Name: external cephalic version: is it an effective and safe procedure?
Uploaded: 2020-06-06T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about External Cephalic Version: Is it an Effective and Safe Procedure? at JoVE.com

We thank all the midwives and anesthesiologists who have collaborated on this project. David Sim&#243; has specially collaborated with this project recording the procedure.

This study was approved by the Clinic Research Committee of the &#34;Virgen de la Arrixaca&#34; at the University Clinical Hospital. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
1. Offer external cephalic version at consult (36 weeks)
<ol>
	<li>Identify the fetal position with an ultrasound.
	<ol>
		<li>Apply ultrasound gel on the patient&#8217;s abdomen.</li>
		<li>Place the abdominal probe on the hypogastric region.</li>
		<li>Identify the fetal position.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>...

<ol>
	<li>Melo, P., Georgiou, E. X., Hedditch, A., Ellaway, P., Impey, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=External+cephalic+version+at+term:+a+cohort+study+of+18+years'+experience.">External cephalic version at term: a cohort study of 18 years' experience.</a> British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 126, 493-499 (2019).</li><li>Hofmeyr, G. J., Kulier, R., West, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=External+cephalic+version+for+breech+presentation+at+term.">External cephalic version for breech presentation at term.</a> Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4, 83 (2015).</li><li>Isakov, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prediction+of+Success+in+External+Cephalic+Version+for+Breech+Presentation+at+Term.">Prediction of Success in External Cephalic Version for Breech Presentation at Term.</a> Obstetrics and Gynecology. 133 (5), 857-866 (2019).</li><li>Ebner, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predictors+for+a+successful+external+cephalic+version:+a+single+centre+experience.">Predictors for a successful external cephalic version: a single centre experience.</a> Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 293 (4), 749-755 (2016).</li><li>Castan&#771;er-Ma&#769;rmol, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Results of external cephalic version in our area without rutinary tocolysis. Review and implementation strategy. , (2015).</li><li>Burgos, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probability+of+cesarean+delivery+after+successful+external+cephalic+version.">Probability of cesarean delivery after successful external cephalic version.</a> International Journal of Gynecology &amp; Obstetrics. 131 (2), 192-195 (2015).</li><li>Mu&#241;oz, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=External+cephalic+version+at+term:+accumulated+experience.">External cephalic version at term: accumulated experience.</a> Progresos de Obstetricia y Ginecolog&#237;a. 48 (12), 574-580 (2005).</li><li>Velzel, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atosiban+versus+fenoterol+as+a+uterine+relaxant+for+external+cephalic+version:+randomised+controlled+trial.">Atosiban versus fenoterol as a uterine relaxant for external cephalic version: randomised controlled trial.</a> British Medical Journal. 356 (26), 6773 (2017).</li><li>Thissen, D., Swinkels, P., Dullemond, R. C., van der Steeg, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Introduction+of+a+dedicated+team+increases+the+success+rate+of+external+cephalic+version:+A+prospective+cohort+study.">Introduction of a dedicated team increases the success rate of external cephalic version: A prospective cohort study.</a> European Journal of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 236 (3), 193-197 (2019).</li><li>Hindawi, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Value+and+pregnancy+outcome+of+external+cephalic+versi&#243;n.">Value and pregnancy outcome of external cephalic versi&#243;n.</a> Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 11 (4), 633-639 (2005).</li><li>Levin, G., Rottenstreich, A., Weill, Y., Pollack, R. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+bladder+volume+in+the+success+of+external+cephalic+version.">The role of bladder volume in the success of external cephalic version.</a> European Journal of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 230, 178-181 (2018).</li><li>Vani, S., Lau, S. Y., Lim, B. K., Omar, S. Z., Tan, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+salbutamol+for+external+cephalic+version.">Intravenous salbutamol for external cephalic version.</a> International Journal of Gynecology &amp; Obstetrics. 104, 28-31 (2009).</li><li>Sullivan, J. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+randomized+controlled+trial+of+the+effect+of+combined+spinal-epidural+analgesia+on+the+success+of+external+cephalic+version+for+breech+presentation.">A randomized controlled trial of the effect of combined spinal-epidural analgesia on the success of external cephalic version for breech presentation.</a> International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia. 18, 328-334 (2009).</li><li>Weiniger, C. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Randomized+controlled+trial+of+external+cephalic+version+in+term+multiparae+with+or+without+spinal+analgesia.">Randomized controlled trial of external cephalic version in term multiparae with or without spinal analgesia.</a> British Journal of Anaesthesia. 104 (5), 613-618 (2010).</li><li>Grootscholten, K., Kok, M., Oei, S. G., Mol, B. W., van der Post, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=External+cephalic+version-related+risks:+a+meta-analysis.">External cephalic version-related risks: a meta-analysis.</a> Obstetrics and Gynecology. 112 (5), 1143-1151 (2008).</li><li>Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Ginecolog&#237;a y Obstetricia. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=External+cephalic+version+(updated+March+2014).">External cephalic version (updated March 2014).</a> Progresos de Obstetricia y Ginecolog&#237;a. 58 (7), 337-340 (2015).</li><li>Chaudhary, S., Contag, S., Yao, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+impact+of+maternal+body+mass+index+on+external+cephalic+version+success.">The impact of maternal body mass index on external cephalic version success.</a> Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine. 32, 21-59 (2019).</li><li>de Hundt, M., Velzel, J., de Groot, C. J., Mol, B. W., Kok, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mode+of+delivery+after+successful+external+cephalic+version:+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">Mode of delivery after successful external cephalic version: a systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> Obstetrics and Gynecology. 123 (6), 1327-1334 (2014).</li><li>Krueger, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Labour+Outcomes+After+Successful+External+Cephalic+Version+Compared+With+Spontaneous+Cephalic+Version.">Labour Outcomes After Successful External Cephalic Version Compared With Spontaneous Cephalic Version.</a> Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Canada. 40, 61-67 (2018).</li><li>Kean, L. H., Suwanrath, C., Gargari, S. S., Sahota, D. S., James, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+fetal+behaviour+in+breech+and+cephalic+presentations+at+term.">A comparison of fetal behaviour in breech and cephalic presentations at term.</a> British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 106, 1209-1213 (1999).</li></ol>

This article shows the procedure to carry out the ECV. The ECV procedure success rate in this study is 82.5% (78.1-86.4%), which is higher than the success rate found in international literature 49.0% (47-50.9%)1,2,3,4 or Spanish literature 53.49% (42.9-64.0%)5,6,7. This difference may be due to the us...

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/60636">External Cephalic Version: Is it an Effective and Safe Procedure?</a>. Figure 1 was updated from:
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/60636/60636fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Comparison of type of delivery: General pregnant population in 2018, ECV cohort between 2014-2018, Successful ECV cohort between 2014-2018. * Chi-squared test: p&#60;0.05. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/60636/60636fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
to:
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/60636/60636fig1v3.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Comparison of type of delivery: General pregnant population in 2018, ECV cohort between 2014-2018, Successful ECV cohort between 2014-2018. * Chi-squared test: p&#60;0.05. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/60636/60636fig1v2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/60636">External Cephalic Version: Is it an Effective and Safe Procedure?</a>. Figure 1 was updated.

Erratum: External Cephalic Version: Is it an Effective and Safe Procedure?

External cephalic version (ECV) is a procedure for modifying the fetal position and achieving a cephalic presentation. The objective of the ECV is to offer an opportunity for cephalic delivery to occur, which is widely known to be safer than breech or cesarean section. ECV is usually performed before the active labor period begins. Factors associated with a higher ECV success rate include1,4: multiparity, a transverse presentation, black race, posterior placenta, amniotic fluid index higher than 10 cm.
However, ECV is not an innocuous procedure and may present7,11 intraversion complications such as premature rupture of membranes, vaginal bleeding, transitory changes of fetal heart rate, cord prolapse, abruptio placentae, even stillbirth.
In this article, we analyzed ECVs performed under analgesia and tocolysis. To date, no video report has been published showing how to perform this procedure with analgesia and tocolysis. The main objective of this study is to show how ECV is performed. We also describe some key actions that could improve the procedural success. As a secondary objective, we analyzed the results of ECV obtained following the specific protocol with tocolysis and analgesia and compared the results with the literature. We also analyzed factors associated with ECV success rate, type of delivery and a comparison of the type of delivery in ECV pregnant women with non-ECV pregnant women were also included.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="56">
			<td height="56" style="height:56px;width:267px;">Avalon FM20 Fetal monitor</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Koninklijke Philips N.V</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:511px;">https://www.usa.philips.com/healthcare/product/HC862198/avalon-fm20-fetal-monitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Convex Array Probe 4C-RS</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">General Electric Health Care Company</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:511px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:267px;">Aquasonic&#174; 100 Ultrasound Transmission Gel</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Parker Laboratories, INC</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:511px;">https://www.parkerlabs.com/aquasonic-100.asp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Propofol Lipuro (10 mg/mL Inject 20 mL)</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">B. Braun Medical, SA</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:511px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:267px;">Ritodrine Pre-par (10 mg/mL)</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Laboratorio Reig Jofr&#233;, S.A</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:511px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:267px;">Viridia series 50 XM Fetal Monitor</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Koninklijke Philips N.V</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:511px;">https://www.usa.philips.com/healthcare/product/HC865071/avalon-fm50-fetal-monitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:267px;">Voluson P6</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">General Electric Health Care Company</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:511px;">https://www.ge-sonostore.com/en/voluson/p6</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

external cephalic version: is it an effective and safe procedure?

External cephalic version (ECV) is an effective procedure for reducing the number of cesarean sections. To date, there is no video publication showing the methodology of this procedure. The main objective is to show how to perform ECV with a specific protocol with tocolysis before the procedure and analgesia. Moreover, we describe and analyze the factors associated with successful ECV, and also compare to deliveries in the general pregnant population.
A retrospective and descriptive analysis of ECV carried out at the Hospital Clinico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca in Murcia (Spain) between 1/1/2014 and 12/31/2018 was assessed. The latest data available of labor deliveries in the local center, which is the biggest maternity department in Spain, were from 2018.
320 patients were recruited and 3 pregnant women were lost during the study. ECV was carried out at 37&#177;3 weeks gestation. ECV was successful in 82.5% (N=264). 19 complications were reported (5.9%): 8 vaginal bleeding (2.5%), 9 fetal bradycardia (2.8%), 1 preterm rupture of membranes (0.3%) and 1 cord prolapse (0.3%). A previous vaginal delivery increases the success rate of ECV ORadjusted=3.03 (1.62-5.68). Maternal Body Mass Index (BMI) affects the success of ECV ORadjusted=0.94 (0.89-0.99). Patients with BMI&#62;40 kg/m2 have an ORadjusted=0.09 (0.009-0.89) compared with those with BMI &#60;25 kg/m2. If ECV was successful, the cesarean delivery index is 22.2% (17.5-27.6%), the eutocic delivery index is 52.1% (46.1-58.1%) and the instrumented vaginal delivery index is 25.7% (20.7-31.2%). There are no differences in cesarean and eutocic delivery indexes after successful ECV. However, a successful ECV is associated with a 6.29% increase in the instrumented delivery rate (OR=1.63).
ECV is an effective procedure to reduce the number of cesarean sections for breech presentations. Maternal BMI and previous vaginal delivery are associated with ECV success. Successful ECV does not modify the usual delivery pattern.

Three hundred and twenty patients were recruited between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2018. Three patients were lost during the follow-up after the ECV because delivery was not carried out in our hospital.
Statistics were derived from the raw data. To study the differences between groups, unpaired Student&#39;s t-tests were used for quantitative variables and chi-square tests for dichotomous variables. All tests were two-tailed at a 0.05 significance level.
The ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about External Cephalic Version: Is it an Effective and Safe Procedure? at JoVE.com

External Cephalic Version: Is it an Effective and Safe Procedure?

This article shows how to perform the external cephalic version (ECV) by two experienced obstetricians in the obstetric operating room in the presence of an anesthesiologist and a midwife. The ECV is carried out with analgesia and tocolysis. Two attempts are made under ultrasonography control.

External cephalic version (ECV) is an effective procedure for reducing the number of cesarean sections. To date, there is no video publication showing the ...

External cephalic version. Is it an effective and safe procedure? External cephalic version is a procedure for modifying fetal position and achieving a cephalic presentation.The aim of ECV is to offer an opportunity to have a cephalic delivery with less risk than a breech or cesarean delivery. ECV is usually done before active labor period begins. The aim of this study was to show how to do the ECV and describe key actions that could contribute to improve the success of this procedure.Our secondary objective was to analyze the results of ECV with our specific protocol with tocolysis and analgesia and compare with those in the literature. This study was approved by the Clinical Research Committee of the Virgen de la Arrixaca at the University Clinical Hospital. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.A descriptive retrospective analysis of ECV performed in Hospital Clinico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca in Murcia between 1st of January of 2014 and 31st of December of 2018 has been carried out. Procedure was performed by two of the four experienced obstetricians of Maternal-Fetal Unit. A midwife and anesthesiologist were present during the ECV.During third trimester ultrasound scan fetal presentation is checked. If non-cephalic presentation is assessed, the patient is seated the next week. During that consult, ECV is offered to every pregnant with non-cephalic presentation and no absolute contraindication for vaginal delivery.Then, procedure is scheduled for the following week. Offer external cephalic version at consult. Identify fetal position with ultrasound offer the external cephalic version, sign informed consent.Admit in obstetric emergency room. Identify fetal position with ultrasound. Prepare the patient and take requirements with test and informed consent.Admit in obstetric delivery room. Perform cardiotocography assessment for fetal well-being. Prepare ritodrine solution.Administer six milligrams of ritodrine at 60 milliliter per hour during 30 minutes before the procedure. Invite the patient to empty her bladder. Stop ritodrine perfusion before moving to obstetric operating room.External cephalic version procedure in obstetric operating room. Move to obstetric operating room. Monitor maternal vital signs.Position the patient in Trendelenburg. There are two options for performing analgesia. Sedate patient with propofol or alternatively spinal anesthesia.External cephalic version procedure following National guidelines, two attempts are done. No more. Obstetrician A elevate fetal buttocks.Then when it is achieved, obstetrician A guide fetal buttocks to the fundus. And when it is achieved, obstetrician B direct fetal head to the pelvis. Identify fetal well-being with ultrasound.Check vaginal bleeding and perform cardiotocography assessment for fetal well-being. Later moved to obstetric delivery room. Perform cardiotocography assessment for fetal well-being during at least four hours.And discharge the patient. Cardiotocography assessment for fetal well-being should be repeated in 24 hours. 320 patients were recruited between 1st of January of 2014 and 31st of December of 2018.Three patients were lost. The ECV were performed in 37 plus three weeks of gestation as an average. ECV was successful in 82.5%Intraversion complication occurred in almost 6%Nine fetal bradycardia more than six minutes, eight vaginal bleeding, one cord prolapse and one preterm rupture of the membranes during the following 24 hours.No newborns were hospitalization in neonatal unit neither neonatal intensive care unit. These are the results and the characteristic of ECV. It should be noted that nulliparity was more prevalent in patient in fail group.It should be highlighted that there was no difference between BMI. It should be emphasized that sedation was the most frequent method for analgesia during ECV and only in three patients spinal anesthesia was performed for ECV. These are the results and delivery depending on ECV result.It should be remarked that almost 78%of patients with successful ECV had vaginal delivery. 52%have eutocic delivery and 26 instrumented delivery. This is the multivariate logistic regression model for predicting ECV result.It should be highlighted that previous vaginal delivery improved the possibilities of success with an adjusted odds ratio of three. And maternal body mass index reduced the possibilities of success with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.94. This is the multivariate logistic regression model for predicting ECV results depending on the BMI.It should be noted that patients with BMI above 40 had far less possibilities of success with an odds ratio of 0.09. This is the comparisons of the type of delivery. It should be note that there were no difference in cesarean rate and eutocic delivery rate between patients with a successful ECV and general pregnant population.However, patients with successful ECV had the higher instrumented delivery rate than general pregnant population. After a successful ECV, nulliparity was the only factor statistically associated with instrumented delivery with an adjusted odds ratio of nine. After a successful ECV, BMI was the only factor statistically associated with urgent cesarean section with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.11.After a successful ECV, instrumented delivery rate increased in 8.56%compared with general population what means an odds ratio of 1.63. ECV procedure rate is higher than literature and Spain. It should be noted that some steps considered as crucial and that may differ from others such as empty the bladder before the procedure, the use of tocolysis only before the ECV, or analgesic with propofol or spinal anesthesia.Bladder volume plays an important role in the success of ECV. The high procedure success rate maybe explained because of the use of this protocol with tocolysis and analgesia, the experienced team and the presence of a midwife and anesthesiologist. ECV complication rate is 5.94%which is similar to literature.It should be remarked that the use of tocolysis and analgesia increase the risk of vaginal bleeding and placental abruption. Successful ECV does not modify eutocic delivery rate. Successful ECV does not modify cesarean delivery rate.Successful ECV increase instrumented delivery rate with an odds ratio 1.63 which is similar to literature.

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