In Situ Nucleosome Assembly for Single-Molecule Correlative Force and Fluorescence Microscopy

Summary

This article presents a detailed experimental procedure for reconstituting nucleosome-containing DNA tethers for single-molecule correlative force and fluorescence microscopy. It further describes several downstream experiments that can be conducted to visualize the binding behavior of chromatin-interacting proteins and analyze changes in the physical properties of nucleosomes.

Abstract

Nucleosomes constitute the primary unit of eukaryotic chromatin and have been the focus of numerous informative single-molecule investigations regarding their biophysical properties and interactions with chromatin-binding proteins. Nucleosome reconstitution on DNA for these studies typically involves a salt dialysis procedure that provides precise control over the placement and number of nucleosomes formed along a DNA tether. However, this protocol is time-consuming and requires a substantial amount of DNA and histone octamers as inputs. To offer an alternative strategy, an in situ nucleosome reconstitution method for single-molecule force and fluorescence microscopy that utilizes the histone chaperone Nap1 is described. This method enables users to assemble nucleosomes on any DNA template without the need for strong nucleosome positioning sequences, adjust nucleosome density on demand, and use fewer reagents. In situ nucleosome formation occurs within seconds, offering a simpler experimental workflow and a convenient transition into single-molecule measurements. Examples of two downstream assays for probing nucleosome mechanics and visualizing the behavior of individual proteins on chromatin are further described.

Introduction

The primary packaging unit of eukaryotic chromatin is the nucleosome, in which ~147 base pairs (bps) of DNA are wrapped around an octamer of core histones proteins^1,2. In addition to genome packaging, the nucleosome architecture serves as another rich layer of biophysical regulation that can be harnessed by chromatin-binding proteins when performing their various functions^3,4. Experimentally accessing and measuring the physical characteristics of nucleosomes has been technically challenging since these units perform at minuscule scales (e.g., nanometer....

Protocol

The details of the reagents and the equipment used in the study are listed in the Table of Materials.

1. Preparation of biotinylated DNA

1. Prepare a 120 µL volume reaction containing 20 µg of λ DNA, 33 µM of biotin-dCTP, 33 µM of biotin-dUTP, 33 µM of biotin-dATP, 33 µM of dGTP, 10 units of Klenow enzyme, and 1x NEB Buffer 2.
   NOTE: This procedure specifically utilizes linear double-stranded (ds) methylation-f.......

Discussion

The described protocol provides several advantages for nucleosome reconstitution including minimizing reagents and time as well as enabling chaperone-dependent nucleosome formation along any (potentially native) DNA sequence. Moreover, the in situ method allows simpler experimental workflow and a convenient transition into single-molecule assays of nucleosome mechanics and protein-chromatin interaction. On the other hand, limitations of this approach include the inability to direct nucleosome positioning along t.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1x HR buffer	N/A	N/A	30 mM tris acetate pH 7.5, 20 mM magnesium acetate, 50 mM potassium chloride, 0.1 mg/mL BSA
1x PBS (Phosphate-buffered saline)	N/A	N/A	137 mM sodium chloride, 2.7 mM potassium chloride, 10 mM sodium phosphate dibasic, 1.8 mM potassium phophate monobasic
Acetic acid, glacial	Millipore Sigma	AX0074-6	Use to make tris acetate
Biotin-11-dUTP	Jena Bioscience	NU-803-BIOX-S
Biotin-14-dATP	Jena Bioscience	NU-835-BIO14-S
Biotin-14-dCTP	Jena Bioscience	NU-956-BIO14-S
Bovine Serum Albumin	Millipore Sigma	A9418-50G	Dissolve in H2O and run through 0.22 um filter
Cy3 Maleimide Mono-Reactive Dye	Cytiva	PA23031	Maleimide functionalized Cy3 fluorophore
dGTP	New England Biolabs	N0442S
Eppendorf Centrifuge 5425 R	Fisher Scientific	05-414-051	Benchtop centrifuge with cooling
Ethyl alcohol, Pure	Millipore Sigma	459844
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)	Millipore Sigma	E9884	Dissolve in H2O to 0.5 M
Human histone octamer (H4, L50C; H2A, K119C)	N/A	N/A	Recombinant histone proteins and those harboring labeling mutations were purified in-house as described previously (see refs. 33, 34, 35, 36). Briefly, recombinant histones were expressed in BL21 (De3) pLySS cells (Promega). Inclusion bodies were isolated after sonication, and histones were extracted under denaturing conditions. Histones were dialyzed into buffer A (7 M urea, 10 mM tris hydrochloride pH 8.0, 100 mM sodium chloride, 1 mM EDTA, and 5 mM 2-mercaptoethanol), and the solution was added to a gravity column loaded with Q Sepharose Fast Flow (Cytiva). The flow through was then added to a gravity column loaded SP Sepharose Fast Flow (Cytiva), and the histones were eluted from the column by adding buffer A supplemented with 600 mM sodium chloride. Histones harboring labeling mutations (H4, L50C; H2A, K119C) were purified and then conjugated to the desired fluorophore via maleimide-functionalized dyes (Cytiva, Lumidyne) using a 20:1 dye-to-protein molar ratio (see refs. 33, 34). Histone octamers were assembled by adding an equal molar ratio of each wild-type or fluorophore-labeled histone under denaturing conditions, dialyzed into a high-salt buffer containing 2 M sodium chloride, and then purified by size exclusion chromatography as described previously (see refs. 36, 37). Alternatively, individual histone proteins and ready-made histone octamers can be purchased commercially (e.g., Epicypher).
Image buffer	N/A	N/A	20 mM tris hydrochloride pH 8.0, 100 mM sodium chloride
Klenow Fragment (3' to 5' exo-)	New England Biolabs	M0212S
Lambda DNA (dam-, dcm-)	Thermo Fisher Scientific	SD0021	Methylation-free λ DNA
LD655-MAL	Lumidyne Technologies	9	Maleimide functionalized LD655 fluorophore
Linker histone H1.4 (A4C)	N/A	N/A	Purified recombinant protein made in-house (see ref. 38)
LUMICKS C-Trap Dymo	LUMICKS	N/A	Dual-trap configuration; standard materials for instrument provided by manufacturer
Magnesium acetate solution	Millipore Sigma	63052-100ML	Use to make HR buffer
NEBuffer 2	New England Biolabs	B7002S	Included with Klenow Fragment kit
Pluronic F-127	Millipore Sigma	P2443-250G	Dissolve in H2O and run through 0.22 um filter
Potassium chloride	Millipore Sigma	P3911	Use to make PBS and HR buffer
Potassium phosphate monobasic	Millipore Sigma	P0662	Use to make PBS
S. cerevisiae Nap1	N/A	N/A	Nap1 was purified in-house as previously described (see refs. 33, 34). Alternatively, Nap1 can be purchased commercially (e.g., Active Motif).
Sodium acetate	Millipore Sigma	241245	Dissolve in H2O to 3 M
Sodium chloride	Millipore Sigma	S9888	Use to make PBS and image buffer
Sodium phosphate dibasic	Millipore Sigma	S9763	Use to make PBS
SPHERO Biotin Coated Particles (3.0-3.4 µm)	Spherotech	TP-30-5
Thermo Scientific NanoDrop 2000/2000c Spectrophotometer	Fisher Scientific	ND2000	NanoDrop Spectrophotometer
Tris Base	Fisher Scientific	BP152-500	Dissolve in H2O and adjust to appropriate pH; use to make image buffer and tris acetate