a non-ischemic control. Four wounds were made on the ventral side of each ear. This technique produces 4 ischemic wounds and 4 non-ischemic wounds in one animal for paired comparisons. After surgery, the ischemic ear was cool and cyanotic, and showed reduced movement and a lack of pulse in the ear artery. Skin temperature of the ischemic ear was 1-10 &deg;C lower than that on the normal ear and this difference was maintained for more than one month. Ear tissue high-energy phosphate contents were lower in the ischemic ear than the control ear. Wound healing times were longer in the ischemic ear than in the non-ischemic ear when the same treatment was used. The technique has now been used on more than 80 rabbits in which 23 were diabetic (diabetes time ranging from 2 weeks to 2 years). No single rabbit has developed any surgical complications such as bleeding, infection, or rupture in the skin incisions. The model has many advantages, such as little skin disruption, longer ischemic time, and higher success rate, when compared to many other models. It can be safely used in animals with reduced resistance, and can also be modified to meet different testing requirements.

We have developed a minimally invasive technique to create a rabbit ischemic ear wound model by dividing the central artery and nerve and the cranial neurovascular bundle. A subcutaneous tunnel then cuts all subcutaneous tissues. This procedure causes minimal skin disruption and can be safely used in diabetic animals.

One major obstacle in current diabetic wound research is a lack of an ischemic wound model that can be safely used in diabetic animals. Drugs that work ...

A Murine Closed-chest Model of Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion

Surgical trauma by thoracotomy in open-chest models of coronary ligation induces an immune response which modifies different mechanisms involved in ischemia and reperfusion. Immune response includes cytokine expression and release or secretion of endogenous ligands of innate immune receptors. Activation of innate immunity can potentially modulate infarct size. We have modified an existing murine closed-chest model using hanging weights which could be useful for studying myocardial pre- and postconditioning and the role of innate immunity in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. This model allows animals to recover from surgical trauma before onset of myocardial ischemia.
Volatile anesthetics have been intensely studied and their preconditioning effect for the ischemic heart is well known. However, this protective effect precludes its use in open chest models of coronary artery ligation. Thus, another advantage could be the use of the well controllable volatile anesthetics for instrumentation in a chronic closed-chest model, since their preconditioning effect lasts up to 72 hours. Chronic heart diseases with intermittent ischemia and multiple hit models are other possible applications of this model.
For the chronic closed-chest model, intubated and ventilated mice undergo a lateral blunt thoracotomy via the 4th intercostal space. Following identification of the left anterior descending a ligature is passed underneath the vessel and both suture ends are threaded through an occluder. Then, both suture ends are passed through the chest wall, knotted to form a loop and left in the subcutaneous tissue. After chest closure and recovery for 5 days, mice are anesthetized again, chest skin is reopened and hanging weights are hooked up to the loop under ECG control.
At the end of the ischemia/reperfusion protocol, hearts can be stained with TTC for infarct size assessment or undergo perfusion fixation to allow morphometric studies in addition to histology and immunohistochemistry.

Surgical trauma induces an inflammatory response. Cytokines and endogenous ligands are known to modulate myocardial infarct size following ischemia and reperfusion. We present a modified closed-chest model of murine ischemia and reperfusion using hanging weights to minimize effects of thoracotomy.

Surgical trauma by thoracotomy in open-chest models of coronary ligation induces an immune response which modifies different mechanisms involved in ...

Murine Model of Hindlimb Ischemia 

In the United States, peripheral arterial disease (PAD) affects about 10 million individuals, and is also prevalent worldwide. Medical therapies for symptomatic relief are limited. Surgical or endovascular interventions are useful for some individuals, but long-term results are often disappointing. As a result, there is a need for developing new therapies to treat PAD. The murine hindlimb ischemia preparation is a model of PAD, and is useful for testing new therapies. When compared to other models of tissue ischemia such as coronary or cerebral artery ligation, femoral artery ligation provides for a simpler model of ischemic tissue. Other advantages of this model are the ease of access to the femoral artery and low mortality rate. 
In this video, we demonstrate the methodology for the murine model of unilateral hindimb ischemia. The specific materials and procedures for creating and evaluating the model will be described, including the assessment of limb perfusion by laser Doppler imaging. This protocol can also be utilized for the transplantation and non-invasive tracking of cells, which is demonstrated by Huang et al.1.

Murine Model of Hindlimb Ischemia

The surgical procedure for induction of unilateral hindlimb ischemia is demonstrated, with confirmation of ischemia by laser Doppler perfusion imaging.

In the United States, peripheral arterial disease (PAD) affects about 10 million individuals, and is also prevalent worldwide.  Medical therapies for ...

Biology

In situ Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap: A Rat Model of Myocutaneous Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Free tissue transfer is the gold standard of reconstructive surgery to repair complex defects not amenable to local options or those requiring composite tissue. Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a known cause of partial free flap failure and has no effective treatment. Establishing a laboratory model of this injury can prove costly both financially as larger mammals are conventionally used and in the expertise required by the technical difficulty of these procedures typically requires employing an experienced microsurgeon. This publication and video demonstrate the effective use of a model of IRI in rats which does not require microsurgical expertise. This procedure is an in situ model of a transverse abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap where atraumatic clamps are utilized to reproduce the ischemia-reperfusion injury associated with this surgery. A laser Doppler Imaging (LDI) scanner is employed to assess flap perfusion and the image processing software, Image J to assess percentage area skin survival as a primary outcome measure of injury.

In situ Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap: A Rat Model of Myocutaneous Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Free tissue transfer is widely employed in reconstructive surgery to restore form and function following oncological resection and trauma. Preconditioning this tissue prior to surgery may improve outcome. This article describes an in situ transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap (TRAM) in rats as a means for testing preconditioning strategies.

Free tissue transfer is the gold standard of reconstructive surgery to repair complex defects not amenable to local options or those requiring composite ...

Ischemic Tissue Injury in the Dorsal Skinfold Chamber of the Mouse: A Skin Flap Model to Investigate Acute Persistent Ischemia

Despite profound expertise and advanced surgical techniques, ischemia-induced complications ranging from wound breakdown to extensive tissue necrosis are still occurring, particularly in reconstructive flap surgery. Multiple experimental flap models have been developed to analyze underlying causes and mechanisms and to investigate treatment strategies to prevent ischemic complications. The limiting factor of most models is the lacking possibility to directly and repetitively visualize microvascular architecture and hemodynamics. The goal of the protocol was to present a well-established mouse model affiliating these before mentioned lacking elements. Harder et al. have developed a model of a musculocutaneous flap with a random perfusion pattern that undergoes acute persistent ischemia and results in ~50% necrosis after 10 days if kept untreated. With the aid of intravital epi-fluorescence microscopy, this chamber model allows repetitive visualization of morphology and hemodynamics in different regions of interest over time. Associated processes such as apoptosis, inflammation, microvascular leakage and angiogenesis can be investigated and correlated to immunohistochemical and molecular protein assays. To date, the model has proven feasibility and reproducibility in several published experimental studies investigating the effect of pre-, peri- and postconditioning of ischemically challenged tissue.

The window of the murine dorsal skinfold chamber presented visualizes a zone of acute persistent ischemia of a musculocutaneous flap. Intravital epi-fluorescence microscopy permits for direct and repetitive assessment of the microvasculature and quantification of hemodynamics. Morphologic and hemodynamic results can further be correlated with histological and molecular analyses.

Despite profound expertise and advanced surgical techniques, ischemia-induced complications ranging from wound breakdown to extensive tissue necrosis are ...

Induction and Assessment of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Langendorff-perfused Rat Hearts

The biochemical events surrounding ischemia reperfusion injury in the acute setting are of great importance to furthering novel treatment options for myocardial infarction and cardiac complications of thoracic surgery. The ability of certain drugs to precondition the myocardium against ischemia reperfusion injury has led to multiple clinical trials, with little success. The isolated heart model allows acute observation of the functional effects of ischemia reperfusion injury in real time, including the effects of various pharmacological interventions administered at any time-point before or within the ischemia-reperfusion injury window. Since brief periods of ischemia can precondition the heart against ischemic injury, in situ aortic cannulation is performed to allow for functional assessment of non-preconditioned myocardium. A saline filled balloon is placed into the left ventricle to allow for real-time measurement of pressure generation. Ischemic injury is simulated by the cessation of perfusion buffer flow, followed by reperfusion. The duration of both ischemia and reperfusion can be modulated to examine biochemical events at any given time-point. Although the Langendorff isolated heart model does not allow for the consideration of systemic events affecting ischemia and reperfusion, it is an excellent model for the examination of acute functional and biochemical events within the window of ischemia reperfusion injury as well as the effect of pharmacological intervention on cardiac pre- and postconditioning. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to perform in situ aortic cannulation and heart excision followed by ischemia/reperfusion injury in the Langendorff model.

The isolated rat heart is an enduring model for ischemia reperfusion injury. Here, we describe the process of harvesting the beating heart from a rat via in situ aortic cannulation, Langendorff perfusion of the heart, simulated ischemia-reperfusion injury, and infarct staining to confirm the extent of ischemic insult.

The biochemical events surrounding ischemia reperfusion injury in the acute setting are of great importance to furthering novel treatment options for ...

A Pre-clinical Rat Model for the Study of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Reconstructive Microsurgery

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many areas of biomedical research due to its cost-effectiveness and its translation to humans. This protocol describes a method to create a preclinical free skin flap model in rats with ischemia-reperfusion injury. The described 3 cm x 6 cm rat free skin flap model is easily obtained after the placement of several vascular ligatures and the section of the vascular pedicle. Then, 8 h after the ischemic insult and completion of the microsurgical anastomosis, the free skin flap develops the tissue damage. These ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damages can be studied in this model, making it a suitable model for evaluating therapeutic agents to address this pathophysiological process. Furthermore, two main monitoring techniques are described in the protocol for the assessment of this animal model: transit-time ultrasound technology and laser speckle contrast analysis.

Here, we describe a pre-clinical animal model for studying the pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury in reconstructive microsurgery. This free skin flap model based on the superficial caudal epigastric vessels in the rat may also allow for the evaluation of different therapies and compounds to counteract ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damage.

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many ...

Improved Rodent Model of Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury

Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury (MIRI), induced by coronary heart disease (CHD), causes damage to the cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, evidence suggests that thrombolytic therapy or primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) does not prevent reperfusion injury. There is still no ideal animal model for MIRI. This study aims to improve the MIRI model in rats to make surgery easier and more feasible. A unique method for establishing MIRI is developed by using a soft tube during a key step of the ischemic period. To explore this method, thirty rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham group (n = 10); experimental model group (n = 10); and existing model group (n = 10). Findings of triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, electrocardiography, and percent survival are compared to determine the accuracies and survival rates of the operations. Based on the study results, it has been concluded that the improved surgery method is associated with a higher survival rate, elevated ST-T segment, and larger infarct size, which is expected to mimic the pathology of MIRI better.

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion model of rat heart is improved by using a self-made retractor, polyvinyl chloride tube, and a unique knotting method. Electrocardiogram, triphenyltetrazolium chloride and histological staining, and percent survival analysis results showed that the improved model group has higher success and survival rates than the already existing model group.

Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury (MIRI), induced by coronary heart disease (CHD), causes damage to the cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, evidence ...

Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats with Preserved Vascular Anatomy

A Rat Model of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion/Reperfusion Without Damaging the Anatomical Structure of Cerebral Vessels

Ischemic stroke stands as the primary cause of long-term disability and mortality among adults worldwide. Animal models of ischemic stroke have significantly contributed to our understanding of its pathological mechanisms and the development of potential treatments. Presently, there are two common methods involving filament (endovascular suture) techniques to induce animal models of cerebral ischemia. However, these methods have inherent limitations, such as reduced blood perfusion to the brain, damage to the external carotid artery system, impaired food and/or water intake, and sensory dysfunction of the face. This article introduces a new method for inducing a rat ischemic stroke model without compromising the cerebral vascular anatomy. In this study, the common carotid artery (CCA) of Sprague-Dawley rats was exposed, and an incision was made. A filament was then inserted through the incision into the internal carotid artery to occlude the middle cerebral artery. After 1.5 h of induced ischemia, the occluding filament was fully removed from both the internal carotid artery and the CCA. The incision in the CCA was subsequently sutured using 11-0 microsurgical sutures under a microscope (magnification 4x). Through the utilization of microsurgical techniques to repair the CCA, this study successfully developed a unique method to induce an ischemic stroke model in rats while preserving the anatomical integrity of cerebral blood vessels.

The current protocol describes a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion that preserves the anatomical structure of cerebral vessels without causing damage.

Ischemic stroke stands as the primary cause of long-term disability and mortality among adults worldwide. Animal models of ischemic stroke have ...

Neuroscience

Model of Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Rabbits

The protocol here provides a simple, highly replicable methodology to induce in situ acute regional myocardial ischemia in the rabbit for non-survival and survival experiments. New Zealand White adult rabbit is sedated with atropine, acepromazine, butorphanol, and isoflurane. The animal is intubated and placed on mechanical ventilation. An intravenous catheter is inserted into the marginal ear vein for the infusion of medications. The animal is pre-medicated with heparin, lidocaine, and lactated Ringer&#39;s solution. A carotid cut-down is performed to obtain arterial line access for blood pressure monitoring. Select physiologic and mechanical parameters are monitored and recorded by continuous real-time analysis.
With the animal sedated and fully anesthetized, either a fourth intercostal space small left thoracotomy (survival) or midline sternotomy (non-survival) is performed. The pericardium is opened, and the left anterior descending (LAD) artery is located.
A polypropylene suture is passed around the second or third diagonal branch of the LAD artery, and the polypropylene filament is threaded through a small vinyl tube, forming a snare. The animal is subjected to 30 min of regional ischemia, achieved by occluding the LAD by tightening the snare. Myocardial ischemia is confirmed visually by regional cyanosis of the epicardium. Following regional ischemia, the ligature is loosened, and the heart is allowed to re-perfuse.
For both survival and non-survival experiments, the myocardial function can be assessed via an echocardiography (ECHO) measurement of the fractional shortening. For non-survival studies, data from sonomicrometry collected using three digital piezoelectric ultrasonic probes implanted within the ischemic area and the left ventricle developed pressure (LVDP) using an apically inserted left ventricle (LV) catheter can be continuously acquired for evaluating the regional and global myocardial function, respectively.
For survival studies, the incision is closed, a left needle thoracentesis is performed for pleural air evacuation, and postoperative pain control is achieved.

The present study demonstrates a highly reproducible animal model of acute regional myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury in rabbits using a left mini-thoracotomy for survival cases or a midline sternotomy for non-survival cases.

The protocol here provides a simple, highly replicable methodology to induce in situ acute regional myocardial ischemia in the rabbit for non-survival and ...

Demonstration of the Rat Ischemic Skin Wound Model

Summary

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Chapters in this video

A Simplified Technique for Producing an Ischemic Wound Model

A Murine Closed-chest Model of Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion

Murine Model of Hindlimb Ischemia

In situ Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Flap: A Rat Model of Myocutaneous Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Ischemic Tissue Injury in the Dorsal Skinfold Chamber of the Mouse: A Skin Flap Model to Investigate Acute Persistent Ischemia

Induction and Assessment of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Langendorff-perfused Rat Hearts

A Pre-clinical Rat Model for the Study of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Reconstructive Microsurgery

Improved Rodent Model of Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury

A Rat Model of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion/Reperfusion Without Damaging the Anatomical Structure of Cerebral Vessels

Model of Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Rabbits