Name: genetic engineering of primary mouse intestinal organoids using magnetic nanoparticle transduction viral vectors for frozen sectioning
Uploaded: 2019-05-10T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Genetic Engineering of Primary Mouse Intestinal Organoids Using Magnetic Nanoparticle Transduction Viral Vectors for Frozen Sectioning at JoVE.com

This work was supported by grants from the National Institute of Health (R01DK102943, R03CA182679, R03CA191621), the Maryland Stem Cell Research Fund (2015-MSCRFE-1759, 2017-MSCRFD-3934), the American Lung Association, the Allegheny Health Network - Johns Hopkins Research Fund and the Hopkins Digestive Diseases Basic Research Core Center.

This protocol was approved by the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). This protocol is modified from a previously published methods10,11,12,13.
1. Preparation of Reagents
<ol>
	<li>Prepare fresh 293T medium several hours in advance and warm to 37 &#176;C in a water bath for at least 10 min before use (Table 1)....

<ol>
	<li>Cheung, E. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TIGAR+is+required+for+efficient+intestinal+regeneration+and+tumorigenesis.">TIGAR is required for efficient intestinal regeneration and tumorigenesis.</a> Dev Cell. 25 (5), 463-477 (2013).</li><li>Xian, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HMGA1+amplifies+Wnt+signalling+and+expands+the+intestinal+stem+cell+compartment+and+Paneth+cell+niche.">HMGA1 amplifies Wnt signalling and expands the intestinal stem cell compartment and Paneth cell niche.</a> Nature Comm. , (2017).</li><li>Sato, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+Lgr5+stem+cells+build+crypt-villus+structures+in+vitro+without+a+mesenchymal+niche.">Single Lgr5 stem cells build crypt-villus structures in vitro without a mesenchymal niche.</a> Nature. 459 (7244), 262-265 (2009).</li><li>Koo, B. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlled+gene+expression+in+primary+Lgr5+organoid+cultures.">Controlled gene expression in primary Lgr5 organoid cultures.</a> Nature Methods. 9 (1), 81-83 (2012).</li><li>Kabiri, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stroma+provides+an+intestinal+stem+cell+niche+in+the+absence+of+epithelial+Wnts.">Stroma provides an intestinal stem cell niche in the absence of epithelial Wnts.</a> Development. 141, 2206-2215 (2014).</li><li>Boj, S. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organoid+models+of+human+and+mouse+ductal+pancreatic+cancer.">Organoid models of human and mouse ductal pancreatic cancer.</a> Cell. 160 (1-2), 324-338 (2015).</li><li>Boj, S. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Forskolin-induced+Swelling+in+Intestinal+Organoids:+An+In+Vitro+Assay+for+Assessing+Drug+Response+in+Cystic+Fibrosis+Patients.">Forskolin-induced Swelling in Intestinal Organoids: An In Vitro Assay for Assessing Drug Response in Cystic Fibrosis Patients.</a> J Vis Exp. (120), (2017).</li><li>Mu&#241;oz, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Lgr5+intestinal+stem+cell+signature:+robust+expression+of+proposed+quiescent+'+4'+cellmarkers.">The Lgr5 intestinal stem cell signature: robust expression of proposed quiescent '+4' cellmarkers.</a> EMBO J. 31 (14), 3079-3091 (2012).</li><li>Schwank, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+repair+of+CFTR+by+CRISPR/Cas9+in+intestinal+stem+cell+organoids+of+cystic+fibrosis+patients.">Functional repair of CFTR by CRISPR/Cas9 in intestinal stem cell organoids of cystic fibrosis patients.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 13 (6), 653-658 (2014).</li><li>Andersson-Rolf, A., Fink, J., Mustata, R. C., Koo, B. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+video+protocol+of+retroviral+infection+in+primary+intestinal+organoid+culture.">A video protocol of retroviral infection in primary intestinal organoid culture.</a> J Vis Exp. (90), e51765 (2014).</li><li>Sato, T., Clevers, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+mouse+small+intestinal+epithelial+cell+cultures.">Primary mouse small intestinal epithelial cell cultures.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 945, 319-328 (2013).</li><li>Ye, Z., Yu, X., Cheng, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lentiviral+gene+transduction+of+mouse+and+human+stem+cells.">Lentiviral gene transduction of mouse and human stem cells.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 430, 243-253 (2008).</li><li>Cheung, K. J., Gabrielson, E., Werb, Z., Ewald, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Collective+invasion+in+breast+cancer+requires+a+conserved+basal+epithelial+program.">Collective invasion in breast cancer requires a conserved basal epithelial program.</a> Cell. 155 (7), 1639-1651 (2013).</li><li>Tesfaye, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+High-Mobility+Group+A1+gene+up-regulates+Cyclooxygenase-2+expression+in+uterine+tumorigenesis.">The High-Mobility Group A1 gene up-regulates Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in uterine tumorigenesis.</a> Cancer Res. 67 (9), 3998-4004 (2007).</li><li>Haim, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synchronized+infection+of+cell+cultures+by+magnetically+controlled+virus.">Synchronized infection of cell cultures by magnetically controlled virus.</a> J. Virol. 79 (1), 622-625 (2005).</li><li>Xue, X., Shah, Y. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+organoid+culture+of+primary+mouse+colon+tumors.">In vitro organoid culture of primary mouse colon tumors.</a> J Vis Exp. (75), e50210 (2013).</li></ol>

Primary culture of adult intestinal epithelium as organoids provides a powerful tool to study molecular mechanisms involved in stem cell function, intestinal epithelial homeostasis, and pathology1,2,3,4. Although CRISPR/Cas9 technology can be used to genetically engineer organoids9, it is limited by the need for extensive screening and selection based on sequence analysi...

The ability to culture mouse or human crypts cells as three dimensional (3D) organoids from the small intestines or colon over prolonged time periods provided a major breakthrough because these cultures display defining features of intestinal epithelium in vivo1,2,3. Organoids derived from primary crypts are capable of self-renewal and self-organization, exhibiting cellular functions similar to their tissues of origin. Indeed, organoids recapitulate not only the structural organization of crypts in vivo, but also many molecular features, thus providing useful tools to study normal biology and disease states. To illustrate, organoid studies have revealed novel molecular pathways involved in tissue regeneration1,2,3,4,5 as well as drugs that could enhance function in pathologic settings6,7.
The study of intestinal stem cells is of particular interest because the intestinal lining is among the most highly regenerative mammalian tissues, renewing itself every 3-5 days to protect the organism from bacteria, toxins, and other pathogens within the intestinal lumens. Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are responsible for this remarkable regenerative capability and thus provide a unique paradigm for studying adult stem cell function1,2. Lineage-tracing experiments in mice demonstrated that isolated Lgr5-positive stem cells can be cultured to generate 3D organoids or &#39;mini-guts&#39; in vitro where they closely mirror their in vivo counterparts. Organoid cultures can also be derived from intestinal crypt cell isolates comprised of progenitors, ISCs, and Paneth cells, the latter of which constitute the epithelial niche cells in vivo. In fact, organoid culture from primary intestinal crypt cells has evolved into a relatively routine technique that is easy to implement in most laboratories using widely available reagents. This model is also amenable to quantitative analysis of gene expression by RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) and proteins by mass spectrometry, immunohistochemistry, or immunofluorescent staining2,4,8. In addition, functional genetics can be studied using gain-of-function (gene overexpression or expression of an activating mutant gene) or loss-of-function (gene silencing or expression of a loss-of-function mutant) approaches2.
Importantly, low efficiency and high toxicity of standard plasmid DNA or viral transduction protocols with polybrene remain a major hurdle in the field. Although CRISPR/Cas9 technology allows for precise genome editing, this approach requires time-consuming selection followed by sequence validation9. Here, we present a viral transduction protocol for primary intestinal organoids that optimizes delivery of viral particles by conjugation to magnetic nanoparticles and application of a magnetic field. Key modifications to prior protocols4,5,10,11,12,13 and recommendations to enhance efficiency are provided. We also describe an approach to generate frozen sections from intact organoids cultured in 3D matrigel (henceforth referred to as basement membrane matrix or matrix) for further analysis with immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescent staining.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11965092</td>
			<td>Base medium for 293T cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12+</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12634010</td>
			<td>Base medium for organoid culture medium and organoid digestion buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OPTI-MEM</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11058021</td>
			<td>Virus plasmids transfection medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>35-011-CV</td>
			<td>Component of virus collection medium and 293T medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pen/Strep</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td>Component of organoid culture medium and crypt dissociation buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS (without Ca2+, Mg2+)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10010049</td>
			<td>A wash buffer and component of crypt dissociation buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mem-NEAA</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11140050</td>
			<td>Component of organoid culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutamaxII</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td>Component of organoid culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15630080</td>
			<td>Component of organoid culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGF</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>E9644</td>
			<td>Component of organoid culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Noggin</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>250-38 B</td>
			<td>Component of organoid culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>R-spondin</td>
			<td>R&#38;D</td>
			<td>7150-RS-025/CF</td>
			<td>Component of organoid culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human recombinant insulin</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>I9278-5ml</td>
			<td>Component of organoid culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nicotinamide</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>N3376-100G</td>
			<td>Component of Transduction medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wnt3A</td>
			<td>R&#38;D</td>
			<td>5036-WN-010</td>
			<td>Component of Transduction medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y27632</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>Y0503-1MG</td>
			<td>Component of Transduction medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5M EDTA</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15575020</td>
			<td>Component of Crypts dissociation buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DTT (dithiothreitol)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>R0861</td>
			<td>Component of Crypts dissociation buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dispase I</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>D4818-2MG</td>
			<td>Component of organoid digestion buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase I</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>11284932001</td>
			<td>Component of organoid digestion buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>matrigel(Growth factor reduced)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>356231</td>
			<td>Used as a matrix to embed organoids</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Opti-MEM</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>31985070</td>
			<td>Medium for transfection in viral production</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ViralMag R/L</td>
			<td>Oz Biosiences</td>
			<td>RL40200</td>
			<td>Magnetic particles of viral transduction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic plate</td>
			<td>Oz Biosiences</td>
			<td>MF10000</td>
			<td>Magnetic plate to facilitate viral transduction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipofectamine 2000</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11668019</td>
			<td>Transfection agent in viral production</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-D-Lysine</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>A-003-E</td>
			<td>Coating for plates before seeding 293T cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% Formaldehyde Solution</td>
			<td>Boster</td>
			<td>AR1068</td>
			<td>Solution to fix organoids</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>O.C.T embedding compound</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>4583S</td>
			<td>For embedding of the the organoids</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL Falcon polystyrene tubes</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL Falcon Tubes</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>62.547.100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Orbitron rotator II Rocker Shaker</td>
			<td>Boekel Scientific</td>
			<td>260250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olympus Inverted microscop CK30</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>CK30</td>
			<td>for scanning and counting crypts</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zeiss Axiovert 200 inverted fluorescence</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Axiovert 200</td>
			<td>for viewing fluorescence in the crypts</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amicon Ultra-15 Centrifugal Filter unit with Ultracel-100 membrane</td>
			<td>Milipore Sigma</td>
			<td>UFC910024</td>
			<td>For concentrating viruses</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pluriStrainer 20 &#181;m (Cell Strainer)</td>
			<td>pluriSelect</td>
			<td>SKU 43-50020</td>
			<td>For preparing organoid fragments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon Cell Strainer</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>352340</td>
			<td>For preparing cyrpts of similar size after crypt isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Greiner CELLSTAR&#160;multiwell culture plates 48 wells (TC treated with lid)</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>M8937-100EA</td>
			<td>ForD2:D37+D16:D37g organoid fragments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Animal strain: C57BL/6J</td>
			<td>Jackson Lab</td>
			<td>#000664</td>
			<td>For organoid culture</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

genetic engineering of primary mouse intestinal organoids using magnetic nanoparticle transduction viral vectors for frozen sectioning

Intestinal organoid cultures provide a unique opportunity to investigate intestinal stem cell and crypt biology in vitro, although efficient approaches to manipulate gene expression in organoids have made limited progress in this arena. While CRISPR/Cas9 technology allows for precise genome editing of cells for organoid generation, this strategy requires extensive selection and screening by sequence analysis, which is both time-consuming and costly. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for efficient viral transduction of intestinal organoids. This approach is rapid and highly efficient, thus decreasing the time and expense inherent in CRISPR/Cas9 technology. We also present a protocol to generate frozen sections from intact organoid cultures for further analysis with immunohistochemical or immunofluorescent staining, which can be used to confirm gene expression or silencing. After successful transduction of viral vectors for gene expression or silencing is achieved, intestinal stem cell and crypt function can be rapidly assessed. Although most organoid studies employ in vitro assays, organoids can also be delivered to mice for in vivo functional analyses. Moreover, our approaches are advantageous for predicting therapeutic responses to drugs because currently available therapies generally function by modulating gene expression or protein function rather than altering the genome.

Here, we describe a rapid and highly efficient transduction technique which harnesses magnetic nanoparticles exposed to a magnetic field to deliver lentivirus to cells of interest. With readily available tools, we have applied this approach not only to transduce freshly isolated crypt cells (Figure 1A), but also for organoids (Figure 2) and other cells that are refractory to more routine transduction approaches. Lentiviral partic...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Genetic Engineering of Primary Mouse Intestinal Organoids Using Magnetic Nanoparticle Transduction Viral Vectors for Frozen Sectioning at JoVE.com

Genetic Engineering of Primary Mouse Intestinal Organoids Using Magnetic Nanoparticle Transduction Viral Vectors for Frozen Sectioning

We describe step-by-step instructions to: 1) efficiently engineer intestinal organoids using magnetic nanoparticles for lenti- or retroviral transduction, and, 2) generate frozen sections from engineered organoids. This approach provides a powerful tool to efficiently alter gene expression in organoids for investigation of downstream effects.

Intestinal organoid cultures provide a unique opportunity to investigate intestinal stem cell and crypt biology in vitro, although efficient approaches to ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Frozen Buffy Coats using Non-integrating Episomal Plasmids

Somatic cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by forcing the expression of four transcription factors (Oct-4, Sox-2, ...

Generating Primary Fibroblast Cultures from Mouse Ear and Tail Tissues

Primary cells are derived directly from tissue and are thought to be more representative of the physiological state of cells in vivo than established cell ...

Simultaneous Assessment of Cardiomyocyte DNA Synthesis and Ploidy: A Method to Assist Quantification of Cardiomyocyte Regeneration and Turnover

Although it is accepted that the heart has a limited potential to regenerate cardiomyocytes following injury and that low levels of cardiomyocyte turnover ...

Using Primary Neurosphere Cultures to Study Primary Cilia

The primary cilium is fundamentally important for the proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells and for neuronal differentiation during embryonic, ...

Immuno-fluorescent Labeling of Microtubules and Centrosomal Proteins in Ex Vivo Intestinal Tissue and 3D In Vitro Intestinal Organoids

Immuno-fluorescent Labeling of Microtubules and Centrosomal Proteins in Ex Vivo Intestinal Tissue and 3D In Vitro Intestinal Organoids

The advent of 3D in vitro organoids that mimic the in vivo tissue architecture and morphogenesis has greatly advanced the ability to study key biological ...

Real-time Measurement of Epithelial Barrier Permeability in Human Intestinal Organoids

Advances in 3D culture of intestinal tissues obtained through biopsy or generated from pluripotent stem cells via directed differentiation, have resulted ...

Generation of Organoids from Mouse Extrahepatic Bile Ducts

Cholangiopathies, which affect extrahepatic bile ducts (EHBDs), include biliary atresia, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and cholangiocarcinoma. They have ...

Generation of Multicellular Human Primary Endometrial Organoids

The human endometrium is one of the most hormonally responsive tissues in the body and is essential for the establishment of pregnancy. This tissue can ...

Clonal Genetic Tracing using the Confetti Mouse to Study Mineralized Tissues

Labeling an individual cell in the body to monitor which cell types it can give rise to and track its migration through the organism or determine its ...

Recapitulating Suckling-to-Weaning Transition In Vitro using Fetal Intestinal Organoids

At the end of the suckling period, many mammalian species undergo major changes in the intestinal epithelium that are associated with the capability to ...