Name: convection enhanced delivery of optogenetic adeno-associated viral vector to the cortex of rhesus macaque under guidance of online mri images
Uploaded: 2019-05-23T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Convection Enhanced Delivery of Optogenetic Adeno-associated Viral Vector to the Cortex of Rhesus Macaque Under Guidance of Online MRI Images at JoVE.com

This work was supported by American Heart Association postdoctoral fellowship (AY), Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Reorganization and Plasticity to Accelerate Injury Recovery (REPAIR; N66001-10-C-2010), R01.NS073940, and by the UCSF Neuroscience Imaging Center. This work was also supported by the Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health &#38; Human Development of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number K12HD073945, the Washington National Primate Research Center (WaNPCR, P51 OD010425), and the Center for Neurotechnology (CNT, a National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center under Grant EEC-1028725). We thank Camilo Diaz-Botia, Tim Hanson, Viktor Kharazia, Daniel Silversmith, Karen J. MacLeod, Juliana Milani, and Blakely Andrews for their help with the experiments and Nan Tian, Jiwei He, Peter Ledochowitsch, Michel Maharbiz, and Toni Haun for technical help.

All procedures have been approved by the University of California, San Francisco Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and are compliant with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. The following procedure was performed using two adult male rhesus macaques of 8 and 7 years of age, weighing 17.5 kg and 16.5 kg (monkey G and monkey J), respectively.
NOTE: Use standard aseptic techniques for all surgical procedures.
1. Baseline Imaging
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Here, we outline a feasible and efficient technique for achieving large-scale optogenetic expression in NHP primary somatosensory and motor cortex by MR-guided CED. The use of MR-guided CED presents significant advantages over traditional methods of viral infusion in the NHP brain. One such advantage is the ability to attain expression over large areas with fewer required infusions. For instance, with conventional methods, multiple injections of 1-2 &#181;L of the vector yield expression in a 2-3 mm diameter region<sup c...

Optogenetics is a powerful tool that allows for the manipulation of neural activity and the study of network connections in the brain. Implementing this technique in non-human primates (NHPs) has the potential to enhance our understanding of large-scale neural computation, cognition, and behavior in the primate brain. Although optogenetics has been successfully implemented in NHPs in recent years1,2,3,4,5,6,7, a challenge that researchers face is achieving high levels of expression across large brain areas in these animals. Here, we are providing an efficient and simplified approach to achieve high levels of optogenetic expression across large areas of the cortex in macaques. This technique has great potential to improve current optogenetic studies in these animals in combination with state-of-the-art recording8,9 and optical stimulation10 technologies.
Convection enhanced delivery (CED) is an established method of delivery of pharmacological agents and other large molecules, including viral vectors, to the central nervous system11,12,13. Whereas conventional delivery methods involve multiple low volume infusions distributed across small regions of the brain, CED can achieve broader and more even agent distribution with fewer infusions. Pressure-driven bulk fluid flow (convection) during infusion allows for more widely and uniformly distributed transduction of the target tissue when delivering viral vectors with CED. In recent studies, we demonstrated the transduction and subsequent optogenetic expression of large areas of primary motor (M1) and somatosensory (S1) cortices9 and thalamus14 using magnetic resonance (MR)-guided CED.
Here, we outline the use of CED to achieve optogenetic expression across large cortical areas with only a few cortical injections.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.2 mL High Pressure IV Tubing</td>
			<td>Smiths Medical Inc., Dublin, OH, USA</td>
			<td>533640</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.32 mm ID, 0.43 mm OD Silica Tubing</td>
			<td>Polymicro Technologies</td>
			<td>1068150027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.45 mm ID, 0.76 mm OD Silica Tubing</td>
			<td>Polymicro Technologies</td>
			<td>1068150625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AAV2.5-CamKII-C1V1-EYFP</td>
			<td>Penn Vector Core, University of Pennsylvania</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ABS plastic</td>
			<td>Stratasys, MN, USA</td>
			<td>ABSplus-P430</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antimicrobial incise drape</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>6650EZ</td>
			<td>Ioban Drape</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dental Acrylic</td>
			<td>Henry Schein, Inc.</td>
			<td>1013117</td>
			<td>Acrylic Bonding Agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Elevators</td>
			<td>VWR International, LLC.</td>
			<td>10196-564</td>
			<td>Langenbeck Elevator, Wide Tip</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine suture</td>
			<td>McKesson Medical-Surgical Inc.</td>
			<td>1034505</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gadoteridol</td>
			<td>Prohance, Bracco Diagnostics, Princeton, NJ</td>
			<td>0270-1111-04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser for light stimulation</td>
			<td>Omicron-Laserage, Germany</td>
			<td>PhoxX 488-60</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MR compatible 3cc syringe</td>
			<td>Harvard apparatus, Holliston, MA, USA</td>
			<td>59-8377</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MR Imaging Software</td>
			<td>Pixmeo</td>
			<td>OsiriX MD 10.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MR-Compatible Pump</td>
			<td>Harvard apparatus, Holliston, MA, USA</td>
			<td>Harvard PHD 2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MR-compatible stereotaxic frame</td>
			<td>KOPF</td>
			<td>1430M MRI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Perifix Clamp Style Catheter Connector</td>
			<td>B-Braun, Bethlehem, PA, USA</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic Screws</td>
			<td>Plastics 1</td>
			<td>0-80 x 1/8N</td>
			<td>Nylon screws</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Titanium screws</td>
			<td>Crist Instrument Co., Inc.</td>
			<td>6-YCX-0312</td>
			<td>Self-tapping bone screws</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trephine</td>
			<td>GerMedUSA Inc,</td>
			<td>SKU:GV70-42</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>uPrinter SE 3D printer</td>
			<td>Stratasys, MN, USA</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vitamin E Capsule</td>
			<td>Pure Encapsulations, LLC.</td>
			<td>DE1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wet sterile absorbable gelatin</td>
			<td>Pfizer Inc.</td>
			<td>AZL0009034201</td>
			<td>Gelfoam</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

convection enhanced delivery of optogenetic adeno-associated viral vector to the cortex of rhesus macaque under guidance of online mri images

In non-human primate (NHP) optogenetics, infecting large cortical areas with viral vectors is often a difficult and time-consuming task. Here, we demonstrate the use of magnetic resonance (MR)-guided convection enhanced delivery (CED) of optogenetic viral vectors into primary somatosensory (S1) and motor (M1) cortices of macaques to obtain efficient, widespread cortical expression of light-sensitive ion channels. Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors encoding the red-shifted opsin C1V1 fused to yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) were injected into the cortex of rhesus macaques under MR-guided CED. Three months post-infusion, epifluorescent imaging confirmed large regions of optogenetic expression (&#62;130 mm2) in M1 and S1 in two macaques. Furthermore, we were able to record reliable light-evoked electrophysiology responses from the expressing areas using micro-electrocorticographic arrays. Later histological analysis and immunostaining against the reporter revealed widespread and dense optogenetic expression in M1 and S1 corresponding to the distribution indicated by epifluorescent imaging. This technique enables us to obtain expression across large areas of the cortex within a shorter period of time with minimal damage compared to the traditional techniques and can be an optimal approach for optogenetic viral delivery in large animals such as NHPs. This approach demonstrates great potential for network-level manipulation of neural circuits with cell-type specificity in animal models evolutionarily close to humans.&#160;

Convection Enhanced Delivery (CED) under MRI Guidance
The spread of the viral vector was monitored during CED infusion under the guidance of online MR images (Figure 3A). In this study, S1 and M1 of two monkeys were targeted (Figure 3B). The three-dimensional distribution volumes were estimated in a post-hoc analysis of the MR images (<strong class="xfi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Convection Enhanced Delivery of Optogenetic Adeno-associated Viral Vector to the Cortex of Rhesus Macaque Under Guidance of Online MRI Images at JoVE.com

Convection Enhanced Delivery of Optogenetic Adeno-associated Viral Vector to the Cortex of Rhesus Macaque Under Guidance of Online MRI Images

Here, we demonstrate magnetic resonance (MR)-guided convection enhanced delivery (CED) of viral vectors into the cortex as an efficient and simplified approach for achieving optogenetic expression across large cortical areas in the macaque brain.

In non-human primate (NHP) optogenetics, infecting large cortical areas with viral vectors is often a difficult and time-consuming task. Here, we ...

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