Name: differentiation of monocytes into phenotypically distinct macrophages after treatment with human cord blood stem cell (cb-sc)-derived exosomes
Uploaded: 2020-11-12T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Differentiation of Monocytes into Phenotypically Distinct Macrophages After Treatment with Human Cord Blood Stem Cell CB-SC-Derived Exosomes at JoVE.com

We are grateful to Mr. Poddar and Mr. Ludwig for generous funding support via Hackensack UMC Foundation. We appreciate Laura Zhao for English editing.

The protocol follows the guidelines of institutional human research ethics committee at Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health. Human buffy coat blood units were purchased from the New York Blood Center (New York, NY). Human umbilical cord blood units were collected from healthy donors and purchased from Cryo-Cell International blood bank (Oldsmar, FL). Both New York Blood Center and Cryo-Cell have received all accreditations for blood collections and distributions, with IRB approval and signed C...

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	<li>Zhao, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem+cell+educator+therapy+and+induction+of+immune+balance.">Stem cell educator therapy and induction of immune balance.</a> Current Diabetes Reports. 12 (5), 517-523 (2012).</li><li>Zhao, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversal+of+type+1+diabetes+via+islet+beta+cell+regeneration+following+immune+modulation+by+cord+blood-derived+multipotent+stem+cells.">Reversal of type 1 diabetes via islet beta cell regeneration following immune modulation by cord blood-derived multipotent stem cells.</a> BMC Medicine. 10 (1), 3 (2012).</li><li>Zhao, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+insulin+resistance+in+type+2+diabetes+via+immune+modulation+of+cord+blood-derived+multipotent+stem+cells+(CB-SCs)+in+stem+cell+educator+therapy:+phase+I/II+clinical+trial.">Targeting insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes via immune modulation of cord blood-derived multipotent stem cells (CB-SCs) in stem cell educator therapy: phase I/II clinical trial.</a> BMC Medicine. 11, 160 (2013).</li><li>Delgado, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+autoimmune+T-cell+memory+by+stem+cell+educator+therapy:+phase+1/2+clinical+trial.">Modulation of autoimmune T-cell memory by stem cell educator therapy: phase 1/2 clinical trial.</a> EBioMedicine. 2 (12), 2024-2036 (2015).</li><li>Li, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hair+regrowth+in+alopecia+areata+patients+following+Stem+Cell+Educator+therapy+BMC.">Hair regrowth in alopecia areata patients following Stem Cell Educator therapy BMC.</a> Medicine. 13 (1), 87 (2015).</li><li>Colombo, M., Raposo, G., Thery, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biogenesis,+secretion,+and+intercellular+interactions+of+exosomes+and+other+extracellular+vesicles.">Biogenesis, secretion, and intercellular interactions of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles.</a> Annual Review of Cell And Developmental Biology. 30, 255-289 (2014).</li><li>Abak, A., Abhari, A., Rahimzadeh, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes+in+cancer:+small+vesicular+transporters+for+cancer+progression+and+metastasis,+biomarkers+in+cancer+therapeutics.">Exosomes in cancer: small vesicular transporters for cancer progression and metastasis, biomarkers in cancer therapeutics.</a> PeerJ. 6, 4763 (2018).</li><li>Adamiak, M., Sahoo, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes+in+myocardial+repair:+advances+and+challenges+in+the+development+of+next-generation+therapeutics.">Exosomes in myocardial repair: advances and challenges in the development of next-generation therapeutics.</a> Molecular Therapy. 26 (7), 1635-1643 (2018).</li><li>Akyurekli, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+systematic+review+of+preclinical+studies+on+the+therapeutic+potential+of+mesenchymal+stromal+cell-derived+microvesicles.">A systematic review of preclinical studies on the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived microvesicles.</a> Stem Cell Review and Report. 11 (1), 150-160 (2015).</li><li>Hu, W., Song, X., Yu, H., Sun, J., Zhao, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Released+exosomes+contribute+to+the+immune+modulation+of+cord+blood-derived+stem+cells+(CB-SC).">Released exosomes contribute to the immune modulation of cord blood-derived stem cells (CB-SC).</a> Frontiers in Immunology. 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P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+extracellular+vesicles:+general+methodologies+and+latest+trends.">Isolation of extracellular vesicles: general methodologies and latest trends.</a> BioMed Research International. 2018, 8545347 (2018).</li><li>Witwer, K. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standardization+of+sample+collection,+isolation+and+analysis+methods+in+extracellular+vesicle+research.">Standardization of sample collection, isolation and analysis methods in extracellular vesicle research.</a> Journal of Extracellular Vesicles. 2, (2013).</li><li>Orecchioni, M., Ghosheh, Y., Pramod, A. B., Ley, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage+polarization:+different+gene+signatures+in+M1(LPS+)+vs.+classically+and+M2(LPS-)+vs.+alternatively+activated+macrophages.">Macrophage polarization: different gene signatures in M1(LPS+) vs. classically and M2(LPS-) vs. alternatively activated macrophages.</a> Frontiers in Immunology. 10, 1084 (2019).</li></ol>

Application of exosomes is an emerging field for clinical diagnosis, drug developments and regenerative medicine. Here, we present a detailed protocol regarding the preparation of CB-SC-derived exosomes and the functional study of exosomes on the differentiation of human monocytes. The current protocol demonstrated that functional CB-SC-derived exosomes are isolated by sequential centrifugation and ultracentrifugation with high purity and exhibiting the immune modulation on monocytes.
As compa...

Cord blood stem cells (CB-SC) are unique type of stem cells identified from human cord blood and are distinguished from other known types of stem cells such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSC)1. Based on their unique properties of immune modulation and their ability to tightly adhere to the surface of Petri dishes, we developed a new technology designated as Stem Cell Educator (SCE) therapy in clinical trials2,3. During SCE therapy, a patient&#8217;s peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are collected and circulated through a cell separator and co-cultured with adherent CB-SC in vitro. These &#8220;educated&#8221; cells (CB-SC-treated PBMC) are then returned to the patient&#8217;s circulation in a closed-loop system. Clinical trials have already demonstrated the clinical safety and efficacy of SCE therapy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases including type 1 diabetes (T1D)2,4 and alopecia areata (AA)5.
Exosomes are a family of nanoparticles with diameters ranging 30&#8210;150 nm and exist in all biofluid and cell culture media6. Exosomes are enriched with many bioactive molecules including lipids, mRNAs, proteins, and microRNAs (miRNA), and play an important role in cell-to-cell communications. Of late, exosomes have become more attractive for researchers and pharmaceutical companies due to their therapeutic potentials in clinics7,8,9. Recently, our mechanistic studies demonstrated that CB-SC-released exosomes contribute to the immune modulation of SCE therapy10.
Here, we describe the protocol to explore the mechanism of SCE therapy targeting monocytes by CB-SC-released exosomes. First, CB-SC-released exosomes were isolated from CB-SC-derived conditioned media using ultracentrifugation methods and validated by flow cytometry, western blot (WB) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Second, CB-SC-derived exosomes were labeled with a green fluorescent lipophilic dye: Dio. Third, they were co-cultured with PBMC to examine the positive percentages of Dio-labeled CB-SC-derived exosomes at the different subpopulations of PBMC by flow cytometry. This protocol provides guidance to study the action of exosomes underlying the immune modulation of stem cells.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 ml Microcentrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>05-408-129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml conical tube</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352196</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well plate</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>351147</td>
			<td>Non-tissue culture 
			plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3,3&#39;-Diostadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate(Dio)</td>
			<td>Millipore sigma</td>
			<td>D4292-20MG</td>
			<td>Store at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>300 Mesh Grids</td>
			<td>Ted Pella</td>
			<td>1GC300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL conical tube</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well plate</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353046</td>
			<td>Tissue culture plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well plate</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353072</td>
			<td>Tissue culture plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ACK Lysis Buffer</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>10-548E</td>
			<td>100 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amicon-15 10kDa Centrifuge Fliter Unit</td>
			<td>Millipore sigma</td>
			<td>UFC901024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Human Alix</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>634501</td>
			<td>store at 4 &#176;C, RRID: AB_2268110</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Human Calnexin</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>699401</td>
			<td>store at 4 &#176;C, RRID: AB_2728519</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Human CD11c antibody, Pe-Cy7</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>561356</td>
			<td>store at 4 &#176;C, RRID: AB_10611859</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Human CD14 antibody, Karma Orange</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>B36294</td>
			<td>store at 4 &#176;C, RRID: AB_2728099</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Human CD163 antibody, PE</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>556018</td>
			<td>store at 4 &#176;C, RRID: AB_396296</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Human CD19 antibody, PC5</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>IM2643U</td>
			<td>store at 4 &#176;C, RRID: AB_131160</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Human CD206 antibody, FITC</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>551135</td>
			<td>store at 4 &#176;C, RRID: AB_394065</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Human CD209 antibody, Brilliant Violet 421</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>564127</td>
			<td>store at 4 &#176;C, RRID: AB_2738610</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Human CD270 antibody, PE</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>318806</td>
			<td>store at 4 &#176;C, RRID: AB_2203703</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Human CD3 antibody, Pacfic Blue</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>300431</td>
			<td>store at 4 &#176;C, RRID: AB_1595437</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Human CD34 antibody, APC</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>IM2427U</td>
			<td>store at 4 &#176;C, RRID: N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Human CD4 antibody, APC</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>555349</td>
			<td>store at 4 &#176;C, RRID: AB_398593</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Human CD45 antibody, Pe-Cy7</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>IM3548U</td>
			<td>store at 4 &#176;C, RRID: AB_1575969</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Human CD56 antibody, PE</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>IM2073U</td>
			<td>store at 4 &#176;C, RRID: AB_131195</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Human CD63 antibody,PE</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>561925</td>
			<td>store at 4 &#176;C, RRID: AB_10896821</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Human CD8 antibody, APC-Alexa Fluor 750</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>A94686</td>
			<td>store at 4 &#176;C, RRID: N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Human CD80 antibody, APC</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>B30642</td>
			<td>store at 4 &#176;C, RRID: N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Human CD81 antibody, FITC</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>561956</td>
			<td>store at 4 &#176;C, RRID: AB_394049</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Human CD86 antibody, APC-Alexa Fluor 750</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>B30646</td>
			<td>store at 4 &#176;C, RRID: N/A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Human CD9 antibody, FITC</td>
			<td>ThermoScientic</td>
			<td>MA5-16860</td>
			<td>store at 4 &#176;C, RRID: AB_2538339</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Human Galectin 9 antibody, Brilliant Violet 421</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>348919</td>
			<td>store at 4 &#176;C, RRID: AB_2716134</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Human OCT3/4 antibody, eFluor660</td>
			<td>ThermoScientic</td>
			<td>50-5841-82</td>
			<td>store at 4 &#176;C, RRID: AB_11218882</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Human SOX2 antibody, Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>ThermoScientic</td>
			<td>53-9811-82</td>
			<td>store at 4 &#176;C, RRID: AB_2574479</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BCA Protein Assay Kit</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>23227</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>A1933</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buffy coat</td>
			<td>New York Blood Center</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>40-60 ml/unit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell scraper</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353085</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable semi-micro cuvette</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>97000590</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissociation buffer</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>131510014</td>
			<td>100 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dual-Chanber cell counting slides</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1450015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Exosome-Human CD63 Detection reagent</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10606D</td>
			<td>store at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ficoll-Paque PLUS density grandient media</td>
			<td>GE Health</td>
			<td>17-1440-03</td>
			<td>500 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fixed-Angle Rotor(25&#176;)</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientifc</td>
			<td>75003698</td>
			<td>Maxium 24,700 x g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gallios flow cytometer</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3 lasers 
			10 Color Max</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human cord blood</td>
			<td>Cryo-Cell International</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>40-100 ml/unit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Fc Block</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>564220</td>
			<td>store at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immun-Blot PVDF membrane</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1620177</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millex-GP Syringe Filter Unit, 0.22 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>SLGP033RS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optima XE-90 Ultracentriguge</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Orbital Shaker MP4</td>
			<td>BioExpress</td>
			<td>S-3500-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10010049</td>
			<td>500 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propidium Iodide</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>56-66211E</td>
			<td>store at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nikon Eclipse Ti2 microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon instruments Inc</td>
			<td>Eclipse Ti2</td>
			<td>NIS-Elements software version 5.11.02</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hochest 33342</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientifc</td>
			<td>62249</td>
			<td>5 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Revert microsopy</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>12563518</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotor 41 Ti</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>331362</td>
			<td>Maxium 41,000 rpm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sorvall St 16R Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientifc</td>
			<td>75004381</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Swinging Bucket Rotor</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientifc</td>
			<td>75003655</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TC-20 cell counter</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ThermoScientific Forma 380 Steri Cycle CO2 Incubator</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transmission electron microscopy</td>
			<td>JEOL</td>
			<td>JEM-2100 PLUS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>331372</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>X&#39;VIVO 15 Serum-free medium</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BEBP04-744Q</td>
			<td>1000 ml Culture medium, store at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

differentiation of monocytes into phenotypically distinct macrophages after treatment with human cord blood stem cell (cb-sc)-derived exosomes

Stem Cell Educator (SCE) therapy is a novel clinical approach for the treatment of type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune diseases. SCE therapy circulates the isolated patient&#8217;s blood mononuclear cells (e.g., lymphocytes and monocytes) through an apheresis machine, co-cultures the patient&#8217;s blood mononuclear cells with adherent cord blood-derived stem cells (CB-SC) in the SCE device, and then returns these &#8220;educated&#8221; immune cells to the patient&#8217;s blood. Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles between 30&#8210;150 nm existing in all biofluid and cell culture media. To further explore molecular mechanisms underlying SCE therapy and determine the actions of exosomes released from CB-SC, we investigate which cells phagocytize these exosomes during the treatment with CB-SC. By co-culturing Dio-labeled CB-SC-derived exosomes with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), we found that CB-SC-derived exosomes were predominantly taken up by human CD14-positive monocytes, leading to the differentiation of monocytes into type 2 macrophages (M2), with spindle-like morphology and expression of M2-associated surface molecular markers. Here, we present a protocol for the isolation and characterization of CB-SC-derived exosomes and the protocol for the co-culture of CB-SC-derived exosomes with human monocytes and the monitoring of M2 differentiation.

Initially, the phenotype and purity of CB-SC were examined by flow cytometry with CB-SC-associated markers such as leukocyte common antigen CD45, ES cell-specific transcription factors OCT3/4, and SOX2. CB-SC display high levels of CD45, OCT3/4, SOX2, CD270, and galectin 9 expression, but no expression of CD34 (Figure 1A). Flow cytometry analysis confirmed the expression of exosome-specific markers including CD9, CD81, and CD63 were on CB-SC-derived exosomes (Figure 1B</...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Differentiation of Monocytes into Phenotypically Distinct Macrophages After Treatment with Human Cord Blood Stem Cell CB-SC-Derived Exosomes at JoVE.com

Differentiation of Monocytes into Phenotypically Distinct Macrophages After Treatment with Human Cord Blood Stem Cell CB-SC-Derived Exosomes

Exosome application is an emerging tool for drug development and regenerative medicine. We establish an exosome isolation protocol with high purity to isolate exosomes from novel identified stem cells called CB-SC for mechanistic studies. We also coculture CB-SC-derived exosomes with human monocytes, leading to their differentiation into phenotypically distinct macrophages.

Differentiation of Monocytes into Phenotypically Distinct Macrophages After Treatment with Human Cord Blood Stem Cell (CB-SC)-Derived Exosomes

Stem Cell Educator (SCE) therapy is a novel clinical approach for the treatment of type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune diseases. SCE therapy circulates ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Expanding Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes from Umbilical Cord Blood that Target Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr Virus, and Adenovirus

Virus infections after stem cell transplantation are among the most common causes of death, especially after cord blood (CB) transplantation (CBT) where ...

Clinical Application of Sleeping Beauty and Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells to Genetically Modify T Cells from Peripheral and Umbilical Cord Blood

Clinical Application of Sleeping Beauty and Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells to Genetically Modify T Cells from Peripheral and Umbilical Cord Blood

The potency of clinical-grade T cells can be improved by combining gene therapy with immunotherapy to engineer  a biologic product with the potential for ...

Isolation of Precursor B-cell Subsets from Umbilical Cord Blood

Umbilical cord blood is highly enriched for hematopoietic progenitor cells at different lineage commitment stages. We have developed a protocol for ...

Isolation of Human Monocytes by Double Gradient Centrifugation and Their Differentiation to Macrophages in Teflon-coated Cell Culture Bags

Human macrophages are involved in a plethora of pathologic processes ranging from infectious diseases to cancer. Thus they pose a valuable tool to ...

Culture of Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor Differentiated Human Monocyte-derived Macrophages

A protocol is presented for cell culture of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) differentiated human monocyte-derived macrophages. For initiation ...

Dextran Enhances the Lentiviral Transduction Efficiency of Murine and Human Primary NK Cells

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining ...

Analysis of Lymphocyte Extravasation Using an In Vitro Model of the Human Blood-brain Barrier

Analysis of Lymphocyte Extravasation Using an In Vitro Model of the Human Blood-brain Barrier

Lymphocyte extravasation into the central nervous system (CNS) is critical for immune surveillance. Disease-related alterations of lymphocyte ...

Megakaryocyte Differentiation and Platelet Formation from Human Cord Blood-derived CD34+ Cells

Megakaryocyte Differentiation and Platelet Formation from Human Cord Blood-derived CD34+ Cells

Platelet production occurs principally in the bone marrow in a process known as thrombopoiesis. During thrombopoiesis, hematopoietic progenitor cells ...

Induced Differentiation of M Cell-like Cells in Human Stem Cell-derived Ileal Enteroid Monolayers

M (microfold) cells of the intestine function to transport antigen from the apical lumen to the underlying Peyer&#8217;s patches and lamina propria where ...

Isolation, Transfection, and Culture of Primary Human Monocytes

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a major health concern despite the introduction of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in the mid-1990s. ...