Name: generation of in-frame gene deletion mutants in pseudomonas aeruginosa and testing for virulence attenuation in a simple mouse model of infection
Uploaded: 2020-01-08T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of In-Frame Gene Deletion Mutants in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Testing for Virulence Attenuation in a Simple Mouse Model of Infection at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants R44GM113545 and P20GM103434.

Before beginning animal experiments, the protocol to be used must be approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). Approval for the protocol described was obtained through the IACUC at Marshall University (Huntington, WV, USA).
1. Plasmid Design
<ol>
	<li>To generate a genetic deletion using the pEX100T-NotI plasmid, clone the regions of DNA flanking the desired deletion sequence and insert into the NotI restriction site of the plasmid. The plasmid insert should contai...

<ol>
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S., Deretic, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Virulence+properties+of+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+lacking+the+extreme-stress+sigma+factor+AlgU+(sigmaE).">Virulence properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lacking the extreme-stress sigma factor AlgU (sigmaE).</a> Infection and Immunity. 64 (7), 2774-2781 (1996).</li><li>Baeshen, M. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+Biopharmaceuticals+in+E.+coli:+Current+Scenario+and+Future+Perspectives.">Production of Biopharmaceuticals in E. coli: Current Scenario and Future Perspectives.</a> Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 25 (7), 953-962 (2015).</li><li>Marisch, K., Bayer, K., Cserjan-Puschmann, M., Luchner, M., Striedner, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+three+industrial+Escherichia+coli+strains+in+fed-batch+cultivations+during+high-level+SOD+protein+production.">Evaluation of three industrial Escherichia coli strains in fed-batch cultivations during high-level SOD protein production.</a> Microbial Cell Factories. 12, 58 (2013).</li><li>Ferrer-Miralles, N., Domingo-Espin, J., Corchero, J. L., Vazquez, E., Villaverde, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbial+factories+for+recombinant+pharmaceuticals.">Microbial factories for recombinant pharmaceuticals.</a> Microbial Cell Factories. 8, 17 (2009).</li><li>Horton, R. M., Cai, Z. L., Ho, S. N., Pease, L. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+splicing+by+overlap+extension:+tailor-made+genes+using+the+polymerase+chain+reaction.">Gene splicing by overlap extension: tailor-made genes using the polymerase chain reaction.</a> Biotechniques. 8 (5), 528-535 (1990).</li><li>Horton, R. M., Hunt, H. D., Ho, S. N., Pullen, J. K., Pease, L. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+hybrid+genes+without+the+use+of+restriction+enzymes:+gene+splicing+by+overlap+extension.">Engineering hybrid genes without the use of restriction enzymes: gene splicing by overlap extension.</a> Gene. 77 (1), 61-68 (1989).</li><li>Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F., Maniatis, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. , (1989).</li><li>Figurski, D. H., Helinski, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Replication+of+an+origin-containing+derivative+of+plasmid+RK2+dependent+on+a+plasmid+function+provided+in+trans.">Replication of an origin-containing derivative of plasmid RK2 dependent on a plasmid function provided in trans.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 76 (4), 1648-1652 (1979).</li><li>Choi, K. H., Schweizer, H. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=mini-Tn7+insertion+in+bacteria+with+single+attTn7+sites:+example+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa.">mini-Tn7 insertion in bacteria with single attTn7 sites: example Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</a> Nature Protocols. 1 (1), 153-161 (2006).</li><li>Choi, K. H., Kumar, A., Schweizer, H. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+10-min+method+for+preparation+of+highly+electrocompetent+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+cells:+application+for+DNA+fragment+transfer+between+chromosomes+and+plasmid+transformation.">A 10-min method for preparation of highly electrocompetent Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells: application for DNA fragment transfer between chromosomes and plasmid transformation.</a> Journal of Microbiological Methods. 64 (3), 391-397 (2006).</li><li>Liang, R., Liu, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scarless+and+sequential+gene+modification+in+Pseudomonas+using+PCR+product+flanked+by+short+homology+regions.">Scarless and sequential gene modification in Pseudomonas using PCR product flanked by short homology regions.</a> BMC Microbiology. 10, 209 (2010).</li><li>Martinez-Garcia, E., de Lorenzo, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+multiple+genomic+deletions+in+Gram-negative+bacteria:+analysis+of+the+multi-resistant+antibiotic+profile+of+Pseudomonas+putida+KT2440.">Engineering multiple genomic deletions in Gram-negative bacteria: analysis of the multi-resistant antibiotic profile of Pseudomonas putida KT2440.</a> Environmental Microbiology. 13 (10), 2702-2716 (2011).</li><li>Song, C. W., Lee, S. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+one-step+inactivation+of+single+or+multiple+genes+in+Escherichia+coli.">Rapid one-step inactivation of single or multiple genes in Escherichia coli.</a> Biotechnology Journal. 8 (7), 776-784 (2013).</li><li>Yan, M. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CRISPR-Cas12a-Assisted+Recombineering+in+Bacteria.">CRISPR-Cas12a-Assisted Recombineering in Bacteria.</a> Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 83 (17), (2017).</li><li>Prakash, O., Nimonkar, Y., Shouche, Y. 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The pEX100T-Not1 plasmid is an efficient mediator of sequential genomic deletions that are marker-free and in-frame. When engineering bacterial strains for attenuated virulence, deletion of entire gene sequences rather than generating point mutations decreases the likelihood of reversion to a virulent phenotype. Additionally, each pathogenicity gene deletion attenuates the pathogen further, reinforcing the stability of the attenuation.
This method can also be used to generate genomic modificat...

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that can cause life-threatening diseases in humans, especially in the immunocompromised. The pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa is due to the expression of many virulence factors, including proteases and lipopolysaccharide, as well as its ability to form a protective biofilm1. Because of its ability to produce virulence factors and cause disease in humans, using P. aeruginosa to make commercial products presents safety concerns. Nonpathogenic strains of E. coli have traditionally been used to bioengineer medical and commercial products for human use. However, some products are difficult for E. coli to make, and many are packaged in inclusion bodies, making extraction laborious. Engineered bacterial strains with the ability to make and secrete specific products is highly desirable, as secretion would likely increase yield and ease purification processes. Thus, nonpathogenic strains of other species of bacteria (e.g., species that utilize more secretion pathways) may provide useful alternatives to E. coli. We recently reported the development of a strain of P. aeruginosa, PGN5, in which the pathogenicity and toxicity of the organism is highly attenuated2. Importantly, this strain still produces large quantities of the polysaccharide alginate, a commercially interesting component of the P. aeruginosa biofilm.
The PGN5 strain was generated using a two-step allelic exchange procedure with the pEX100T-NotI plasmid to sequentially delete five genes (toxA, plcH, phzM, wapR, aroA) known to contribute to the pathogenicity of the organism. pEX100T-NotI was generated by changing the SmaI to a NotI restriction enzyme recognition site within the multiple cloning site of the plasmid pEX100T, which was developed in Herbert Schweizer&#39;s lab3,4. The recognition site for the restriction enzyme NotI is a rarer DNA sequence compared to SmaI and less likely to be present in sequences being cloned, thus it is more convenient for cloning purposes. The plasmid carries genes that allow for selection, including the bla gene, which encodes &#223;-lactamase and confers resistance to carbenicillin, and the B. subtilissacB gene, which confers sensitivity to sucrose (Figure 1A). The plasmid also carries an origin of replication (ori) compatible with E. coli, and an origin of transfer (oriT) that allows for plasmid transfer from E. coli to Pseudomonas species via conjugation. However, the plasmid lacks an origin of replication compatible with Pseudomonas, and thus cannot replicate within Pseudomonas species (i.e., it is a Pseudomonas suicide vector). These characteristics make pEX100T-NotI ideal for targeting genetic deletions from the Pseudomonas chromosome. Plasmid cloning steps are carried out using E. coli and the resultant plasmid is transferred to Pseudomonas by transformation or conjugation. Then, through homologous recombination events and selective steps, the targeted in-frame deletion is generated, marker-free. This method of sequentially deleting genomic regions from the chromosome of P. aeruginosa could be used to generate highly attenuated Pseudomonas strains, like PGN5, or to design strains for other specific uses (e.g., strains deficient in endonucleases for plasmid propagation or strains deficient in proteases for production of proteins of interest).
The overall virulence of strains of bacteria is affected by growth conditions and phases, during which mutations occur frequently. Therefore, measuring the safety of genetically-engineered strains can be challenging. To evaluate bacterial isolates for systemic virulence, we adapted a previously published protocol of infection by intraperitoneal injection of C57BL/6 mice5. We modified this procedure to use frozen bacterial stocks for injection, which allowed for precise dosing and easy validation of the strains used. In this model, the E. coli strain BL21, which has been FDA-approved for production of biopharmaceuticals, was used as a control safety standard for determining the relative pathogenesis of the strain6,7,8. The main advantage to using this method is that it is reproducible and minimizes sources of variation, as infecting strains are validated for bacterial cell number, phenotype, and genetic markers both before and after infection. With these controlled steps, the number of animals required is reduced. In this model, P. aeruginosa strains that result in C57BL/6 murine mortality rates equal to or less than E. coli BL21 when injected intraperitoneally may be considered attenuated. This simple mouse model of infection may also be used to assess the attenuated pathogenicity of genetically engineered strains from other species using the FDA-approved E. coli strain as the reference. Steps 1-7 detail the generation of sequential genomic deletions in P. aeruginosa (Figure 1) and steps 8-12 detail the use of a mouse model to test the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa strains.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.2 mL tubes with flat caps</td>
			<td>ThermoScientific</td>
			<td>AB-0620</td>
			<td>via Fisher Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mL Syringe</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>22-253-260</td>
			<td>via Fisher Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL disposable polystyrene cuvette</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14955127</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL Microcentrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>05-408-129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2.0 mL Cryogenic Vials</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430659</td>
			<td>via Fisher Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>27G needle</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>14-821-13B</td>
			<td>via Fisher Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>05-539-13</td>
			<td>via Fisher Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Accu block Digital Dry Bath</td>
			<td>Labnet</td>
			<td>NC0205808</td>
			<td>via Fisher Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Benchtop Centrifuge 5804R</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>04-987-372</td>
			<td>via Fisher Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Benchtop Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td>Sorvall</td>
			<td>75-003-287</td>
			<td>via Fisher Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cabinet Incubator</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>1540</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbenicillin disodium salt</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP2648250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Culture Test Tube, Polystyrene</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-956-6D</td>
			<td>via Fisher Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diposable Inoculation Loops</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-363-597</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dneasy UltraClean Microbial Kit (50)</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>12224-50</td>
			<td>or preferred method/vendor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E.Z.N.A. Cycle Pure Kit (50)</td>
			<td>Omega bio-tek</td>
			<td>D6493-01</td>
			<td>or preferred method/vendor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EcoRI-HF, restriction endonuclease</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>R3101L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electroporation Cuvettes</td>
			<td>Bulldog Bio</td>
			<td>NC0492929</td>
			<td>via Fisher Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FastLink II DNA Ligation Kit</td>
			<td>Epicentre Technologies</td>
			<td>LK6201H</td>
			<td>via Fisher Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentamycin Sulfate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP918-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP229-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GoTaq G2 Colorless Master Mix</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>M7833</td>
			<td>via Fisher Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isothesia Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Henry Schein Animal Health</td>
			<td>29405</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IVIS Lumina XRMS Series III In Vivo Imaging System</td>
			<td>Perkins and Elmer</td>
			<td>CLS136340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kanamycin monosulfate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP906-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LE agarose</td>
			<td>Genemate</td>
			<td>3120-500</td>
			<td>via Fisher Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luria Broth</td>
			<td>Difco</td>
			<td>240230</td>
			<td>via Fisher Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MicroPulser Electroporator</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>1652100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Noble agar, ultrapure</td>
			<td>Affymetris/USB</td>
			<td>AAJ10907A1</td>
			<td>via Fisher Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NotI-HF, restriction endonuclease</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>R3189</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>One Shot TOP10 Electrocomp E. coli</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>C404052</td>
			<td>via Fisher Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline powder</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P3813-10PAK</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prism 7</td>
			<td>GraphPad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="https://www.graphpad.com/scientific-software/prism/" target="_blank">https://www.graphpad.com/scientific-software/prism/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pseudomonas isolation agar</td>
			<td>Difco</td>
			<td>292710</td>
			<td>via Fisher Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pseudomonas isolation broth</td>
			<td>Alpha Biosciences</td>
			<td>P16-115</td>
			<td>Custom made batch</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit (250)</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>27106</td>
			<td>or preferred method/vendor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaking Incubator</td>
			<td>New Brunswick Scientific</td>
			<td>Innova 4080</td>
			<td>shake at 200 rpm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SimpliAmp Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td>A24811</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Skim Milk</td>
			<td>Difco</td>
			<td>DF0032-17-3</td>
			<td>via Fisher Scientific</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small Plates (100 O.D. x 10 mm)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FB0875713</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SmartSpec Plus Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>170-2525</td>
			<td>or preferred method/vendor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S5-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Toothpicks, round</td>
			<td>Diamond</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any brand of toothpicks, autoclaved</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TOPO TA Cloning Kit, for seqeuncing</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>45-0030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XAF-8 Anesthesia System Filters</td>
			<td>Perkins and Elmer</td>
			<td>118999</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XGI 8 Gas Anesthesia System</td>
			<td>Caliper Life Sciences/Xenogen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of in-frame gene deletion mutants in pseudomonas aeruginosa and testing for virulence attenuation in a simple mouse model of infection

Microorganisms are genetically versatile and diverse and have become a major source of many commercial products and biopharmaceuticals. Though some of these products are naturally produced by the organisms, other products require genetic engineering of the organism to increase the yields of production. Avirulent strains of Escherichia coli have traditionally been the preferred bacterial species for producing biopharmaceuticals; however, some products are difficult for E. coli to produce. Thus, avirulent strains of other bacterial species could provide useful alternatives for production of some commercial products. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common and well-studied Gram-negative bacterium that could provide a suitable alternative to E. coli. However, P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen. Here, we detail a procedure that can be used to generate nonpathogenic strains of P. aeruginosa through sequential genomic deletions using the pEX100T-NotI plasmid. The main advantage of this method is to produce a marker-free strain. This method may be used to generate highly attenuated P. aeruginosa strains for the production of commercial products, or to design strains for other specific uses. We also describe a simple and reproducible mouse model of bacterial systemic infection via intraperitoneal injection of validated test strains to test the attenuation of the genetically engineered strain in comparison to the FDA-approved BL21 strain of E. coli.

As shown in Figure 2, the targeted genomic deletion can be confirmed using colony PCR with specific primers that amplify the region of interest. Colonies that carry a genomic deletion will yield a shorter PCR band size in comparison to wild-type colonies. A PCR-screen of 10-12 colonies is usually sufficient to detect at least one colony that carries the targeted deletion. If no deletions are detected after multiple rounds of screens, repeat the procedure begi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of In-Frame Gene Deletion Mutants in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Testing for Virulence Attenuation in a Simple Mouse Model of Infection at JoVE.com

Generation of In-Frame Gene Deletion Mutants in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Testing for Virulence Attenuation in a Simple Mouse Model of Infection

Here, we describe a simple and reproducible protocol of mouse model of infection to evaluate the attenuation of the genetically modified strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in comparison to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved Escherichia coli for commercial applications.

Generation of In-Frame Gene Deletion Mutants in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Testing for Virulence Attenuation in a Simple Mouse Model of Infection

Microorganisms are genetically versatile and diverse and have become a major source of many commercial products and biopharmaceuticals. Though some of ...

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa Induced Lung Injury Model

Pseudomonas aeruginosa Induced Lung Injury Model

In order to study human acute lung injury and pneumonia, it is important to develop animal models to mimic various pathological features of this disease. ...

Studying Microbial Communities In Vivo: A Model of Host-mediated Interaction Between Candida Albicans and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in the Airways

Studying Microbial Communities In Vivo: A Model of Host-mediated Interaction Between Candida Albicans and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in the Airways

Studying host-pathogen interaction enables us to understand the underlying mechanisms of the pathogenicity during microbial infection. The prognosis of ...

A Simple and Efficient Approach to Construct Mutant Vaccinia Virus Vectors

The CRISPR-associated endonuclease Cas9 can edit particular genomic loci directed by a single guide RNA (gRNA). The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been ...

Come to the Light Side: In Vivo Monitoring of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Infections in Chronic Wounds in a Diabetic Hairless Murine Model

Come to the Light Side: In Vivo Monitoring of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Infections in Chronic Wounds in a Diabetic Hairless Murine Model

The presence of bacteria as structured biofilms in chronic wounds, especially in diabetic patients, is thought to prevent wound healing and resolution. ...

Replication of the Ordered, Nonredundant Library of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PA14 Transposon Insertion Mutants

Replication of the Ordered, Nonredundant Library of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PA14 Transposon Insertion Mutants

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a phenotypically and genotypically diverse and adaptable Gram-negative bacterium ubiquitous in human environments. P. aeruginosa ...

Evaluating Virulence and Pathogenesis of Aeromonas Infection in a Caenorhabditis elegans Model

Evaluating Virulence and Pathogenesis of Aeromonas Infection in a Caenorhabditis elegans Model

The human pathogen Aeromonas has been clinically shown to cause gastroenteritis, wound infections, septicemia, and urinary tract infections. Most human ...

A Delayed Inoculation Model of Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Wound Infection

A Delayed Inoculation Model of Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Wound Infection

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a major nosocomial pathogen of increasing relevance to human health and disease, particularly in the setting of ...