وقد تم تمويل البحث والتطوير مما أدى إلى بطارية IMAP الاختبار واللوائح STAR - من قبل مجلس البحوث الطبية (MRC) ومنحة من مؤسسة Oticon. شكرنا لورنا هاليداي ، سالي هند ورايلي أليسون ، الذين قدموا المساعدة في مراحل التخطيط للعمل وراتب وسونيا فريق لاختبار بطارية اختبار IMAP خلال المرتكزة على السكان الكبيرة الدراسة أو التجهيز السمعي. قدمت اللوائح الفنية وموظفي الدعم مساعدة لا تقدر بثمن مع المشروع -- نعترف خصوصا مساهمات Folkard تيم Chilekwa فيكتور ، بولوك ديف وجون تشامبرز.

<ol>
	<li>Tallal, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fine-grained+discrimination+deficits+in+language-learning+impaired+children+are+specific+neither+to+the+auditory+modality+nor+to+speech+perception.">Fine-grained discrimination deficits in language-learning impaired children are specific neither to the auditory modality nor to speech perception.</a> J Speech, Lang, Hearing Res. 33, 616-621 (1990).</li><li>Tallal, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improving+language+and+literacy+is+a+matter+of+time.">Improving language and literacy is a matter of time.</a> Nature Reviews: Neuroscience. 5, 721-728 (2004).</li><li>Wright, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deficits+in+auditory+temporal+and+spectral+resolution+in+language-impaired+children.">Deficits in auditory temporal and spectral resolution in language-impaired children.</a> Nature. 387, 176-178 (2008).</li><li>Bishop, D. V. M., Carlyon, R. P., Deeks, J. M., Bishop, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Auditory+temporal+processing+impairment:+Neither+necessary+nor+sufficient+for+causing+language+impairment+in+children.">Auditory temporal processing impairment: Neither necessary nor sufficient for causing language impairment in children.</a> J Speech, Lang, Hearing Res. 42, 1295-1310 (1999).</li><li>Moore, D. R., Ferguson, M. A., Edmondson-Jones, A. M., Ratib, S., Riley, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The nature of auditory processing disorder in children. , (2010).</li><li>Strait, D. L., Kraus, N., Parbery-Clark, A., Ashley, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Musical+experience+shapes+top-down+auditory+mechanisms:+Evidence+from+masking+and+auditory+attention+performance.">Musical experience shapes top-down auditory mechanisms: Evidence from masking and auditory attention performance.</a> Hear Res. , (2009).</li><li>McArthur, G. M. &. a. m. p. ;. a. m. p., Bishop, D. V. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Frequency+discrimination+deficits+in+people+with+specific+language+impairment:+reliability,+validity,+and+linguistic+correlates.">Frequency discrimination deficits in people with specific language impairment: reliability, validity, and linguistic correlates.</a> J Speech, Lang, Hearing Res. 47, 527-541 (2004).</li><li>Ferguson, M. A., Hall, R. L., Riley, A., Moore, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Communication,+listening,+speech+and+cognition+in+children+with+auditory+processing+disorder+(APD)+or+specific+language+impairment+(SLI).">Communication, listening, speech and cognition in children with auditory processing disorder (APD) or specific language impairment (SLI).</a> J Speech, Lang, Hearing Res. , .</li><li>Wechsler, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> WISC-IV(UK). , (2004).</li><li>Korkman, M., Kirk, U., Kemp, S. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> NEPSY: A developmental neuropsychological assessment. , (1998).</li><li>Bishop, D. V. M., North, T., Donlan, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonword+repetition+as+a+behaviour+marker+for+inherited+language+impairment:+Evidence+from+a+twin+study.">Nonword repetition as a behaviour marker for inherited language impairment: Evidence from a twin study.</a> J Child Psychol Psyc. 37, 391-403 (1996).</li><li>Barry, J. G., Yasin, I., Bishop, D. V. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heritable+risk+factors+associated+with+language+impairments.">Heritable risk factors associated with language impairments.</a> Genes Brain Behav. 6, 66-76 (2007).</li><li>Wechsler, D., Chen, H. -. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. , (1999).</li><li>Torgesen, J. K., Wagner, R., Rashotte, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Test of Word Reading Efficiency (TOWRE). , (1999).</li><li>Bishop, D. V. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Children's Communication Checklist-2. , (2003).</li><li>Smoski, W. J., Brunt, M. A., Tannahill, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Children's Auditory Processing Performance Scale. , (1998).</li></ol>

الإعلان عن أي تضارب في المصالح.

ويعتقد أن مهارات الاستماع الجيد (أي ، أ ب) لتوفير أساس متين لمواصلة تطوير المهارات الإدراكية المهمة ، مثل اللغة والكلام والقراءة والكتابة 1-3. حتى الآن ، كان هناك الكثير من النقاش حول طبيعة المهارات ذات الصلة الاستماع ، واذا كان حقا كانت ذات صلة وضرورية ، أو ما يكفي للتسبب صعوبات في اللغة أو محو الأمية 4. جزء من المشكلة بالنسبة لفهم دور مهارات الاستماع في التنمية المعرفية يعكس حقيقة أن الأطفال هم متغير جدا في قدرتهم على أداء الضرائب و، من وجهة نظرهم ، واختبارات مملة بدلا من أب (&#39;المهام النفسية&#39;). هذا يجعل من الصعب فصل الآثار الإجرائية ، مثل الملل والضجر من أكثر التغيرات الأساسية في عمل مسارات المعالجة المركزية السمعي. كما ذكرنا بالتفصيل في بروتوكول لدينا ، وقد صممت بعناية بطارية اختبار لتقليل IMAP يفند الناشئة عن القضايا المرتبطة إجراء الاختبار. في الشكل 4 ، ونحن نقدم أداء ومقارنات لطفلين في مهمة اخفاء الوراء. لأن IMAP يقلل يفند الإجرائية ، والأطفال لا يمكن أن تبدأ الاختبار حتى يثبتوا أنهم يفهمون ذلك ، يمكننا أن نكون على ثقة في الأداء يرجع مختلفة من هذين الطفلين لاختبار عوامل محددة لكل طفل. إدراج في البطارية IMAP من الاختبارات AP الاقتران (5) ومجموعة من الاختبارات المعرفية يسمح لنا لمزيد من استكشاف أسباب هذا الاختلاف الفردية. أكملنا في الآونة الأخيرة مجموعة من السكان في المملكة المتحدة على أساس الدراسة باستخدام IMAP 5. وأظهر هذا التباين كيفية الاستجابة والأداء في الاختبارات استغلال المهارات المعرفية مثل الانتباه ، وأوضح أكثر من التباين في الأداء على اختبارات AP. في دراسة على أساس السكان كما قدمت لنا تدابير موحدة للأداء. هذه التدابير ضرورية لتقييم الأداء الفردي في العيادة. ويجري حاليا دراسة المستخدمة في التحقيق في التوريث من مهارات الاستماع في التوائم المتماثلة والشقيق. وهذه الدراسة تسمح لنا هذا الأخير على وضع تدابير موحدة مناسبة للاستخدام مع الأطفال في الولايات المتحدة. على الرغم حاليا تركز على الطفل في التصميم ، ويمكن أيضا أن تستخدم IMAP مع الكبار ، كما يتبين من مضيق آخرون ، الذين وجدوا 6 إسهاما هاما من شحذ المهارات المعرفية عن طريق التدريب الموسيقي في تطوير مهارات تجهيز السمعية.

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<td>IHR-STAR2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>presentation platform</td>
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<td>IHR-Runner program</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>for pseudo-random order of presentation of tests</td>
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<td>Laptop</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Processor speed &#x2013; 2 GigaHz; 
RAM &#x2013; 1 Gigabyte; 
Operating system - Windows XP</td>
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<td>USB IHR-audio-device</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>to control sound presentation level and spectrum content</td>
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<td>Response button box</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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making sense of listening: the imap test battery

القدرة على سماع ما هو إلا خطوة أولى نحو جعل الشعور مجموعة من المعلومات الواردة في إشارة السمعية. متساوية في الأهمية هي القدرة على استخراج واستخدام المعلومات المشفرة في إشارة السمعية. نشير إلى هذه مهارات الاستماع (أو السمعية تجهيز CNN). وترتبط هذه المهارات في العجز مع تأخر اللغة لمحو الأمية والتنمية ، على الرغم من نقاش ساخن طبيعة العجز ذات الصلة ، وعلاقتهم مع هذه السببية التأخير. عندما يشار إلى الطفل الصحية والمهنية مع السمع وصعوبات غير مفهومة في الاستماع ، أو التأخير المرتبطة بها في تنمية اللغة أو محو الأمية ، ينبغي أن تكون مثاليا المقررة مع مجموعة من الاختبارات (ا ف ب) psychoacoustic ، ومناسبة للأطفال وللاستخدام في عيادة ، جنبا إلى جنب مع التجارب المعرفية لقياس الانتباه والذاكرة العاملة ، الذكاء ، ومهارات اللغة. مثل هذا البحث المفصل يحتاج إلى أن تكون قصيرة نسبيا والقدرة التقنية داخل أي من الفنيين المؤهلين تأهيلا مناسبا. الاختبارات الحالية لوجود عجز AP تميل الى ان تكون ضعيفة البناء والتحقق بصورة كافية في أوساط السكان العادية. لديهم القليل أو أي إشارة لأعراض تقدم للطفل ، وعادة ما تتضمن عنصرا لغوية. قد يعكس ضعف الأداء وبالتالي مشاكل مع اللغة وليس مع AP. للمساعدة في تقييم الأطفال الذين يعانون من صعوبات الاستماع والسمع للأطفال في حاجة إلى واحدة ، موحدة المناسبة للأطفال بطارية اختبار يقوم على استخدام لغة خالية من المحفزات. نقدم البطارية اختبار IMAP التي تم تطويرها في معهد أبحاث MRC السمع لاستكمال الاختبارات المستخدمة حاليا للتحقيق في حالات العجز AP المشتبه بهم. IMAP يقيم مجموعة من السمع والمهارات المعرفية ذات الصلة ويستغرق حوالي ساعة واحدة لإكمال. فقد كان من عادة موحدة في 1500 في السمع من الأطفال في جميع أنحاء المملكة المتحدة ، والذين تتراوح أعمارهم بين 6-11 عاما. منذ تطورها ، وقد تم استخدامه بنجاح في عدد من الدراسات على نطاق واسع في كل من المملكة المتحدة والولايات المتحدة. IMAP ينص على تدابير لفصل خارج الحسية من المساهمات المعرفية لجلسة الاستماع. فإنه يحد كذلك يفند ذلك بسبب الآثار الإجرائية من خلال تقديم الاختبارات في شكل لعبة أطفال. التحفيز الجيل ، هو بوساطة إدارة بروتوكولات اختبار والتحكم في العرض التقديمي اختبار من قبل منصة برمجيات اللوائح - STAR. هذا يوفر منهجية موحدة لمجموعة من التطبيقات القابلة للتكرار ، ويضمن الإجراءات عبر اختبار. اللوائح - STAR يوفر مرونة وسهولة برمجة البيئة التي لديها حاليا طلبات إضافية لعقد جلسات استماع الفرز ، ورسم خرائط زرع قوقعة الأقطاب ، والبحوث الأكاديمية أو التعليمية.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery at JoVE.com

Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery

يوصف بطارية اختبار (IMAP) لإجراء عملية تقييم متعمق لالسمعية وقدراته المعرفية المساهمة في مهارات الاستماع. انها سريعة لإدارة والصديقة للطفل وخالية من يفند اللغوية. يتم التحكم في توليد الحوافز وإدارة البروتوكول عبر منصة برمجيات (اللوائح - STAR) لضمان إجراءات قابلة للتكرار.

جعل الشعور الاستماع : البطارية اختبار IMAP

The ability to hear is only the first step towards making sense of the range of information contained in an auditory signal. Of equal importance are the ...

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Medicine

15.7K Views.  MRC Institute of Hearing Research. يوصف بطارية اختبار (IMAP) لإجراء عملية تقييم متعمق لالسمعية وقدراته المعرفية المساهمة في مهارات الاستماع. انها سريعة لإدارة والصديقة للطفل وخالية من يفند اللغوية. يتم التحكم في توليد الحوافز وإدارة البروتوكول عبر منصة برمجيات (اللوائح - STAR) لضمان إجراءات قابلة لل?...

Video: Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery

The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress

This article demonstrates a psychological stress protocol for use in a laboratory setting. Protocols that allow researchers to study the biological pathways of the stress response in health and disease are fundamental to the progress of research in stress and anxiety.1 Although numerous protocols exist for inducing stress response in the laboratory, many neglect to provide a naturalistic context or to incorporate aspects of social and psychological stress. Of psychological stress protocols, meta-analysis suggests that the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) is the most useful and appropriate standardized protocol for studies of stress hormone reactivity.2 In the original description of the TSST, researchers sought to design and evaluate a procedure capable of inducing a reliable stress response in the majority of healthy volunteers.3 These researchers found elevations in heart rate, blood pressure and several endocrine stress markers in response to the TSST (a psychological stressor) compared to a saline injection (a physical stressor).3 Although the TSST has been modified to meet the needs of various research groups, it generally consists of a waiting period upon arrival, anticipatory speech preparation, speech performance, and verbal arithmetic performance periods, followed by one or more recovery periods. The TSST requires participants to prepare and deliver a speech, and verbally respond to a challenging arithmetic problem in the presence of a socially evaluative audience.3 Social evaluation and uncontrollability have been identified as key components of stress induction by the TSST.4 In use for over a decade, the goal of the TSST is to systematically induce a stress response in order to measure differences in reactivity, anxiety and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) or sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) axis during the task.1 Researchers generally assess changes in self-reported anxiety, physiological measures (e.g. heart rate), and/or neuroendocrine indices (e.g. the stress hormone cortisol) in response to the TSST. Many investigators have adopted salivary sampling for stress markers such as cortisol and alpha-amylase (a marker of autonomic nervous system activation) as an alternative to blood sampling to reduce the confounding stress of blood-collection techniques. In addition to changes experienced by an individual completing the TSST, researchers can compare changes between different treatment groups (e.g. clinical versus healthy control samples) or the effectiveness of stress-reducing interventions.1

This article describes a protocol for inducing psychological stress in participants, which enables researchers to measure psychological, physiological and neuroendocrine responses to stress within single participants or between groups.

اختبار الإجهاد ترير الاجتماعي بروتوكول لإحداث الضغط النفسي

This article demonstrates a psychological stress protocol for use in a laboratory setting.  Protocols that allow researchers to study the biological ...

The &alpha;-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva

There is an urgent need for affordable CD4 enumeration to monitor HIV disease. CD4 enumeration is out of reach in resource-limited regions due to the time and temperature restrictions, technical sophistication, and cost of reagents, in particular monoclonal antibodies to measure CD4 on blood cells, the only currently acceptable method. A commonly used cost-saving and time-saving laboratory strategy is to calculate, rather than measure certain blood values. For example, LDL levels are calculated using the measured levels of total cholesterol, HDL, and triglycerides1. Thus, identification of cell-free correlates that directly regulate the number of CD4+ T cells could provide an accurate method for calculating CD4 counts due to the physiological relevance of the correlates.
The number of stem cells that enter blood and are destined to become circulating CD4+ T cells is determined by the chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 due to their influence on locomotion2. The process of stem cell locomotion into blood is additionally regulated by cell surface human leukocyte elastase (HLECS) and the HLECS-reactive active &alpha;1proteinase inhibitor (&alpha;1PI, &alpha;1antitrypsin, SerpinA1)3. In HIV-1 disease, &alpha;1PI is inactivated due to disease processes 4. In the early asymptomatic categories of HIV-1 disease, active &alpha;1PI was found to be below normal in 100% of untreated HIV-1 patients (median=12 &mu;M, and to achieve normal levels during the symptomatic categories4, 5. This pattern has been attributed to immune inactivation, not to insufficient synthesis, proteolytic inactivation, or oxygenation. We observed that in HIV-1 subjects with &gt;220 CD4 cells/&mu;l, CD4 counts were correlated with serum levels of active &alpha;1PI (r2=0.93, p&lt;0.0001, n=26) and inactive &alpha;1PI (r2=0.91, p&lt;0.0001, n=26) 5. Administration of &alpha;1PI to HIV-1 infected and uninfected subjects resulted in dramatic increases in CD4 counts suggesting &alpha;1PI participates in regulating the number of CD4+ T cells in blood 3.
With stimulation, whole saliva contains sufficient serous exudate (plasma containing proteinaceous material that passes through blood vessel walls into saliva) to allow measurement of active &alpha;1PI and the correlation of this measurement is evidence that it is an accurate method for calculating CD4 counts. Briefly, sialogogues such as chewing gum or citric acid stimulate the exudation of serum into whole mouth saliva. After stimulating serum exudation, the activity of serum &alpha;1PI in saliva is measured by its capacity to inhibit elastase activity. Porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) is a readily available inexpensive source of elastase. PPE binds to &alpha;1PI forming a one-to-one complex that prevents PPE from cleaving its specific substrates, one of which is the colorimetric peptide, succinyl-L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Ala-p-nitroanilide (SA3NA). Incubating saliva with a saturating concentration of PPE for 10 min at room temperature allows the binding of PPE to all the active &alpha;1PI in saliva. The resulting inhibition of PPE by active &alpha;1PI can be measured by adding the PPE substrate SA3NA. (Figure 1). Although CD4 counts are measured in terms of blood volume (CD4 cells/&mu;l), the concentration of &alpha;1PI in saliva is related to the concentration of serum in saliva, not to volume of saliva since volume can vary considerably during the day and person to person6. However, virtually all the protein in saliva is due to serum content, and the protein content of saliva is measurable7. Thus, active &alpha;1PI in saliva is calculated as a ratio to saliva protein content and is termed the &alpha;1PI Index. Results presented herein demonstrate that the &alpha;1PI Index provides an accurate and precise physiologic method for calculating CD4 counts.

The &amp;#945;-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva

A CD4 enumeration method, the &#x03B1;-test, is described which uses whole saliva to provide rapid and accurate CD4 counts. The &alpha;-test costs pennies and eliminates the need for technical training, costly reagents such as monoclonal antibodies, instrumentation, refrigeration, transport of samples, as well as collection and handling of blood.

وα الاختبار: رابيد تعداد CD4 خالية من الخلايا عن طريق اللعاب الجامعة

There is an urgent need for affordable CD4 enumeration to monitor HIV disease. CD4 enumeration is out of reach in resource-limited regions due to the time ...

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Precise measurement of neurological and neuropsychological impairment and disability in multiple sclerosis is challenging. We report a new test, the Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT), which represents a new approach to quantifying MS related disability. The MSPT takes advantage of advances in computer technology, information technology, biomechanics, and clinical measurement science. The resulting MSPT represents a computer-based platform for precise, valid measurement of MS severity. Based on, but extending the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), the MSPT provides precise, quantitative data on walking speed, balance, manual dexterity, visual function, and cognitive processing speed. The MSPT was tested by 51 MS patients and 49 healthy controls (HC). MSPT scores were highly reproducible, correlated strongly with technician-administered test scores, discriminated MS from HC and severe from mild MS, and correlated with patient reported outcomes. Measures of reliability, sensitivity, and clinical meaning for MSPT scores were favorable compared with technician-based testing. The MSPT is a potentially transformative approach for collecting MS disability outcome data for patient care and research. Because the testing is computer-based, test performance can be analyzed in traditional or novel ways and data can be directly entered into research or clinical databases. The MSPT could be widely disseminated to clinicians in practice settings who are not connected to clinical trial performance sites or who are practicing in rural settings, drastically improving access to clinical trials for clinicians and patients. The MSPT could be adapted to out of clinic settings, like the patient&#8217;s home, thereby providing more meaningful real world data. The MSPT represents a new paradigm for neuroperformance testing. This method could have the same transformative effect on clinical care and research in MS as standardized computer-adapted testing has had in the education field, with clear potential to accelerate progress in clinical care and research.

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Precise measurement of neurological and neuropsychological impairment and disability in multiple sclerosis is challenging. We report methodologic details on a new test, the Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT). This new approach to the objective of quantification of MS related disability provides a computer-based platform for precise, valid measurement of MS severity.

والتصلب المتعدد اختبار الأداء (MSPT): أداة تقييم الإعاقة باد المستندة

Precise measurement of neurological and neuropsychological impairment and disability in multiple sclerosis is challenging. We report a new test, the ...

Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test

Theoretically, the electromyographic (EMG) fatigue threshold is the exercise intensity an individual can maintain indefinitely without the need to recruit more motor units which is associated with an increase in the EMG amplitude. Although different protocols have been used to estimate the EMG fatigue threshold they require multiple visits which are impractical for a clinical setting. Here, we present a protocol for estimating the EMG fatigue threshold for cycle ergometry which requires a single visit. This protocol is simple, convenient, and completed within 15-20 min, therefore, has the potential to be translated into a tool that clinicians can use in exercise prescription.

This protocol describes the electromyographic fatigue threshold which demarcates between nonfatiguing and fatiguing exercise workloads. This information could be used to develop a more individualized training program.

تحديد عتبة Electromyographic التعب بعد واحدة زيارة ممارسة اختبار

Theoretically, the electromyographic (EMG) fatigue threshold is the exercise intensity an individual can maintain indefinitely without the need to recruit ...

Characterization of Metabolic Status in Nonhuman Primates with the Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test

The intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) plays a key role in the characterization of glucose homeostasis. When taken together with serum biochemical profiles, inclusive of blood glucose levels in both the fed and fasted state, HbA1c, insulin levels, clinical history of diet, body composition, and body weight status, an assessment of normal and abnormal glycemic control can be made. Interpretation of an IVGTT is done through measurement of changes in glucose and insulin levels over time in relation to the dextrose challenge. Critical components to be considered are: peak glucose and insulin levels reached in relation to T0 (end of glucose infusion), the glucose clearance rate K derived from the slope of rapid glucose clearance in the first 20 min (T1 to T20), the time to return to glucose baseline, and the area under the curve (AUC). These IVGTT measures will show characteristic changes as glucose homeostasis moves from a healthy to a diseased metabolic state5. Herein we will describe the characterization of nonhuman primates (Rhesus and Cynomolgus macaques), which are the most relevant animal model of Type II diabetes (T2D) in humans and the IVGTT and clinical profiles of these animals from a lean healthy, to obese dysmetabolic, and T2D state 8, 10, 11.

The goal of this protocol is to present a standard method to perform intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTTs) to assess glycemic control in nonhuman primates and assess their metabolic status from healthy to dysmetabolic.

توصيف الاستقلابية الحالة في الرئيسيات من غير البشر مع اختبار تحمل الجلوكوز في الوريد

The intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) plays a key role in the characterization of glucose homeostasis. When taken together with serum biochemical ...

Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)

The concept of personalizing neurologic rehabilitation, based on individual impairments, has experienced a recent surge. In parallel, the number of outcome measures of upper extremity motor performance has grown. However, clinicians and researchers lack practical, quantitative measures of the hand&#8217;s natural role as a receptor of the environment. The Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe), developed by Williams and colleagues in 2006, is a valid and reliable measure of haptic performance. Though not available commercially, the HASTe can be fabricated from inexpensive materials, and it has been used successfully to identify impairments in haptic touch in individuals with stroke. (Williams, 2006). This paper presents the methods of design and fabrication of the HASTe testing kit, as well as a visual screen to be used during administration, and instructions for the tests administration and scoring.

Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test HASTe

The Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe) is a valid and reliable measure of haptic performance, which has been used successfully to identify impaired haptic touch in individuals with stroke. The purpose of this paper is to describe the design, fabrication and administration of the HASTe.

تصميم، تصنيع، وإدارة اليد نشط الإحساس اختبار (عجل)

The concept of personalizing neurologic rehabilitation, based on individual impairments, has experienced a recent surge. In parallel, the number of ...

A Battery of Motor Tests in a Neonatal Mouse Model of Cerebral Palsy

As the sheer number of transgenic mice strains grow and rodent models of pediatric disease increase, there is an expanding need for a comprehensive, standardized battery of neonatal mouse motor tests. These tests can validate injury or disease models, determine treatment efficacy and/or assess motor behaviors in new transgenic strains. This paper presents a series of neonatal motor tests to evaluate general motor function, including ambulation, hindlimb foot angle, surface righting, negative geotaxis, front- and hindlimb suspension, grasping reflex, four limb grip strength and cliff aversion. Mice between the ages of post-natal day 2 to 14 can be used. In addition, these tests can be used for a wide range of neurological and neuromuscular pathologies, including cerebral palsy, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, neurodegenerative diseases, and neuromuscular disorders. These tests can also be used to determine the effects of pharmacological agents, as well as other types of therapeutic interventions. In this paper, motor deficits were evaluated in a novel neonatal mouse model of cerebral palsy that combines hypoxia, ischemia and inflammation. Forty-eight hours after injury, five tests out of the nine showed significant motor deficits: ambulation, hindlimb angle, hindlimb suspension, four limb grip strength, and grasping reflex. These tests revealed weakness in the hindlimbs, as well as fine motor skills such as grasping, which are similar to the motor deficits seen in human cerebral palsy patients.

Presented is a concise battery of mouse neonatal motor tests. Using these tests, neonatal motor deficits can be demonstrated in a variety of neonatal motor disorders. By having a standardized set of tests, results from different studies can be compared, allowing for better and accurate reporting between groups.

مجموعة من الاختبارات للسيارات في ماوس نموذج حديثي الولادة من الشلل الدماغي

As the sheer number of transgenic mice strains grow and rodent models of pediatric disease increase, there is an expanding need for a comprehensive, ...

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of mortality and a major cause of disability worldwide. The dysfunction of the vascular endothelium is a pathological condition characterized mainly by a disruption in the balance between vasodilator and vasoconstrictor substances and is proposed to play an important role in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Therefore, a precise evaluation of endothelial function in humans represents an important tool that could help better understand the etiology of multiple cardio-centric pathologies.
Over the past twenty-five years, many methodological approaches have been developed to provide an assessment of endothelial function in humans. Introduced in 1989, the FMD test incorporates a forearm occlusion and subsequent reactive hyperemia that promotes nitric oxide production and vasodilation of the brachial artery. The FMD test is now the most widely utilized, non-invasive, ultrasonic assessment of endothelial function in humans and has been associated with future cardiovascular events.
Although the FMD test could have clinical utility, it is a physiological assessment that has inherited several confounding factors that need to be considered. This article describes a standardized protocol for determining FMD including the recommended methodology to help minimize the physiological and technical issues and improve the precision and reproducibility of the assessment.

The flow mediated dilation (FMD) test is the most commonly utilized, non-invasive, ultrasound assessment of endothelial function in humans. Although the FMD test has been related with the prediction of future cardiovascular disease and events, it is a physiological assessment with many inherent confounding factors that need to be considered.

تقييم الموجات فوق الصوتية من وظيفة بطانة الأوعية الدموية: والإرشاد الفني للتمدد اختبار بوساطة الانسياب

Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of mortality and a major cause of disability worldwide. The dysfunction of the vascular endothelium is a ...

Regenerative Therapy by Suprachoroidal Cell Autograft in Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration: Preliminary In Vivo Report

This study is aimed at examining whether a suprachoroidal graft of autologous cells can improve best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and responses to microperimetry (MY) in eyes affected by dry Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) over time through the production and secretion of growth factors (GFs) on surrounding tissue. Patients were randomly assigned to each study group. All patients were diagnosed with dry AMD and with BCVA equal to or greater than 1 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR). A suprachoroidal autologous graft by Limoli Retinal Restoration Technique (LRRT) was carried out on group A, which included 11 eyes from 11 patients. The technique was performed by implanting adipocytes, adipose-derived stem cells obtained from the stromal vascular fraction, and platelets from platelet-rich plasma in the suprachoroidal space. Conversely, group B, including 14 eyes of 14 patients, was used as a control group. For each patient, diagnosis was verified by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope and spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). In group A, BCVA improved by 0.581 to 0.504 at 90 days and to 0.376 logMAR at 180 days (+32.20%) postoperatively. Furthermore, MY test increased by 11.44 dB to 12.59 dB at 180 days. The different cell types grafted behind the choroid were able to ensure constant GF secretion in the choroidal flow. Consequently, the results indicate that visual acuity (VA) in the grafted group can increase more than in the control group after six months.

Regenerative Therapy by Suprachoroidal Cell Autograft in Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration: Preliminary In Vivo Report

The goal of this study is to assess whether the suprachoroidal graft of adipose-derived stem cells included in the stromal vascular fraction and platelets derived from platelet-rich plasma by the Limoli Retinal Restoration Technique can improve visual acuity and retinal sensitivity responses in eyes affected by dry age-related macular degeneration.

العلاج التجديدي بخلية سوبراتشورويدال أوتوجرافت في الجافة المرتبطة بالسن البقعي: تقرير أولى في فيفو

This study is aimed at examining whether a suprachoroidal graft of autologous cells can improve best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and responses to ...

Taste Exam: A Brief and Validated Test

The emerging importance of taste in medicine and biomedical research, and new knowledge about its genetic underpinnings, has motivated us to supplement classic taste-testing methods in two ways. First, we explain how to do a brief assessment of the mouth, including the tongue, to ensure that taste papillae are present and to note evidence of relevant disease. Second, we draw on genetics to validate taste test data by comparing reports of perceived bitterness intensity and inborn receptor genotypes. Discordance between objective measures of genotype and subjective reports of taste experience can identify data collection errors, distracted subjects or those who have not understood or followed instructions. Our expectation is that fast and valid taste tests may persuade researchers and clinicians to assess taste regularly, making taste testing as common as testing for hearing and vision. Finally, because many tissues of the body express taste receptors, taste responses may provide a proxy for tissue sensitivity elsewhere in the body and, thereby, serve as a rapid, point-of-care test to guide diagnosis and a research tool to evaluate taste receptor protein function.

This protocol measures human taste responses and includes a brief anatomical assessment, a short taste test, and a validation method using the subject&#39;s reported sensation and taste receptor genotype.

امتحان الذوق: اختبار قصيرة، وتم التحقق من صحتها

The emerging importance of taste in medicine and biomedical research, and new knowledge about its genetic underpinnings, has motivated us to supplement ...