Name: using a bipolar electrode to create a temporal lobe epilepsy mouse model by electrical kindling of the amygdala
Uploaded: 2022-06-29T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using a Bipolar Electrode to Create a Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Mouse Model by Electrical Kindling of the Amygdala at JoVE.com

The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82030037, 81871009) and Beijing Municipal Health Commission (11000022T000000444685). We thank TopEdit (www.topeditsci.com) for its linguistic assistance during the preparation of this manuscript.

This experiment was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University. All mice were kept in the animal laboratory of Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University. This protocol is divided into four parts. The first two parts introduce the method of building the electrode and the electric circuit using a slip ring to connect the electrodes and the EEG recording/stimulation equipment. The third part describes the operation method of electrode implantation, and the fourth pa...

<ol>
	<li>Kurita, T., Sakurai, K., Takeda, Y., Horinouchi, T., Kusumi, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Very+long-term+outcome+of+non-surgically+treated+patients+with+temporal+lobe+epilepsy+with+hippocampal+sclerosis:+A+retrospective+study.">Very long-term outcome of non-surgically treated patients with temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis: A retrospective study.</a> PLoS One. 11 (7), 0159464 (2016).</li><li>Choy, M., Duffy, B. A., Lee, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optogenetic+study+of+networks+in+epilepsy.">Optogenetic study of networks in epilepsy.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Research. 95 (12), 2325-2335 (2017).</li><li>Aroniadou-Anderjaska, V., Fritsch, B., Qashu, F., Braga, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathology+and+pathophysiology+of+the+amygdala+in+epileptogenesis+and+epilepsy.">Pathology and pathophysiology of the amygdala in epileptogenesis and epilepsy.</a> Epilepsy Research. 78 (2-3), 102-116 (2008).</li><li>Smith, P. D., McLean, K. J., Murphy, M. A., Turnley, A. M., Cook, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Seizures,+not+hippocampal+neuronal+death,+provoke+neurogenesis+in+a+mouse+rapid+electrical+amygdala+kindling+model+of+seizures.">Seizures, not hippocampal neuronal death, provoke neurogenesis in a mouse rapid electrical amygdala kindling model of seizures.</a> Neuroscience. 136 (2), 405-415 (2005).</li><li>Reyes, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amygdala+enlargement:+Temporal+lobe+epilepsy+subtype+or+nonspecific+finding.">Amygdala enlargement: Temporal lobe epilepsy subtype or nonspecific finding.</a> Epilepsy Research. 132, 34-40 (2017).</li><li>Fan, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnosis+and+surgical+treatment+of+non-lesional+temporal+lobe+epilepsy+with+unilateral+amygdala+enlargement.">Diagnosis and surgical treatment of non-lesional temporal lobe epilepsy with unilateral amygdala enlargement.</a> Neurological Sciences. 42 (6), 2353-2361 (2021).</li><li>Dhir, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pentylenetetrazol+(PTZ)+kindling+model+of+epilepsy.">Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling model of epilepsy.</a> Current Protocols in Neuroscience. , 37 (2012).</li><li>Van Erum, J., Van Dam, D., De Deyn, P. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PTZ-induced+seizures+in+mice+require+a+revised+Racine+scale.">PTZ-induced seizures in mice require a revised Racine scale.</a> Epilepsy &amp; Behavior. 95, 51-55 (2019).</li><li>Carriero, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+guinea+pig+model+of+mesial+temporal+lobe+epilepsy+following+nonconvulsive+status+epilepticus+induced+by+unilateral+intrahippocampal+injection+of+kainic+acid.">A guinea pig model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy following nonconvulsive status epilepticus induced by unilateral intrahippocampal injection of kainic acid.</a> Epilepsia. 53 (11), 1917-1927 (2012).</li><li>Levesque, M., Avoli, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+kainic+acid+model+of+temporal+lobe+epilepsy.">The kainic acid model of temporal lobe epilepsy.</a> Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews. 37, 2887-2899 (2013).</li><li>Fujita, A., Ota, M., Kato, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Urinary+volatile+metabolites+of+amygdala-kindled+mice+reveal+novel+biomarkers+associated+with+temporal+lobe+epilepsy.">Urinary volatile metabolites of amygdala-kindled mice reveal novel biomarkers associated with temporal lobe epilepsy.</a> Scientific Reports. 9 (1), 10586 (2019).</li><li>Li, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+spatiotemporal+dynamics+of+phase+synchronization+during+epileptogenesis+in+amygdala-kindling+mice.">The spatiotemporal dynamics of phase synchronization during epileptogenesis in amygdala-kindling mice.</a> PLoS One. 11 (4), 0153897 (2016).</li><li>Wang, Y., Wei, P., Yan, F., Luo, Y., Zhao, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+epilepsy:+A+phenotype-oriented+review.">Animal models of epilepsy: A phenotype-oriented review.</a> Aging and Disease. 13 (1), 215-231 (2022).</li><li>Fallah, M. S., Dlugosz, L., Scott, B. W., Thompson, M. D., Burnham, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antiseizure+effects+of+the+cannabinoids+in+the+amygdala-kindling+model.">Antiseizure effects of the cannabinoids in the amygdala-kindling model.</a> Epilepsia. 62 (9), 2274-2282 (2021).</li><li>Chipika, R. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amygdala+pathology+in+amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis+and+primary+lateral+sclerosis.">Amygdala pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and primary lateral sclerosis.</a> Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 417, 117039 (2020).</li><li>Kuchukhidze, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emotional+recognition+in+patients+with+mesial+temporal+epilepsy+associated+with+enlarged+amygdala.">Emotional recognition in patients with mesial temporal epilepsy associated with enlarged amygdala.</a> Frontiers in Neurology. 12, 803787 (2021).</li><li>Soper, C., Wicker, E., Kulick, C. V., N'Gouemo, P., Forcelli, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optogenetic+activation+of+superior+colliculus+neurons+suppresses+seizures+originating+in+diverse+brain+networks.">Optogenetic activation of superior colliculus neurons suppresses seizures originating in diverse brain networks.</a> Neurobiology of Disease. 87, 102-115 (2016).</li><li>Devinsky, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epilepsy.">Epilepsy.</a> Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 4, 18024 (2018).</li><li>Zhang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+between+thalamus+and+hippocampus+in+termination+of+amygdala-kindled+seizures+in+mice.">Interaction between thalamus and hippocampus in termination of amygdala-kindled seizures in mice.</a> Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine. 2016, 9580724 (2016).</li><li>Ghotbedin, Z., Janahmadi, M., Mirnajafi-Zadeh, J., Behzadi, G., Semnanian, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrical+low+frequency+stimulation+of+the+kindling+site+preserves+the+electrophysiological+properties+of+the+rat+hippocampal+CA1+pyramidal+neurons+from+the+destructive+effects+of+amygdala+kindling:+the+basis+for+a+possible+promising+epilepsy+therapy.">Electrical low frequency stimulation of the kindling site preserves the electrophysiological properties of the rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons from the destructive effects of amygdala kindling: the basis for a possible promising epilepsy therapy.</a> Brain Stimulation. 6 (4), 515-523 (2013).</li><li>Hristova, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Medial+septal+GABAergic+neurons+reduce+seizure+duration+upon+optogenetic+closed-loop+stimulation.">Medial septal GABAergic neurons reduce seizure duration upon optogenetic closed-loop stimulation.</a> Brain. 144 (5), 1576-1589 (2021).</li></ol>

Epilepsy is a group of diseases with multiple manifestations and diverse causes18; it should be noted that no single model can be used for all types of epilepsy, and researchers must select an appropriate model for their specific study. The present study introduces one of the most accessible methods of electrode fabrication. Various parts of this method can be adjusted to adapt to different experimental conditions.
This method utilizes electrodes with both stimulating a...

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most prevalent type of epilepsy and has a high risk of conversion into drug-resistant epilepsy. Surgery, such as selective amygdalohippocampectomy, is an effective treatment for TLE, and the epileptogenesis and ictogenesis of the disease are still under investigation1,2. Pathogenesis of TLE has been shown to occur not only in the hippocampus but also extensively in the amygdala3,4. For example, both amygdala sclerosis and amygdala enlargement have been frequently reported as the origins of TLE seizures5,6. The importance of the amygdala cannot be underestimated; an amygdala model is essential for the study of epileptogenesis, and a clear illustration of this model is urgently needed.
Several approaches have been proposed to induce seizures in animal models. In the past, convulsant drugs were injected intraperitoneally at an early stage7. Although this method was convenient, the location of epileptic foci was uncertain. With the development of stereotactic technology and a detailed animal brain atlas, intracranial drug injection was applied to solve the problem of localization8. However, a lack of intervention for severe seizures during the acute stage resulted in a high mortality rate, and chronic spontaneous seizures were accompanied by the problem of unstable interictal and seizure frequency9,10. Finally, the electrical kindling method was developed; this method periodically stimulates specific brain regions several times, allowing seizures to be induced with definite control of both the location and the onset time11.
An advantage of this method is that the intracranial implantation of electrodes is minimally invasive12. Furthermore, the severity of the seizure is controllable by the termination of the stimuli, reducing the mortality caused by the seizures. These changes solved the shortcomings of the previous approaches. Notably, this model can adequately mimic human seizures and is especially suitable for the study of status epilepticus (SE) because of its ability to induce SE quickly13. It can also be used for anti-epileptic drug screening14 and in studies on the mechanism of epilepsy. Finally, it is well known that the amygdala is closely associated with memory modulation, reward processing, and emotion15. Disorders of these mental functions are often encountered in epileptic patients and, thus, the amygdala epilepsy model may be a better choice for studying emotional problems in epilepsy16.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated Donkey anti-Rabbit IgG</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>A-21206</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>c-Fos antibody</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>ab222699</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cranial drill</td>
			<td>SANS</td>
			<td>SA302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dental cement</td>
			<td>NISSIN</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EEG recording and stimulation equipment</td>
			<td>Neuracle Technology (Changzhou) Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>NSHHFS-210803</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lead-free tin wire</td>
			<td>BAKON</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pin header/Female header</td>
			<td>XIANMISI</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>spacing of 1.27 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silver wire</td>
			<td>A-M systems</td>
			<td>786000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slip ring</td>
			<td>Senring Electronics Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>SNM008-04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tungsten wire</td>
			<td>A-M systems</td>
			<td>796000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ultrafine multi-stand wire</td>
			<td>Shenzhen Chengxing wire and cable</td>
			<td>UL10064-FEP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>welding equipment</td>
			<td>BAKON</td>
			<td>BK881</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using a bipolar electrode to create a temporal lobe epilepsy mouse model by electrical kindling of the amygdala

The amygdala is one of the most common origins of seizures, and the amygdala mouse model is essential for the illustration of epilepsy. However, few studies have described the experimental protocol in detail. This paper illustrates the whole process of amygdala electrical kindling epilepsy model making, with the introduction of a method of bipolar electrode fabrication. This electrode can both stimulate and record, reducing brain injury caused by implanting separate electrodes for stimulation and recording. For long-term electroencephalogram (EEG) recording purposes, slip rings were used to eliminate the record interruption caused by cable tangles and falling off.
After periodic stimulation (60 Hz, 1 s every 15 min) of the basolateral amygdala (AP: 1.67 mm, L: 2.7 mm, V: 4.9 mm) for 19.83 &plusmn; 5.742 times, full kindling was observed in six mice (defined as induction of three continuous grade V episodes classified by Racine's scale). An intracranial EEG was recorded throughout the entire kindling process, and an epileptic discharge in the amygdala lasting 20-70 s was observed after kindling. Therefore, this is a robust protocol for modeling epilepsy originating from the amygdala, and the method is suitable for revealing the role of the amygdala in temporal lobe epilepsy. This research contributes to future studies on the mechanisms of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and novel antiepileptogenic drugs.

The electrode and circuit enable the EEG to be recorded and function as a stimulation (Figure 1); this setup avoids the complexity of implanting recording and stimulating electrodes separately and minimizes damage to the brain tissue. The application of slip rings allows electrode connection with all types of devices.
We performed electrode implantation surgery on six healthy adult male C57BL/6 mice, and electrical stimulation was performed 2 weeks after surgery. ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using a Bipolar Electrode to Create a Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Mouse Model by Electrical Kindling of the Amygdala at JoVE.com

Using a Bipolar Electrode to Create a Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Mouse Model by Electrical Kindling of the Amygdala

The amygdala plays a key role in temporal lobe epilepsy, which originates in and propagates from this structure. This article provides a detailed description of the fabrication of deep brain electrodes with both recording and stimulating functions. It introduces a model of medial temporal lobe epilepsy originating from the amygdala.

The amygdala is one of the most common origins of seizures, and the amygdala mouse model is essential for the illustration of epilepsy. However, few ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Identification of Olfactory Volatiles using Gas Chromatography-Multi-unit Recordings (GCMR) in the Insect Antennal Lobe

Identification of Olfactory Volatiles using Gas Chromatography-Multi-unit Recordings GCMR in the Insect Antennal Lobe

All  organisms inhabit a world full of sensory stimuli that determine their  behavioral and physiological response to their environment. Olfaction is ...

Trypsin Digest Protocol to Analyze the Retinal Vasculature of a Mouse Model

Trypsin digest is the gold standard method to analyze the retinal vasculature 1-5. It allows visualization of the entire network of complex ...

A Comprehensive Protocol for Manual Segmentation of the Medial Temporal Lobe Structures

The present paper describes a comprehensive protocol for manual tracing of the set of brain regions comprising the medial temporal lobe (MTL): amygdala, ...

Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Kindling Mouse Model

Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) is a GABA-A receptor antagonist. An intraperitoneal injection of PTZ into an animal induces an acute, severe seizure at a high ...

The Power of Interstimulus Interval for the Assessment of Temporal Processing in Rodents

Temporal processing deficits have been implicated as a potential elemental dimension of higher-level cognitive processes, commonly observed in ...

Behavioral And Physiological Analysis In A Zebrafish Model Of Epilepsy

Epilepsy represents one of the most common neurological disorders, affecting an estimated 50 million people worldwide. Recent advances in genetic research ...

Successful In vivo Calcium Imaging with a Head-Mount Miniaturized Microscope in the Amygdala of Freely Behaving Mouse

In vivo real-time monitoring of neuronal activities in freely moving animals is one of key approaches to link neuronal activity to behavior. For this ...

A Behavioral Screen for Heat-Induced Seizures in Mouse Models of Epilepsy

Transgenic mouse models have proved to be powerful tools in studying various aspects of human neurological disorders, including epilepsy. The ...

Preparation and Implantation of Electrodes for Electrically Kindling VGAT-Cre Mice to Generate a Model for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

It was discovered that electrical kindling of VGAT-Cre mice led to the spontaneous motor and electrographic seizures. A recent paper focused on how unique ...

Registration of Calcium Transients in Mouse Neuromuscular Junction with High Temporal Resolution using Confocal Microscopy

Estimation of the presynaptic calcium level is a key task in studying synaptic transmission since calcium entry into the presynaptic cell triggers a ...