Name: subculture and cryopreservation of esophageal adenocarcinoma organoids: pros and cons for single cell digestion
Uploaded: 2022-07-06T12:40:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Subculture and Cryopreservation of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Organoids: Pros and Cons for Single Cell Digestion at JoVE.com

This work was supported by Ko&#776;ln Fortune Program/Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne. We thank the technical assistance from Susanne Neiss, Michaela Heitmann, and Anke Wienand-Dorweiler. Ningbo Fan was financially supported by Guangzhou Elite Scholarship Council (GESC). The authors thank Dr. Joshua D&#39;Rozario for his assistance in linguistic editing.

An established and well-growing PDO culture represents the basis for a successful subculture and cryopreservation described in this protocol. Here, EAC PDOs were generated from EAC patients&#39; primary tumor tissue using the protocol described by Karakasheva T. A. et al17. EAC tissues were collected from biobank under the approval of BioMaSOTA (approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Cologne, ID: 13-091).
NOTE: EAC PDOs have been cultured in a humidified ...

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H., Lagergren, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+epidemiology+of+esophageal+adenocarcinoma.">The epidemiology of esophageal adenocarcinoma.</a> Gastroenterology. 154 (2), 390-405 (2018).</li><li>Rumgay, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=International+trends+in+esophageal+squamous+cell+carcinoma+and+adenocarcinoma+incidence.">International trends in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma incidence.</a> The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 116 (5), 1072-1076 (2021).</li><li>Qian, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+characteristics,+prognosis,+and+nomogram+for+esophageal+cancer+based+on+adenosquamous+carcinoma:+a+seer+database+analysis.">Clinical characteristics, prognosis, and nomogram for esophageal cancer based on adenosquamous carcinoma: a seer database analysis.</a> Frontiers in Oncology. 11, 603349 (2021).</li><li>Lagergren, J., Smyth, E., Cunningham, D., Lagergren, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oesophageal+cancer.">Oesophageal cancer.</a> Lancet. 390 (10110), 2383-2396 (2017).</li><li>Rockett, J. 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A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stromal-derived+interleukin+6+drives+epithelial-to-mesenchymal+transition+and+therapy+resistance+in+esophageal+adenocarcinoma.">Stromal-derived interleukin 6 drives epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and therapy resistance in esophageal adenocarcinoma.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116 (6), 2237-2242 (2019).</li><li>Karakasheva, T. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+and+characterization+of+patient-derived+head+and+neck,+oral,+and+esophageal+cancer+organoids.">Generation and characterization of patient-derived head and neck, oral, and esophageal cancer organoids.</a> Current Protocols in Stem Cell Biology. 53 (1), 109 (2020).</li><li>Ord&#243;&#241;ez, N. 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In this protocol, two different subculture and cryopreservation methods of EAC PDOs are described, i.e, with and without single cell digestion. Several studies recommended passaging EAC PDOs with single cell digestion15,17, which is beneficial to most experiments that require cell number control, uniform density, and a hollow structure that facilitates size tracking. However, the single cell-based method is characterized by slower growth after recultivation from ...

Esophageal cancer (EC) is the tenth most common and the sixth leading cause of death from cancer worldwide1. Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is one of the major histologic subtypes of EC and mainly occurs in western countries2. In the recent decade, the EAC incidence has significantly increased in many developed countries, including Germany3. Due to the aggressiveness of cancer and the lack of symptoms during the early stage of tumor development, the overall prognosis in EAC patients is poor, showing a 5-year survival rate of about 20%2,4,5.
Since the late twentieth century, several models have been established for the biomedical research of EAC. The classic human EAC cell lines that were established in the 1990s6, extend our knowledge of EAC tumor biology, tumor genetics as well as anti-tumor strategies, and are commonly used in EAC research. Besides, some research groups have successfully developed animal models of EAC or Barrett&#39;s esophagus by exposing the animals to known risk factors such as gastroesophageal reflux through surgical or inflammatory approaches7,8,9. In addition, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models that engraft EAC primary cancer tissues subcutaneously or orthotopically into immunodeficient mice, were developed to simulate human EAC tumor biological behavior and tumor environment10,11,12. However, despite these models improving clinical applications and our understanding of molecular mechanisms behind EAC tumorigenesis and progression, there is still a major challenge to extrapolate results from these research models to humans.
Patient-derived tumor organoids&#160;(PDOs) are grown in a 3D culture system that mimics human development and organ regeneration in vitro. Generated from patients&#39; primary tissue, PDOs recapitulate the molecular and phenotypic characteristics of the human tumor and have shown promising applications in drug development and personalized cancer treatment13,14. By comparing ten cases of EAC PDOs with their paired tumor tissue, EAC PDOs are reported to share similar histopathological features and genomic landscape with the primary tumor, retain intra-tumor heterogeneity and facilitate efficient drug screening in vitro15. EAC PDOs were also used in studying the interaction of EAC tumor cells with patient-derived cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), indicating a powerful application in the field of tumor microenvironment research16. Unfortunately, there have been limited protocols available for developing and propagating EAC PDOs. Here, two different methods are described for subculturing and preserving EAC PDOs in detail: with and without single cell digestion. The standardized methods for maintenance of EAC PDOs and their applications can support researchers to choose appropriate methods for different purposes in their EAC PDO research.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>-20&#176;C Freezer</td>
			<td>Bosch</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Economic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>-80&#176;C Freezer</td>
			<td>Panasonic</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>MDF DU500VH-PE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automated Cell counter</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>AMQAX1000</td>
			<td>Countess II</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biological Safety Cabinet Class II</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>51022482</td>
			<td>Herasafe KS12</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Heraeus</td>
			<td>75003060</td>
			<td>Megafuge 1.0R</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 Incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>50116048</td>
			<td>Heracell 150i</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted automated fluorescence microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>IX83</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted light microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>DMIL LED Fluo</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette 1000 &#181;L</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>3123000063</td>
			<td>Research Plus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette 200 &#181;L</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>3123000039</td>
			<td>Research Plus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotating Incubator</td>
			<td>Scientific Industries, sc.</td>
			<td>SI-1200</td>
			<td>Enviro-genie</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaker</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5355 000.011</td>
			<td>Thermomixer Comfort</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum pump</td>
			<td>Vacuubrand</td>
			<td>20727200</td>
			<td>BVC control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Waterbath</td>
			<td>Medingen</td>
			<td>p2725</td>
			<td>W22</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Material</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL tube</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>62.554.502</td>
			<td>Inc&#160;Screw cap tube PP 15 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryo vial 2 mL</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>72.379</td>
			<td>CryoPure 2.0 mL tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Low bind tube 1.5 mL</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>72.706.600</td>
			<td>Micro tube 1.5 mL protein LB</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Low bind tube 5 mL</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>0030 108.302</td>
			<td>Protein LoBind Tube 5.0 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette tip 200 &#181;L</td>
			<td>Starlab</td>
			<td>E1011-8000</td>
			<td>200 &#181;L Graduated tip, wide orifice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette tip 1000 &#181;L</td>
			<td>Starlab</td>
			<td>E1011-9000</td>
			<td>1000 &#181;L Graduated tip, wide orifice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette tip 1000 &#181;L</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>70.3050</td>
			<td>Pipette tip 1000 &#181;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile filter 0.2 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>83.1826.001</td>
			<td>Filtropur 0.2 &#181;m sterile filter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue culture plate</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>83.3921</td>
			<td>12 well-plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagent/Chemical</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A83-01</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>2939</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Advanced DMEM/F-12</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12634010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amphotericin B</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15290026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B-27</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>17504001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Recovery Solution</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354253</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CHIR-99021</td>
			<td>MedChemExpress</td>
			<td>HY-10182/CS-0181</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase I grade II, from bovine pancreas</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>10104159001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14190094</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Extracellular matrix (ECM) gel: Matrigel Growth Factor Reduced (GFR) Basement Membrane Matrix</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>356231</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FGF-10a</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>100-26-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freezing medium: Recovery Cell Freezing Medium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12648010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gastrin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G9020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentamicin-25 (25 mg/ 500 &#181;L)</td>
			<td>PromoCell</td>
			<td>C-36030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES (1 M)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15630080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine 200 mM (100X)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>25030024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-2</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>17502-048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-Acetylcysteine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A9165</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nicotinamide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>N0636-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Noggin</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>120-10C-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin 10,000 U/ mL (100X)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant human epidermal growth factor (EGF)</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>AF-100-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>R-Spondin1 conditioned medium from Cultrex R-Spondin Cells</td>
			<td>Biotechne</td>
			<td>3710-001-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SB202190</td>
			<td>MedChemExpress</td>
			<td>152121-30-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin inhibitor from Glycine max (soybean)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>93620-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.25 %), phenol red</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>25200056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wnt-3A conditioned medium</td>
			<td>Wnt-3A expressing cell line was kindly provided by Prof. Hans Clevers&#39; group</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y-27632</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>Y0503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

subculture and cryopreservation of esophageal adenocarcinoma organoids: pros and cons for single cell digestion

The lack of suitable translational research models reflecting primary disease to explore tumorigenesis and therapeutic strategies is a major obstacle in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) have recently emerged as a remarkable preclinical model in a variety of cancers. However, there are still limited protocols available for developing EAC PDOs. Once the PDOs are established, the propagation and cryopreservation are essential for further downstream analyses. Here, two different methods have been standardized for EAC PDOs subculture and cryopreservation, i.e., with and without single cell digestion. Both methods can reliably obtain appropriate cell viability and are applicable for a diverse experimental setup. The current study demonstrated that subculturing EAC PDOs with single cell digestion is suitable for most experiments requiring cell number control, uniform density, and a hollow structure that facilitates size tracking. However, the single cell-based method shows slower growth in culture as well as after re-cultivation from frozen stocks. Besides, subculturing with single cell digestion is characterized by forming hollow structures with a hollow core. In contrast, processing EAC PDOs without single cell digestion is favorable for cryopreservation, expansion, and histological characterization. In this protocol, the advantages and disadvantages of subculturing and cryopreservation of EAC PDOs with and without single cell digestion are described to enable researchers to choose an appropriate method to process and investigate their organoids.

This protocol presents the procedures including subculture and cryopreservation of EAC PDOs with and without single cell digestion.
Figure 1 shows representative phase-contrast pictures of the two different subculture strategies. EAC PDOs reached appropriate density for subculturing (Figure 1, left). Subculturing without single cell digestion takes less time to reach comparable density and mainly leads to compact structures (<strong c...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Subculture and Cryopreservation of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Organoids: Pros and Cons for Single Cell Digestion at JoVE.com

Subculture and Cryopreservation of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Organoids: Pros and Cons for Single Cell Digestion

This protocol describes the methods of subculture and cryopreservation of esophageal adenocarcinoma organoids with and without single cell digestion to enable researchers to choose appropriate strategies based on their experimental design.

The lack of suitable translational research models reflecting primary disease to explore tumorigenesis and therapeutic strategies is a major obstacle in ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Target Cell Pre-enrichment and Whole Genome Amplification for Single Cell Downstream Characterization

Rare target cells can be isolated from a high background of non-target cells using antibodies specific for surface proteins of target cells. A recently ...

Phospho Flow Cytometry with Fluorescent Cell Barcoding for Single Cell Signaling Analysis and Biomarker Discovery

Aberrant cell signaling plays a central role in cancer development and progression. Most novel targeted therapies are indeed directed at proteins and ...

Isolation and Characterization of Patient-derived Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Organoid Models

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is amongst the most lethal malignancies. Recently, next-generation organoid culture methods enabling the ...

Isolation of Proximal Fluids to Investigate the Tumor Microenvironment of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death, and soon to become the second. There is an urgent need of variables ...

Generating and Imaging Mouse and Human Epithelial Organoids from Normal and Tumor Mammary Tissue Without Passaging

Organoids are a reliable method for modeling organ tissue due to their self-organizing properties and retention of function and architecture after ...

Modeling Oral-Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in 3D Organoids

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is prevalent worldwide, accounting for 90% of all esophageal cancer cases each year, and is the deadliest of all ...

Enhancing Targeted Cancer Diagnosis by Quantifying Single-Cell Mechanics

Shear Assay Protocol for the Determination of Single-Cell Material Properties

Shear Assay Protocol for the Determination of Single-Cell Material Properties (Video) | JoVE 

Irregular biomechanics are a hallmark of cancer biology subject to extensive study. The mechanical properties of a cell are similar to those of a ...

TMEM200A: A Novel Oncogene Regulating EMT and PI3K/AKT in Gastric Cancer

Multiomics Analysis of TMEM200A as a Pan-Cancer Biomarker

Unveiling Transmembrane Protein Family-Related Markers in Gastric Cancer and Implications for Targeted Therapies (Video) | JoVE

The transmembrane protein, TMEM200A, is known to be associated with human cancers and immune infiltration. Here, we assessed the function of TMEM200A in ...

Performing Single-Cell Shear Assay and Imaging

Performing Single-Cell Shear Assay and Imaging (Video) | JoVE 

Reprogramming PDAC and Pancreatic Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Reprogramming Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Pluripotency

Author Spotlight: Reprogramming Cancer Cells to iPSCs to Study Disease Progression and Treatment Targets

The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using transcription factors has been achieved from almost any differentiated cell type and has ...