We thank Anastasia Bannwarth for providing excellent technical assistance. We thank the IGBMC animal house facility, the cell culture, the Mouse Clinical Institute (ICS, Illkirch, France), the imaging, the electron microscopy, the flow cytometry, and the GenomEast platform, a member of the &#39;France G&#233;nomique&#39; consortium (ANR-10-INBS-0009).
This work of the Interdisciplinary Thematic Institute IMCBio, as part of the ITI 2021-2028 program of the University of Strasbourg, CNRS and Inserm, was supported by IdEx Unistra (ANR-10-IDEX-0002) and by SFRI-STRAT&#39;US project (ANR 20-SFRI-0012) and EUR IMCBio (ANR-17-EURE-0023) under the framework of the French Investments for the Future Program. Additional funding was delivered by INSERM, CNRS, Unistra, IGBMC, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-16-CE11-0009, AR2GR), AFM-T&#233;l&#233;thon strategic program 24376 (to D.D.), INSERM young researcher grant (to D.D.), ANR-10-LABX-0030-INRT, and a French State fund managed by the ANR under the frame program Investissements d&#39;Avenir (ANR-10-IDEX-0002-02). J.R. was supported by the Programme CDFA-07-22 from the Universit&#233; franco-allemande and Minist&#232;re de l&#39;Enseignement Sup&#233;rieur de la Recherche et de l&#39;Innovation, and K.G. by the Association pour la Recherche &#224; l&#39;IGBMC (ARI).

Satellite Cell Isolation from Mouse Limb Muscles and Flow Cytometry Analysis

<ol>
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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

The present study reports a standardized, reliable, and easy-to-perform method for the isolation and culture of mouse satellite cells, as well as the assessment of transcriptional regulation by the CUT&#38;RUN method.
This protocol involves several critical steps. The first is muscle disruption and fiber digestion to ensure a high number of collected cells. Despite the increased enzyme concentration, more living cells were obtained than using Protocol 1. Satellite cells express a specific patt...

Skeletal striated muscles represent on average 40% of the weight of the total human body1. Muscle fibers exhibit a remarkable capacity for regeneration upon injury, which is described by the fusion of newly formed myocytes and the generation of new myofibers that replace the damaged ones2. In 1961, Alexander Mauro reported a population of mononuclear cells that he termed as satellite cells3. These stem cells express the transcription factor paired box 7 (PAX7), and are located between the basal lamina and the sarcolemma of muscle fibers4. They were reported to express the cluster of differentiation 34 (CD34; a hematopoietic, endothelial progenitor and mesenchymal stem cell marker), integrin alpha 7 (ITGA7; a smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscle marker), as well as the C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4; a lymphocyte, hematopoietic, and satellite cell marker)5. In basal conditions, satellite cells reside in a particular microenvironment that keeps them in a quiescent state6. Upon muscle damage, they become activated, proliferate, and undergo myogenesis7. However, contributing only to a minor fraction of the total number of muscle cells, their genome-wide analyses are particularly challenging, especially under physiological settings (&#60;1% of total cells).
Various methods for chromatin isolation from satellite cells have been described, which involve chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by massive parallel sequencing (ChIP-seq) or cleavage under targets and tagmentation (CUT&#38;Tag) experiments. Nevertheless, these two techniques present some significant limitations that remain unchallenged. Indeed, ChIP-seq requires a high amount of starting material to generate enough chromatin, a large proportion of which is lost during the sonication step. CUT&#38;Tag is more appropriate for low cell number, but generates more off-target cleavage sites than ChIP-seq due to the Tn5 transposase activity. In addition, since this enzyme has a high affinity for open-chromatin regions, the CUT&#38;Tag approach might be preferentially used for analyzing histone modifications or transcription factors associated with actively transcribed regions of the genome, instead of silenced heterochromatin8,9.
Presented here is a detailed protocol that allows the isolation of mouse limb muscle satellite cells by FACS for cleavage under targets and release using nuclease (CUT&#38;RUN)10,11 analysis. The various steps involve the mechanical disruption of tissue, cell sorting, and nuclei isolation. The method&#39;s efficiency, regarding the preparation of a viable cell suspension, was demonstrated by performing CUT&#38;RUN analysis for covalent histone modifications and transcription factors. The quality of isolated cells makes the described method particularly attractive for preparing chromatin that captures the native genomic occupancy state faithfully, and is likely to be suitable for capturing the chromosome conformation in combination with high-throughput sequencing at specific loci (4C-seq) or at genome-wide levels (Hi-C).

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL microtube</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>2080422</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 mL microtube</td>
			<td>Star Lab</td>
			<td>S1620-2700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL tubes</td>
			<td>CORNING-FALCON</td>
			<td>352063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL tubes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-AR</td>
			<td>abcam</td>
			<td>ab108341</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD11b</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>25-0112-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD31</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>12-0311-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD34</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>48-0341-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD45</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>12-0451-83</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CXCR4</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>17-9991-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-DMD</td>
			<td>abcam</td>
			<td>ab15277</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-H3K27ac</td>
			<td>Active Motif</td>
			<td>39133</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-H3K4me2</td>
			<td>Active Motif</td>
			<td>39141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-ITGA7</td>
			<td>MBL</td>
			<td>k0046-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-PAX7</td>
			<td>DSHB</td>
			<td>AB_528428</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-TER119</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen TM</td>
			<td>553673</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beads</td>
			<td>Polysciences</td>
			<td>86057-3</td>
			<td>BioMag&#174;Plus Concanavalin A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Strainer 100 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Corning&#174;&#160;</td>
			<td>431752</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Strainer 40 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Corning&#174;&#160;</td>
			<td>431750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Strainer 70 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Corning&#174;&#160;</td>
			<td>431751</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge 1</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>521-0011</td>
			<td>Centrifuge 5415 R</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge 2</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5805000010</td>
			<td>Centrifuge 5804 R</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chamber Slide System&#160;</td>
			<td>ThermoFischer</td>
			<td>171080</td>
			<td>Syst&#232;me Nunc&#8482; Lab-Tek&#8482; Chamber Slide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cleaning agent</td>
			<td>Sigma&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>SLBQ7780V</td>
			<td>RNaseZAPTM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase, type I&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>17100017</td>
			<td>10 mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dispase&#160;</td>
			<td>STEMCELL technologies</td>
			<td>7913</td>
			<td>5 U/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DynaMag&#8482;-2 Aimant</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>12321D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fixable Viability Stain</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>565388</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow cytometer</td>
			<td>BD FACSAria&#8482; Fusion Flow Cytometer</td>
			<td>23-14816-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluoromount G with DAPI</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>00-4959-52</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Genome browser&#160;</td>
			<td>IGV</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://software.broadinstitute.org/software/igv/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G9012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogel</td>
			<td>Corning&#174;&#160;</td>
			<td>354277</td>
			<td>Matrigel hESC qualified matrix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image processing software</td>
			<td>Image J&#174;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>V 1.8.0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laboratory film</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P7793-1EA</td>
			<td>PARAFILM&#174; M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Liberase LT</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>5401020001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propyl gallate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>2370</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sequencer&#160;</td>
			<td>Illumina Hiseq 4000</td>
			<td>SY-401-4001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaking water bath</td>
			<td>Bioblock Scientific polytest 20</td>
			<td>18724</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an efficient protocol for cut&amp;run analysis of facs-isolated mouse satellite cells

Genome-wide analyses with small cell populations are a major constraint for studies, particularly in the stem cell field. This work describes an efficient protocol for the fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) isolation of satellite cells from the limb muscle, a tissue with a high content of structural proteins. Dissected limb muscles from adult mice were mechanically disrupted by mincing in medium supplemented with dispase and type I collagenase. Upon digestion,&#160;the homogenate was filtered through cell strainers, and cells were suspended in FACS buffer. Viability was determined with fixable viability stain, and immunostained satellite cells were isolated by FACS. Cells were lysed with Triton X-100 and released nuclei were bound to concanavalin A magnetic beads. Nucleus/bead complexes were incubated with antibodies against the transcription factor or histone modifications of interest. After washes, nucleus/bead complexes were incubated with protein A-micrococcal nuclease, and chromatin cleavage was initiated with CaCl2. After DNA extraction, libraries were generated and sequenced, and the profiles for genome-wide transcription factor binding and covalent histone modifications were obtained by bioinformatic analysis. The peaks obtained for the various histone marks showed that the binding events were specific for satellite cells. Moreover, known motif analysis unveiled that the transcription factor was bound to chromatin via its cognate response element. This protocol is therefore adapted to study gene regulation in adult mice limb muscle satellite cells.

Satellite cells from mouse skeletal muscles were isolated by combining the protocols of Gunther et al. (hereafter Protocol 1)12 and of Liu et al.23 (hereafter Protocol 2). Since non-digested muscle fibers were observed after digestion when using the concentration of collagenase and dispase proposed in Protocol 1, the quantity of enzymes was increased to improve muscle fiber dissociation, as described in steps 1.2.1 and 1.2.3. As indicated in Protocol 2, the samples were sub...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cistrome Analysis in Mouse Muscle Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Author Spotlight: Cistrome Analysis in Mouse Muscle Stem Cells 

Presented here is an efficient protocol for the fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) isolation of mouse limb muscle satellite cells adapted to the study of transcription regulation in muscle fibers by cleavage under targets and release using nuclease (CUT&amp;RUN).

An Efficient Protocol for CUT&amp;RUN Analysis of FACS-Isolated Mouse Satellite Cells

Genome-wide analyses with small cell populations are a major constraint for studies, particularly in the stem cell field. This work describes an efficient ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

2.1K Views.  Université de Strasbourg. Presented here is an efficient protocol for the fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) isolation of mouse limb muscle satellite cells adapted to the study of transcription regulation in muscle fibers by cleavage under targets and release using nuclease (CUT&RUN).

Video: Author Spotlight: Cistrome Analysis in Mouse Muscle Stem Cells 

Isolation and Characterization of Satellite Cells from Rat Head Branchiomeric Muscles

Fibrosis and defective muscle regeneration can hamper the functional recovery of the soft palate muscles after cleft palate repair. This causes persistent problems in speech, swallowing, and sucking. In vitro culture systems that allow the study of satellite cells (myogenic stem cells) from head muscles are crucial to develop new therapies based on tissue engineering to promote muscle regeneration after surgery. These systems will offer new perspectives for the treatment of cleft palate patients. A protocol for the isolation, culture and differentiation of satellite cells from head muscles is presented. The isolation is based on enzymatic digestion and trituration to release the satellite cells. In addition, this protocol comprises an innovative method using extracellular matrix gel coatings of millimeter size, which requires only low numbers of satellite cells for differentiation assays.

This protocol describes the isolation of satellite cells from branchiomeric head muscles of a 9 week-old rat. The muscles originate from different branchial arches. Subsequently, the satellite cells are cultured on a spot coating of millimeter size to study their differentiation. This approach avoids the expansion and passaging of satellite cells.

Fibrosis and defective muscle regeneration can hamper the functional recovery of the soft palate muscles after cleft palate repair. This causes persistent ...

Stable and Efficient Genetic Modification of Cells in the Adult Mouse V-SVZ for the Analysis of Neural Stem Cell Autonomous and Non-autonomous Effects

Relatively quiescent somatic stem cells support life-long cell renewal in most adult tissues. Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain are restricted to two specific neurogenic niches: the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus and the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ; also called subependymal zone or SEZ) in the walls of the lateral ventricles. The development of in vivo gene transfer strategies for adult stem cell populations (i.e. those of the mammalian brain) resulting in long-term expression of desired transgenes in the stem cells and their derived progeny is a crucial tool in current biomedical and biotechnological research. Here, a direct in vivo method is presented for the stable genetic modification of adult mouse V-SVZ cells that takes advantage of the cell cycle-independent infection by LVs and the highly specialized cytoarchitecture of the V-SVZ niche. Specifically, the current protocol involves the injection of empty LVs (control) or LVs encoding specific transgene expression cassettes into either the V-SVZ itself, for the in vivo targeting of all types of cells in the niche, or into the lateral ventricle lumen, for the targeting of ependymal cells only. Expression cassettes are then integrated into the genome of the transduced cells and fluorescent proteins, also encoded by the LVs, allow the detection of the transduced cells for the analysis of cell autonomous and non-autonomous, niche-dependent effects in the labeled cells and their progeny.

Here we describe a procedure based on the use of lentiviral particles for the long-term genetic modification of neural stem cells and/or their adjacent ependymal cells in the adult ventricular-subventricular neurogenic niche which allows the separate analysis of cell autonomous and non-autonomous, niche-dependent effects on neural stem cells.

Relatively quiescent somatic stem cells support life-long cell renewal in most adult tissues. Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain are ...

An Efficient Method to Obtain Dedifferentiated Fat Cells

Tissue engineering and cell therapy hold great promise clinically. In this regard, multipotent cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), may be used therapeutically, in the near future, to restore function to damaged organs. Nevertheless, several technical issues, including the highly invasive procedure of isolating MSCs and the inefficiency surrounding their amplification, currently hamper the potential clinical use of these therapeutic modalities. Herein, we introduce a highly efficient method for the generation of dedifferentiated fat cells (DFAT), MSC-like cells. Interestingly, DFAT cells can be differentiated into several cell types including adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic cells. Although other groups have previously presented various methods for generating DFAT cells from mature adipose tissue, our method allows us to produce DFAT cells more efficiently. In this regard, we demonstrate that DFAT culture medium (DCM), supplemented with 20% FBS, is more effective in generating DFAT cells than DMEM, supplemented with 20% FBS. Additionally, the DFAT cells produced by our cell culture method can be redifferentiated into several tissue types. As such, a very interesting and useful model for the study of tissue dedifferentiation is presented.

We have modified the conditions for DFAT cell generation and provide herein information regarding the use of an improved growth medium for the production of these cells.

Tissue engineering and cell therapy hold great promise clinically. In this regard, multipotent cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), may be used ...

Efficient Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells to NKX6-1+ Pancreatic Progenitors

Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to self renew and differentiate to multiple lineages, making them an attractive source for the generation of pancreatic progenitor cells that can be used for the study of and future treatment of diabetes. This article outlines a four-stage differentiation protocol designed to generate pancreatic progenitor cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). This protocol can be applied to a number of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines. The approach taken to generate pancreatic progenitor cells is to differentiate hESCs to accurately model key stages of pancreatic development. This begins with the induction of the definitive endoderm, which is achieved by culturing the cells in the presence of Activin A, basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) and CHIR990210. Further differentiation and patterning with Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 (FGF10) and Dorsomorphin generates cells resembling the posterior foregut. The addition of Retinoic Acid, NOGGIN, SANT-1 and FGF10 differentiates posterior foregut cells into cells characteristic of pancreatic endoderm. Finally, the combination of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Nicotinamide and NOGGIN leads to the efficient generation of PDX1+/NKX6-1+ cells. Flow cytometry is performed to confirm the expression of specific markers at key stages of pancreatic development. The PDX1+/NKX6-1+ pancreatic progenitors at the end of stage 4 are capable of generating mature &#946; cells upon transplantation into immunodeficient mice and can be further differentiated to generate insulin-producing cells in vitro. Thus, the efficient generation of PDX1+/NKX6-1+ pancreatic progenitors, as demonstrated in this protocol, is of great importance as it provides a platform to study human pancreatic development in vitro and provides a source of cells with the potential of differentiating to &#946; cells that could eventually be used for the treatment of diabetes.

Efficient Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells to NKX6-1+ Pancreatic Progenitors

Here we describe a 4-stage protocol to differentiate human embryonic stem cells to NKX6-1+ pancreatic progenitors in vitro. This protocol can be applied to a variety of human pluripotent stem cell lines.

Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to self renew and differentiate to multiple lineages, making them an attractive source for the generation of ...

Horizontal Whole Mount: A Novel Processing and Imaging Protocol for Thick, Three-dimensional Tissue Cross-sections of Skin

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality microscopic images is not entirely dependent upon the quality of the microscope, but also upon the methods of tissue processing, which often involve multiple critical actions or steps. Furthermore, mesenchymal cell types in the skin and other tissues represent a new challenge for tissue preparation and imaging. Here, we present a complete process, from tissue harvest to microscopy. Our technique, called &#34;horizontal whole mount,&#34; is one that novices can quickly become proficient in and that allows for antigen preservation and detection in 60-300 &#181;m-thick sections cut with a cryostat. Sections of this thickness provide enhanced visualization of tissue microarchitecture in a three-dimensional environment. In addition, the protocol preserves mesenchymal cells in a manner that enhances image quality when compared to standard cryostat or paraffin sections, thereby increasing the efficacy and reliability of immunostaining. We believe that this protocol will benefit all laboratories that visualize skin, and possibly other tissues and organs.

This work presents a novel processing and imaging protocol for thick, three-dimensional tissue cross-section analysis that enables the full exploitation of confocal imaging modalities. This protocol preserves antigenicity and represents a robust system to analyze skin histology and potentially other tissue types.

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality ...

Identification of Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells by Immunofluorescence with Pax7 and Laminin Antibodies

Immunofluorescence is an effective method that helps to identify different cell types on tissue sections. In order to study the desired cell population, antibodies for specific cell markers are applied on tissue sections. In adult skeletal muscle, satellite cells (SCs) are stem cells that contribute to muscle repair and regeneration. Therefore, it is important to visualize and trace the satellite cell population under different physiological conditions. In resting skeletal muscle, SCs reside between the basal lamina and myofiber plasma membrane. A commonly used marker for identifying SCs on the myofibers or in cell culture is the paired box protein Pax7. In this article, an optimized Pax7 immunofluorescence protocol on skeletal muscle sections is presented that minimizes non-specific staining and background. Another antibody that recognizes a protein (laminin) of the basal lamina was also added to help identify SCs. Similar protocols can also be used to perform double or triple labeling with Pax7 and antibodies for additional proteins of interest.

The precise identification of satellite cells is essential for studying their functions under various physiological and pathological conditions. This article presents a protocol to identify satellite cells on adult skeletal muscle sections by immunofluorescence-based staining.

Immunofluorescence is an effective method that helps to identify different cell types on tissue sections. In order to study the desired cell population, ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and chromosome dynamics. While the germline is an excellent model, the analysis is often two dimensional due to the time and labor required for three-dimensional analysis. Major readouts in such studies are the number/position of nuclei and protein distribution within the germline. Here, we present a method to perform automated analysis of the germline using confocal microscopy and computational approaches to determine the number and position of nuclei in each region of the germline. Our method also analyzes germline protein distribution that enables the three-dimensional examination of protein expression in different genetic backgrounds. Further, our study shows variations in cytoskeletal architecture in distinct regions of the germline that may accommodate specific spatial developmental requirements. Finally, our method enables automated counting of the sperm in the spermatheca of each germline. Taken together, our method enables rapid and reproducible phenotypic analysis of the C. elegans germline.

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

We present an automated method for three-dimensional reconstruction of the Caenorhabditis elegans germline. Our method determines the number and position of each nucleus within the germline and analyses germline protein distribution and cytoskeletal structure.

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...

Efficient Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Liver Cells

The liver detoxifies harmful substances, secretes vital proteins, and executes key metabolic activities, thus sustaining life. Consequently, liver failure&#8212;which can be caused by chronic alcohol intake, hepatitis, acute poisoning, or other insults&#8212;is a severe condition that can culminate in bleeding, jaundice, coma, and eventually death. However, approaches to treat liver failure, as well as studies of liver function and disease, have been stymied in part by the lack of a plentiful supply of human liver cells. To this end, this protocol details the efficient differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into hepatocyte-like cells, guided by a developmental roadmap that describes how liver fate is specified across six consecutive differentiation steps. By manipulating developmental signaling pathways to promote liver differentiation and to explicitly suppress the formation of unwanted cell fates, this method efficiently generates populations of human liver bud progenitors and hepatocyte-like cells by days 6 and 18 of PSC differentiation, respectively. This is achieved through the temporally-precise control of developmental signaling pathways, exerted by small molecules and growth factors in a serum-free culture medium. Differentiation in this system occurs in monolayers and yields hepatocyte-like cells that express characteristic hepatocyte enzymes and have the ability to engraft a mouse model of chronic liver failure. The ability to efficiently generate large numbers of human liver cells in vitro has ramifications for treatment of liver failure, for drug screening, and for mechanistic studies of liver disease.

This protocol details a monolayer, serum-free method to efficiently generate hepatocyte-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in 18 days. This entails six steps as hPSCs sequentially differentiate into intermediate cell-types such as the primitive streak, definitive endoderm, posterior foregut and liver bud progenitors before forming hepatocyte-like cells.

The liver detoxifies harmful substances, secretes vital proteins, and executes key metabolic activities, thus sustaining life. Consequently, liver ...

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give rise to multiple cell types, including the myotome (MYO), sclerotome (SCL), dermatome (D), and syndetome (SYN), which in turn develop into skeletal muscle, axial skeleton, dorsal dermis, and axial tendon/ligament, respectively. Therefore, the generation of SMs and their derivatives from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is critical to obtain pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) for application in regenerative medicine and for disease research in the field of orthopedic surgery. Although the induction protocols for MYO and SCL from PSCs have been previously reported by several researchers, no study has yet demonstrated the induction of SYN and D from iPSCs. Therefore, efficient induction of fully competent SMs remains a major challenge. Here, we recapitulate human SM patterning with human iPSCs in vitro by mimicking the signaling environment during chick/mouse SM development, and report on methods of systematic induction of SM derivatives (MYO, SCL, D, and SYN) from human iPSCs under chemically defined conditions through the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and SM states. Knowledge regarding chick/mouse&#160;SM development was successfully applied to the induction of SMs with human iPSCs. This method could be a novel tool for studying human somitogenesis and patterning without the use of embryos and for cell-based therapy and disease modeling.

We present here a protocol for the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into each somite derivative (myotome, sclerotome, dermatome, and syndetome) in chemically defined conditions, which has applications in future disease modeling and cell-based therapies in orthopedic surgery.

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give ...

Multiplexed Single Cell mRNA Sequencing Analysis of Mouse Embryonic Cells

Single cell mRNA sequencing has made significant progress in the last several years and has become an important tool in the field of developmental biology. It has been successfully used to identify rare cell populations, discover novel marker genes, and decode spatial and temporal developmental information. The single cell method has also evolved from the microfluidic based Fluidigm C1 technology to the droplet-based solutions in the last two to three years. Here we used the heart as an example to demonstrate how to profile the mouse embryonic tissue cells using the droplet based scRNA-Seq method. In addition, we have integrated two strategies into the workflow to profile multiple samples in a single experiment. Using one of the integrated methods, we have simultaneously profiled more than 9,000 cells from eight heart samples. These methods will be valuable to the developmental biology field by providing a cost-effective way to simultaneously profile single cells from different genetic backgrounds, developmental stages, or anatomical locations.

Here we presented a multiplexed single cell mRNA sequencing method to profile gene expression in mouse embryonic tissues. The droplet-based single cell mRNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) method in combination with multiplexing strategies can profile single cells from multiple samples simultaneously, which significantly reduces reagent costs and minimizes experimental batch effects.