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本文内容

  • 摘要
  • 摘要
  • 引言
  • 研究方案
  • 结果
  • 讨论
  • 披露声明
  • 致谢
  • 材料
  • 参考文献
  • 转载和许可

摘要

在这里,我们提出了一种非插管方案,用于在保留自主呼吸的情况下进行视频辅助胸腔镜手术。

摘要

全身麻醉下的双腔插管是目前肺切除术、肺楔形切除术和肺叶切除术最常用的插管技术。然而,气管插管全身麻醉引起的肺部并发症发生率很高。保留自主呼吸的非插管是麻醉的替代方法。非插管操作可最大限度地减少气管插管和全身麻醉的不良反应,例如插管相关的气道创伤、通气引起的肺损伤、残留的神经肌肉阻滞以及术后恶心和呕吐。然而,许多研究没有详细说明非插管程序的步骤。在这里,我们提出了一个简明的非插管方案,用于在保留自主呼吸的情况下进行视频辅助胸腔镜手术。本文确定了从非插管麻醉转换为插管麻醉的必要条件,并讨论了非插管麻醉的优点和局限性。在这项工作中,对58名患者进行了这种干预。此外,还介绍了回顾性研究的结果。与插管全身麻醉相比,非插管视频辅助胸外科组患者术后肺部并发症发生率更低,手术时间更短,术中失血更少,PACU住院时间更短,胸引流移除天数更少,术后引流更少,住院时间更短。

引言

近十年来,非插管视频辅助胸外科(NIVATS)麻醉逐渐被临床实践所接受1,2,3。尽管这种新策略提高了患者的快速恢复,并避免了全身麻醉(GA)和单肺通气的并发症4,但许多外科医生认为这种方法不如传统的肺隔离技术理想。

血氧水平随着年龄的增长而下降,一些患者可能出现肺功能下降或接近肺功能。GA 可能与此类患者并发症风险增加有关,包括麻醉延迟出现、气道并发症、声音嘶哑、缺氧和样肛脱位 5,6,7,8,9相比之下,多项研究记录了接受NIVATS治疗的患者住院时间缩短,低风险患者与全身麻醉相比,呼吸系统并发症减少10;此外,甚至在肺功能非常差的高危患者中也报道了成功的手术11,12,13

手术期间的自主通气是通过仔细施用的局部麻醉或辅以镇静剂的区域神经阻滞来实现的,但在NIVATS期间,咳嗽反射伴意外的肺运动可能会出现问题。对于可能干扰外科手术的纵隔扑动、刺激性咳嗽或呼吸急促,很少强调也没有标准治疗方法。初步观察结果显示,七氟醚在保持自主呼吸的同时,可降低NIVATS期间的呼吸频率和纵隔扑动的发生14。因此,可以假设七氟醚吸入可以预防咳嗽并减少机械通气的需求,从而减少术后肺部并发症(PPCs)。

首先,本报告提供了一个分步方案,详细说明了非插管视频辅助胸腔镜手术的执行。其次,进行回顾性研究,调查非插管麻醉对术后结局的潜在益处。

研究方案

该研究于2018年12月10日获得宁波大学医学院附属医院伦理委员会(KY20181215)的批准。

1. 入选标准

  1. 包括所有接受肺大疱切除术、肺楔形切除术或肺叶切除术的患者(>18 岁)。

2. 排除标准

  1. 根据美国麻醉医师协会 (ASA) 的躯体状态分类 >315 排除患者。
  2. 排除体重指数 (BMI) 16 >30 kg/m2.
  3. 排除食管癌、全肺切除术和切除肋骨的心脏直视手术患者。
  4. 排除既往有支气管扩张症、肺破坏或慢性阻塞性肺病 (COPD) 病史的患者。
  5. 术前排除有明确多发性肺部感染或炎症的患者,以及其他严重的全身性疾病。
  6. 排除凝血障碍和严重精神或神经系统疾病患者。

3.麻醉前的准备

  1. 手术前禁食患者8小时。
  2. 将操作室温度调整为24°C至26°C之间。
  3. 将 20 G 顶翼输液针插入手部的非手术背静脉。
  4. 监测患者的心电图、血压、脉搏血氧饱和度 (SpO2) 和呼吸频率。
  5. 将双光谱指数 (BIS) 四分传感器应用于每位患者的前额。
    注意:如有必要,持续监测桡动脉压和中心静脉压。

4.超声引导下胸椎旁阻滞

  1. 将患者置于侧卧位。
  2. 将超声探头直接放置在第三胸椎和第七胸椎的棘突上方,并获得棘突的横截面图像。
    注意:图像中间是具有后声阴影的高回声棘突,棘突两侧具有后声阴影的骨结构依次是椎板和横向突。
  3. 横向移动超声探头以显示整个横向过程。
  4. 向外移动超声探头以可视化横向过程、横向肋关节和肋骨。
  5. 向尾部移动超声探头,直到在图像中检测到横突、胸膜和它们之间的胸椎旁间隙。
  6. 通过注射 2 mL 的 1% 利多卡因局部麻醉皮肤。
  7. 在超声引导下,用面内入路将块针从外侧插入到内侧。
  8. 注射前小心增加抽吸。确保没有观察到血液反流。
    注意:此步骤的目的是防止局部麻醉剂的全身毒性。
  9. 注射2mL生理盐水,然后用超声观察胸膜的前移和胸椎旁间隙的增宽。
  10. 以T3和T7水平注射15mL的0.375%罗哌卡因。

5.麻醉诱导

  1. 将 1% 左旋布比卡因 (3 mL) 喷洒在喉咙上。
  2. 注射1.5微克/千克芬太尼和1-1.5毫克/千克丙泊酚。
  3. 对于持续供氧,放置面罩或插入喉罩气道(双管面罩;#3用于30-50公斤,#4用于50-70公斤,#5用于70-100公斤)。氧气通过面罩或喉罩 进入 患者的气道。
    注意:调整注射剂量以达到40-6016之间的BIS值。

6. 麻醉的维持

  1. 保持0.5-1升/分钟的氧气流速。
  2. 人工气胸后将七氟醚的浓度维持在1.5%-2.0%。
    注意:如果术中自主呼吸频率高于20次/分钟或出现纵隔扑动或咳嗽,则注射0.5μg/ kg芬太尼。七氟醚通过面罩或喉罩 进入 患者的气道。
  3. 监测吸入氧浓度和潮气末二氧化碳 (ETCO2 < 60 mmHg)。
  4. 监测体温。监测意识水平,并保持BIS值为40-6016,17
  5. 如果患者出现窦性心动过缓(HR ≤ 50 次/分钟),则注射 20μg/kg 阿托品。
  6. 如果收缩压低于 30% 或 90 mmHg,则使用输液泵连续灌注 2 μg/kg/h 去甲肾上腺素。
  7. 手术结束前15分钟进行动脉血气分析。
  8. 手术结束前30分钟注射1mg / kg氟比洛芬。

7.胸腔镜迷走神经阻滞技术与胸膜浸润麻醉

  1. 进行右侧手术时,使用 24 G 顶翼输液针在下气管水平的迷走神经附近产生 0.375% 罗哌卡因 (3 mL) 的浸润。
  2. 进行左侧手术时,使用 24 G 顶翼输液针在迷走神经附近主肺窗水平产生 0.5% 罗哌卡因 (3 mL) 的浸润。
  3. 使用 10 mL 注射器将 10 mL 2% 利多卡因喷洒到内脏胸膜表面。

8.从非插管麻醉转为插管全身麻醉

  1. 如果患者满足以下条件之一,则将非插管麻醉转换为插管全身麻醉:
    -严重低氧血症(脉搏血氧饱和度<80%)
    -严重高碳酸血症(PaCO2 > 80 mmHg)
    -血流动力学不稳定:顽固性心律失常和右心室衰竭
    -持续咳嗽导致手术变得困难或不可能
    -术中出血需要开胸术

9. 术后护理

  1. 完全清醒后,要求患者深呼吸并咳嗽以重新扩张塌陷的肺。
  2. 将患者控制的静脉镇痛 (PCA) 泵连接到静脉导管,并在 PCA 储液袋中加入 100 mL 溶液(含有 1 μg/kg 舒芬太尼和 0.9% 氯化钠注射液),并滴定 2 mL/h 的 PCA 溶液。
  3. 当咳嗽时无漏气,胸部 X 线检查无明显液体气胸,24 小时引流 <300 mL 时,应取出胸腔引流管。

结果

回顾性收集了2016年1月至2022年12月连续接受非插管视频辅助胸腔镜手术的58例患者的临床数据。麻醉师对患者进行了术前访问,并在麻醉前对麻醉知情同意书的内容进行了详细说明。允许患者选择麻醉的两组(NIVATS组或GA组)之一,并签署知情同意书。

GA组患者诱导咪达唑仑0.04mg/kg、丙泊酚2.5mg/kg、依托咪酯0.3mg/kg、舒芬太尼0.5μg/kg、罗库溴铵1.2mg/kg。正性肌力药物完全起效后,...

讨论

该方案的优点如下:(i)提供七氟醚吸入麻醉方案以减少胸腔镜手术期间的咳嗽反射;(ii) 尽量减少过度镇静,同时为接受胸外科手术的患者提供安全无痛的手术环境;(iii)尽量减少患者在手术过程中的自主呼吸和纵隔振荡,同时考虑到相关的技术挑战。这是通过提供先发制人的术中局部麻醉来实现的。

2004年,蓬佩奥等首次报道了胸腔镜肺结节切除术的完成,无需气管插管...

披露声明

作者没有什么可透露的。

致谢

这项工作得到了第三批宁波市卫生青年技术干部计划(朱彬斌博士)和浙江省医学会临床研究基金项目(高斌博士)(2018ZYC-A66)的支持。

材料

NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
20-G top-winged infusion needleBD Intima II383012Puncture with a 20-G top-winged infusion needle into the dorsal vein of the non-operative side of the hand.
24-G top-winged infusion needleBD Intima II383033Thoracoscopic vagal block techniques
Anesthesia machineDragerA300Maintenance of respiratory function; Inhalation anesthesia; Monitor for electrocardiography, blood pressure, pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2), end-tidal carbon dioxide and respiratory rate
AtropineJiuquan Dadeli PharmaH62020772Control of heart rate
BISCOVIDIENB277243Monitor the level of consciousness
Disposable nerve block needleTuoren Medical Device 202303007Nerve block
Facial maskEmedicaEM01-105SProvides an effective non-invasive breathing circuit
Fentanyl.Renfu Pharma21D04021Analgesia
FlurbiprofenDaan PharmaH20183054Analgesia
Laryngeal mask Ambu Aura-i2012-2664652Airway management to preserve voluntary breathing
LevobupivacaineRundu PharmaH20050403Local Anaesthesia
LidocaineKelun PharmaF221129CLocal skin infiltration
NorepinephrineLijun PharmaH61021666Control of blood pressure
Portable color doppler ultrasoundSonoSiteM-TurboGuided nerve block
PropofolGuorui PharmaH20030114Sedation and hypnosis
RopivacaineAspen Pharma6091403219940Paravertebral nerve block
SalineKelun Pharmac221201E1Assisted subsonic localisation
Sevoflurane Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd9081931Anesthesia induction and maintenance
SufentanilJiangsu Enhua Pharmaceutical Co., LtdH20203650Postoperative analgesia

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