Los autores desean agradecer a los miembros del pasado y presente en los laboratorios de los Dres. Peter Palese y Adolfo García-Sastre para el desarrollo de técnicas de genética inversa NDV y de asistencia técnica. La investigación en el virus de la enfermedad de Newcastle en el laboratorio AG-S está parcialmente financiado por NIAD conceder R01AI088770 y por el Departamento de Centro de Excelencia de Seguridad Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología para enfermedades emergentes y zoonóticas de los animales (CEEZAD, número de concesión 2010-ST-061-AG001). La investigación en laboratorio LM-S es financiado por los NIH subvenciones RO1 AI077719, R21NS075611-01, R03AI099681-01A1, los Centros de Excelencia del NIAID para la Investigación de la Influenza y Vigilancia (HHSN266200700008C), y la Universidad de Rochester Centro de Biodefensa Inmune Modeling (HHSN272201000055C) .

1. Preparación de células de mamíferos (Figura 4A, Día 1) Dividir HEp-2 o células A549 el día antes de la transfección en placas de 6 pocillos. Densidad de las células debe alcanzar el 80-90% de confluencia el día siguiente. Por lo general, un confluente 100 mm plato se puede dividir en 8 pozos (alrededor de 1 x 10 6 células por pocillo). Para cada virus para ser rescatado, 2-4 pozos diferentes deben incluirse, además de 2 pozos adicionales para los controles pCAGGS-GFP y GFP-pCITE 18, con el objetivo de monitorear la transfección y MVA-T7 eficiencia de infección, respectivamente. 2. La infección de células de mamífero con el recombinante modificado del virus vaccinia Ankara Expresando el bacteriófago T7 RNA polimerasa (MVA-T7) (Figura 4A, Día 2) <ol><li> Calentar PBS 1x/BA/PS y medios a 37 ° C. </li><li> Lavar las células dos veces con 1 ml de PBS 1x/BA/PS. </li><li> Infectar las células de mamífero en cultivo con el virus MVA-T7 a una multiplicidad de infección (moi) De 1 ufp / célula en un volumen final de 200 l en PBS / BA / PS durante 1 hora a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Durante la incubación infección viral, preparar la mezcla de transfección como se describe en 3. </li></ol> 3. La transfección de células de mamíferos (Figura 4A, Día 2) <ol><li> Preparación de Lipofectamine: Mezclar 1-2 g de LPF2000 con 250 l de OptiMEM por intento de rescate e incubar durante 5 minutos a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Preparación de ADN: Hacer un cóctel para cada plásmido de rescate en 50 l de OptiMEM. Añadir 0,4 g de pTM1-NP, 0,2 g de pTM1-P, y 0,2 g de pTM1-L por tubo. Añadir 1 g de los de larga duración cDNA clon de NDV que ser rescatados a cada tubo. También hay que preparar dos transfecciones de control, uno con 2 g de pCAGGS-GFP (para comprobar la eficacia de transfección) y el otro con 2 g de pCITE-GFP (para verificar la polimerasa T7 impulsada expresión por la MVA-T7). </li><li> Después de la solución LPF2000-OptiMEM ha preincubaron durante 5 min (paso 3.1), añadir 250l de la solución a los tubos de ADN (paso 3,2) y se incuba durante 20-30 minutos a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Después de la incubación con MVA-T7, retire el inóculo de virus por aspiración y reemplazarla con la mezcla de transfección de ADN LPF2000 (paso 3.3). </li><li> Añadir 1 ml de DMEM 10% FBS / PS para cada plato. </li><li> Se incuban las células infectadas / transfectadas para 6-8 horas (o durante la noche) a 37 ° C, 5% de CO 2 y luego reemplazar el medio de transfección con 1,5 ml de DMEM fresco 10% de SFB / PS. </li><li> A las 24 h después de la transfección, los pocillos de control se pueden observar bajo un microscopio de fluorescencia para evaluar la eficacia de transfección (pCAGGS-GFP) y la actividad de la polimerasa de T7 (pCITE-GFP) (Figura 5A). Continúe con el co-cultivo de las células infectadas / transfectadas con fibroblastos aviar descritas a continuación. </li></ol> 4. Co-cultivo de células de mamífero con células de aves (Figura 4A, Día 3) Por lo general, una confluencia de 100 mm de cultivo de tejidos plato de pollo (CEF) or pato (DEFs) fibroblastos de embrión se utiliza por dos pozos transfectadas. Asegúrese de preparar, con antelación, suficientes 100 mm placas de cultivo tisular de células de aves por todos los intentos de rescate. Para el rescate eficiente del virus, medio DMEM 10% de FBS / PS se complementa con 5% de fluido alantoideo y 30 mM de MgCl 2. En este punto, 24 horas pi, células de mamífero pueden empezar a mostrar el efecto citopático (CPE) debido a la infección de MVA-T7, asevident en la Figura 5A. <ol><li> Calentar 1x PBS y medios de comunicación a 37 ° C. </li><li> Lavar las células de mamíferos, 2x, con 1 ml de PBS 1x. </li><li> Tripsinizar las células de mamífero con 0,2 ml de EDTA-tripsina hasta que se desprendieron. Resuspender las células en 1 ml de DMEM 10% de FBS / PS, 5% de fluido alantoideo, 30 mM de MgCl 2 y la transferencia a un 100 mm de placa de cultivo de tejido. Añadir 3 ml de los mismos medios de comunicación. </li><li> Lavar las células aviares, dos veces, con 4 ml de PBS 1x. </li><li> Trypsinize células aviares con 1 ml de EDTA-tripsina y se incuba durante 1-2 min a 37 ° C hasta que las células se separan. ª Resuspendercélulas e la adición de 8 ml de DMEM 10% de FBS / PS, 5% de fluido alantoideo, 30 mM de MgCl 2 y añadir 4 ml de las células tratadas con tripsina a las células de mamíferos en la co-cultivadas 100 mm de placa de cultivo de tejido para un volumen total de 8 (4 ml de mamíferos, 4 ml células de aves) ml. </li><li> Agitar suavemente a mano las células co-cultivadas en la placa de 100 mm con el fin de tener una distribución uniforme y luego colocar en la incubadora a 37 ° C durante 3-4 días. Los criterios para infectar los huevos de 3 o 4 días después de la co-cultivo de células de mamíferos y aves depende de la cantidad de efecto citopático (redondeo celular, la muerte, el desprendimiento de la superficie, etc.) Se observa en la infección viral MVA-T7. </li></ol> 5. La infección de los huevos embrionados de pollo (Figura 4A, días 6-7) <ol><li> Después de 3-4 días de co-cultivo de células de mamíferos y aves, extraiga 1 ml del sobrenadante de cultivo de tejidos y agregar a un tubo Eppendorf. </li><li> Centrifugar el sobrenadante de cultivo de tejidos durante 1 min a 12.000 rpm en un bancocentrífuga para eliminar restos celulares. </li><li> Candle los huevos usando una caja de mirar al trasluz la luz para ver la interfaz entre el saco de aire y la cavidad alantoideo. Haga una marca en la frontera evitando interfaz de localización de los vasos sanguíneos. Pulverizar etanol al 70% sobre los huevos para establecer condiciones estériles. Hacer suavemente un agujero en la cáscara del huevo en el lugar marcado y inocular 500 l del sobrenadante usando una insulina (1 ml) de la jeringa, la aguja apuntando verticalmente y directamente en la cavidad alantoidea. (Figura 4B). </li><li> Sellar el corte en la cáscara de huevo con cera derretida o parafina. </li><li> Incubar los huevos durante 2-3 días a 37 ° C. </li></ol> 6. Cosecha de fluido alantoideo de huevos embrionados de pollo infectados (Figura 4A, días 8-10) <ol><li> Incubar los huevos infectados durante 2 a 4 horas o durante la noche a 4 ° C con el fin de matar al embrión de pollo y coagular la sangre. </li><li> Pulverizar los huevos con etanol al 70% (para mantener las condiciones estériles). </li><li> Cuidadosamente la sección apical del huevo, sobre la cavidad de aire, con una cuchara. Una vez que la cáscara está agrietada, retire los fragmentos con unas pinzas y totalmente exponer la membrana alantoidea. </li><li> Exponer la cavidad alantoidea mediante la escisión de la membrana alantoideo con pinzas y tijeras, evitando daños a los vasos sanguíneos y la yema. </li><li> Con cuidado, empujar hacia abajo el embrión con una espátula y se recoge el fluido alantoideo que fluye hacia arriba (8-12 ml por huevo) con una pipeta de 10 ml. Evitar daños en la membrana de la yema. Transferir el fluido alantoideo a un tubo de centrífuga de 15 ml en hielo (utilizar un tubo por huevo). </li><li> Aclarar el fluido alantoideo mediante centrifugación durante 5 min a 1500 rpm. Transferir el sobrenadante a un tubo nuevo y sin perturbar el sedimento. </li><li> Muestras a 4 ° C durante un máximo de 1 semana, hasta comprobar que la presencia de NDV por ensayo de hemaglutinación. </li></ol> 7. Hemaglutinación (HA) Ensayo La presencia de virus en el allantfluido oico a partir de huevos infectados se puede determinar macroscópicamente por su capacidad para hemoaglutinar pavo glóbulos rojos (RBC). En el caso de la enfermedad de Newcastle, de aproximadamente 10 6 unidades formadoras de placa (ufp) por ml son necesarios para dar una señal positiva en el ensayo de HA. Ensayos de HA se llevan a cabo en placas de 96 pocillos de fondo en V. Negativo (PBS 1x, fluido alantoideo infectado), así como positivo (fluido alantoideo de cualquier virus NDV) muestras de control siempre se deben incluir en cualquier ensayo de HA para validarlo. Para llevar a cabo un ensayo de HA: <ol><li> Pipetear 50 l de PBS 1x por pocillo en una placa de 96 pocillos de fondo en V. </li><li> Pipetear 50 l de las muestras de fluido alantoideo en los pocillos de la primera columna de la placa. Realizar diluciones seriadas de 2 veces por el resto de la placa y desechar la última, extra 50 l de pozos en la última columna. </li><li> Dispensar 50 l de 0,5% pavo RBC en PBS 1x por pocillo. Agitar suavemente la placa tocando. </li><li> Incubar la placa a 4 ° C (o hielo) fo 30-45 minutos o hasta que un pellet claro se forma en los pocillos de control negativo. </li></ol>

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Virol. 84, 781-788 (2003).</li><li>Kozak, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=At+least+six+nucleotides+preceding+the+AUG+initiator+codon+enhance+translation+in+mammalian+cells.">At least six nucleotides preceding the AUG initiator codon enhance translation in mammalian cells.</a> J. Mol. Biol. 196, 947-950 (1987).</li><li>Calain, P., Roux, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+rule+of+six,+a+basic+feature+for+efficient+replication+of+Sendai+virus+defective+interfering+RNA.">The rule of six, a basic feature for efficient replication of Sendai virus defective interfering RNA.</a> J. Virol. 67, 4822-4830 (1993).</li><li>Wyatt, L. S., Moss, B., Rozenblatt, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Replication-deficient+vaccinia+virus+encoding+bacteriophage+T7+RNA+polymerase+for+transient+gene+expression+in+mammalian+cells.">Replication-deficient vaccinia virus encoding bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase for transient gene expression in mammalian cells.</a> Virology. 210, 202-205 (1995).</li><li>Niwa, H., Yamamura, K., Miyazaki, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+selection+for+high-expression+transfectants+with+a+novel+eukaryotic+vector.">Efficient selection for high-expression transfectants with a novel eukaryotic vector.</a> Gene. 108, 193-199 (1991).</li><li>Moss, B., Elroy-Stein, O., Mizukami, T., Alexander, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Product+review.+New+mammalian+expression+vectors.">Product review. New mammalian expression vectors.</a> Nature. 348, 91-92 (1990).</li><li>Conzelmann, K. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reverse+genetics+of+mononegavirales.">Reverse genetics of mononegavirales.</a> Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 283, 1-41 (2004).</li></ol>

Adolfo García-Sastre es un inventor de las patentes sobre los virus recombinantes de la enfermedad de Newcastle que son propiedad de la Escuela de Medicina de Icahn en el Monte Sinaí.

Hay varios factores que deben ser considerados para lograr buenos resultados, mientras que el rescate de NDV. En primer lugar, la construcción de ADNc de longitud completa para ser utilizado tiene que ser diseñado para permitir la incorporación funcional de los nuevos transgenes / modificaciones en el genoma NDV. Esto significa que, como se ha dicho, que las secuencias de (i) de gama apropiada gen (GE), intergénica (IG) y el inicio del gen (GS) se deben añadir, si es necesario, (ii) no hay secuencias de GE o GS put...

Virus de la enfermedad de Newcastle (NDV), un paramixovirus aviar perteneciente al género Avulavirus 1, es un agente zoonótica económicamente relevante y por lo tanto ampliamente investigado y vigilado, que pueden afectar gravemente a la cría de aves en todo el mundo. Aunque no es un patógeno humano, NDV también se ha estudiado a fondo más allá del campo veterinario tanto como un modelo de paramixovirus y debido a sus propiedades altamente interesantes oncolíticos naturales, 6. Investigación sobre el NDV se benefició en gran medida del desarrollo de técnicas de genética inversa para los virus de una sola cadena, no segmentados de sentido negativo de ARN, descrito por primera vez por el virus de la rabia por Conzelmann y coleagues 2. Una variedad de NDVs modificados genéticamente con genes extraños o modificaciones de su tipo salvaje genoma se ha estudiado ampliamente desde entonces. Trabajar con estos virus recombinantes ha sido fundamental para caracterizar los diferentes factores de virulencia no sólo de NDV, sino también de otros huma relevanten patógenos, tales como virus de influenza A 7 - o la emergente Nipah virus 8. Además, un número de diferentes estudios han explorado el uso de estas técnicas para mejorar la actividad antitumoral innata de NDV 6,9,10, sobre todo mediante la mejora de las propiedades inmunoestimulantes del virus. Otro ámbito de investigación en NDVs recombinantes ha sido la generación de candidatos a vacunas contra otras enfermedades virales como la gripe 5,11,12, 13 VIH, sarampión 14, 15 SARS o la causada por el virus respiratorio sincytial (VRS) 16. Entre las diversas ventajas notables prestados por NDV son la falta de inmunidad preexistente en la población humana, la estabilidad de los insertos extranjeros genéticos, la falta de actividad recombinatorios y en general un alto perfil de seguridad combinado con las propiedades inmunoestimulantes naturales antes mencionados 17. También es digno de mención el uso potencial de las vacunas bivalentes recombinantes en poultry, la influenza aviar de protección tanto contra el NDV y altamente patógeno virus de 11,12. Esto puede ser una excelente manera de reducir las posibilidades de que este último se diseminan desde silvestre a los animales domésticos, por lo que también ayuda a prevenir un posible salto inter-específica de la temida gripe aviar a los humanos. Por último, el reportero-expresando NDV se han utilizado para la evaluación de la respuesta inmune innata, así como la identificación de antagonista de interferón codificada por múltiples virus 18-27. El proceso de rescate de un recombinante, no segmentado, virus de ARN de cadena negativa consiste básicamente en forzar artificialmente un ciclo de replicación viral en una célula que produce mediante la transfección de ADNc que codifican la maquinaria molecular infecciosa mínima, conocida como ribonucleoproteína o RNP (Figura 2). Los RNPs consisten de la polimerasa viral (P y proteínas L), la nucleoproteína (NP) y de la longitud completa de ARN antigenómico del virus. Este ARN + antigenoma es the plantilla requerida para la generación de los genomas de ARN-complementarios, los cuales, también asociados con el resto de las proteínas de la RNP viral, recapitula el mismo complejo infecciosa que un virus natural sería liberar en el citoplasma de la célula después de la infección (Figura 2A ). A partir de este paso adelante, el ciclo viral puede proceder de forma natural y viriones recombinantes, encapsidadoras los genomas modificados, será generado (Figura 2B). Sorprendentemente, la transfección del ADNc genómico en lugar del cDNA antigenómico perjudica en gran medida o completamente suprime la eficiencia de rescate 2,28-30. Incluso cuando se transfectó ADNc antigenómico, la eficiencia de la encapsidación del ARN recombinante en RNPs en células transfectadas es probablemente muy baja. Debido a esto, los protocolos de rescate para NDV a menudo incluyen diferentes pasos para la amplificación de las pocas partículas virales liberadas por las células transfectadas originalmente por cocultivo con células permisivas y / o por elinfección de huevos embrionados. Antes de rescate, el ADNc se puede manipular por procedimientos de clonación estándar con el fin de generar las modificaciones deseadas. Mientras que las mutaciones específicas de los diferentes productos de los genes y las secuencias reguladoras del virus se pueden lograr sin rodeos esta manera, muchos de los trabajos publicados que involucran NDV recombinante ha requerido la adición de una nueva unidad de transcripción en el genoma de NDV. Al igual que otros miembros de la familia de los paramixovirus, el genoma de NDV codifica ocho proteínas diferentes en seis unidades de transcripción, que se expresan diferencialmente dependiendo de su ubicación respecto al extremo 3 &#39;en un gradiente decreciente crítico para el ciclo de vida viral 1. Debido a esto, la ubicación de la nueva unidad de transcripción dentro del genoma debe ser cuidadosamente seleccionado para lograr un equilibrio entre la expresión del transgén y el deterioro de la replicación viral. De inserción entre los genes P y M se ha utilizado la mayor parte, tHough otros sitios también se han probado 13,31. Cualquiera que sea la pieza de inserción, la clonación en ADNc de NDV tiene que seguir algunas reglas para generar un constructo rescatable: (i) cualquier nuevo gen que se incluirán en el genoma de NDV tiene que estar bajo control de las señales apropiadas para la viral dependiente de ARN-ARN polimerasa. Estas secuencias deben ser añadidos aguas arriba del nuevo marco de lectura abierto (ORF) de modo que la polimerasa puede reconocer el final del gen anterior (GE) y el comienzo de la nueva transgén (GS), separados por una sola secuencia de nucleótidos intergénica (IG) . También se recomienda la adición de un Kozak válida (K) de secuencia para mejorar la traducción eucariótica ribosómico para una mejor expresión de la proteína extranjera 32; (ii) la replicación eficiente de NDV, como para la mayoría de los miembros de la familia Paramyxoviridae, es dependiente de la longitud del genoma de ser múltiplo de seis de 33, por lo tanto, cualquier inserción en el NDV tiene que seguir esta &quot;regla de los seis&quot;. Si es necesario, se reqnucleótidos adicionales pedirá otra se pueden añadir aguas abajo de la ORF de nuevo, y (iii) la secuencia de transgén deben ser evaluados para encontrar posibles GE y GS como secuencias que puedan perjudicar la eficiencia del rescate, la expresión del transgen y / o la viabilidad del virus. Si está presente, estas secuencias deben ser removidos mediante mutagénesis silenciosa. La generación de ADNc de longitud completa recombinante siguiendo las reglas anteriormente mencionadas es la primera etapa con el fin de producir eficientemente un NDV genéticamente modificado como se detalla aquí. En el sistema de todas las construcciones de ADN se encuentran bajo el control del promotor de T7 ARN polimerasa (Figura 3). Esta polimerasa citoplásmica se proporciona en trans por la coinfección con un vaccinia modificado Ankara del virus recombinante (MVA-T7) 34. Figura 3A muestra el plásmido pNDV-B1, que codifica el ADNc de longitud completa antigenómico 5. Figura 3B muestra los plásmidos pTM1 que codifica NP, ORFs P y L. Los plásmidos pCITE-GFP, que codifica, uajo el promotor T7, la proteína verde fluorescente (GFP), y pCAGGS GFP 18, que codifica la misma ORF bajo el promotor de beta-actina de pollo 35, se utilizan como controles. En este protocolo se muestra el procedimiento para rescatar NDV recombinante a partir del ADNc de la cepa lentogénica de NDV Hitchner B1 5 (Figura 4).

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>CORNING Cellgro</td>
			<td>10-013-CV</td>
			<td>Any supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OptiMEM</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>31985-070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipofectamine 2000 (LPF2000)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11668-019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35% Bovine Albumin (BA)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>232-936-2</td>
			<td>Any supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>CORNING Cellgro</td>
			<td>25-052-CI</td>
			<td>Any supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin (PS) 100x</td>
			<td>CORNING Cellgro</td>
			<td>30-002-CI</td>
			<td>Any supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30070.03</td>
			<td>Any supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>
			Cell lines 
			A549 cells (catalogue number CRL-185), HEp-2 cells (catalogue number CRL-185), chicken embryo fibroblasts (catalogue number CRL-12203) and duck embryo fibroblasts (catalogue number CCL-141) are available from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, VA. 20110-2209 USA). All cell lines are maintained in a 37 &#176;C incubator with 5% CO2 in DMEM 10% FBS, 1% PS. 
			Embryonated chicken eggs 
			Embryonated chicken eggs can be obtained from Charles River Laboratories, Specific Pathogen Fee Avian Supply (SPAFAS) Avian Products and Services (Franklin Commons, 106 Route 32, North Franklin, CT 06254, USA) and are maintained at 37 &#176;C. Viability of the embryos is assessed with an egg candler. Eggs are infected when they reach 8-10 days old. Both infection and harvest of the allantoic fluid takes place under sterile conditions. All eggs are autoclaved and discarded following standard laboratory biosafety protocols. 
			Turkey red blood cells (RBC) 
			Turkey RBC can be purchased from Truslow Farms (201 Valley Road, Chestertown, Md 21620, USA)and stored at 4 &#176;C. To prepare RBC for HA assay, wash 5 ml of the commercial stock with 45 ml of PBS 1x in a 50 ml conical tube. Centrifuge for 5 min at 1,000 rpm and carefully discard the supernatant. Dilute pelleted RBC 1:1,000 in PBS 1x for a final 0.5-1.0% concentration. Washed RBC can be stored at 4 &#176;C for several days. 
			Plasmids 
			Plasmid preparations are obtained with any commercially available maxiprep kit following manufacturer&#39;s instructions, diluted in ddH20 to a final concentration of 1 &#956;g/&#956;l and stored at -20 &#176;C. DNA concentration and purity are assessed by spectrophotometry at 260 and 280 nm. Preparations with a 260/280 ratio higher than 1.8 are considered of acceptable quality for the rescue. Plasmid DNA quality is also routinely double-checked by agarose gel chromatography. 
			Viruses 
			The described protocol for rescue of the lentogenic NDV strain Hitchner B1 can be performed under biosafety level (BSL) 2 conditions. The Modified Vaccinia Ankara expressing the T7 RNA polymerase (MVA-T7) was described34 and obtained from Dr. Bernard Moss. This virus is growth in confluent monolayers of chicken embryo fibroblasts and titrated in mammalian (A549 or HEp-2) cells. NDV stocks are grown in embryonated chicken eggs and titrated by IFA using polyclonal serum raised against purified virions. All contaminated material should be safely sterilized and disposed according to standard biosafety procedures. 
			Tissue culture media and solutions: 
			DMEM 10% FBS 1% PS: Dulbecco&#39;s modified Eagle&#39;s Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and Penicillin/Streptomycin (P/S): 445 ml of DMEM, 50 ml of heat-inactivated FBS, 5 ml of 100x commercial P/S solution. Store at 4 &#176;C. 
			10x Phosphate buffered saline (PBS): 80 g of NaCl, 2 g of KCl, 11.5 g of Na2HPO4.7H2O, 2 g of KH2PO4. Add ddH2O up to 1 L. Adjust pH to 7.3. Sterilize by autoclave. Store at room temperature. 
			1x PBS: Dilute 10x PBS 1:10 with ddH2O. Sterilize by autoclave and store at room temperature. 
			100x Ca/Mg : 1.327 g CaCl2.2H2O, 2.133 g MgCl2&#8226;6H2O and add ddH2O up to 100 ml. Autoclave and store at room temperature. 
			1x PBS/BA/PS: 50 ml of 10x Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) in 437 ml ddH2O. Autoclave and when cooled down to room temperature, add 5 ml 100x Penicillin/Streptomycin 3 ml 35% Bovine and 5 ml of 100x Ca/Mg. Store at 4&#176;C.
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

rescue of recombinant newcastle disease virus from cdna

Virus de la enfermedad de Newcastle (NDV), el miembro prototipo del género Avulavirus de la familia Paramyxoviridae 1, es una, de sentido negativo no segmentado, de cadena única, envuelto ARN del virus (Figura 1) con aplicaciones potenciales como un vector para la vacunación y tratamiento de enfermedades humanas. Exploración en profundidad de estas aplicaciones sólo ha sido posible después de que el establecimiento de técnicas de genética inversa para rescatar a los virus recombinantes a partir de plásmidos que codifican sus genomas completos como cDNA 2-5. ADNc viral puede ser convenientemente modificado in vitro mediante el uso de procedimientos de clonación estándar para alterar el genotipo del virus y / o para incluir nuevas unidades de transcripción. Rescate de estos virus modificados genéticamente proporciona una valiosa herramienta para entender los factores que afectan a múltiples etapas de la infección, así como permite el desarrollo y la mejora de los vectores para la expresión y entrega de antígenospara la vacunación y la terapia. Aquí se describe un protocolo para el rescate de NDVs recombinantes.

Rescate de NDV es un procedimiento bien establecido, realizada de forma rutinaria en los laboratorios que tienen acceso a la ADNc completo del virus. Sin embargo, la naturaleza estocástica intrínseca del método hace que sea difícil de lograr la eficiencia de rescate 100%. El seguimiento de los primeros pasos del proceso, especialmente la eficacia de la transfección y la infección con MVA-T7, ayuda a la identificación de posibles problemas. Figura 5A muestra la transfección estándar y las eficie...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rescue of Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus from cDNA at JoVE.com

Rescue of Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus from cDNA

Virus de la enfermedad de Newcastle (NDV) se ha estudiado ampliamente en los últimos años con el fin de desarrollar nuevos vectores para la vacunación y la terapia, entre otros. Estos estudios han sido posible debido a las técnicas para rescatar virus recombinante a partir de cDNA, tales como las que se describen aquí.

Rescate del virus de la enfermedad de Newcastle recombinante a partir de cDNA

Newcastle disease virus (NDV), the prototype member of  the Avulavirus genus of the family Paramyxoviridae1, is a non-segmented,  negative-sense, ...

rescue-of-recombinant-newcastle-disease-virus-from-cdna

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

19.2K vistas.  Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.  Virus de la enfermedad de Newcastle (NDV) se ha estudiado ampliamente en los últimos años con el fin de desarrollar nuevos vectores para la vacunación y la terapia, entre otros. Estos estudios han sido posible debido a las técnicas para rescatar virus recombinante a partir de cDNA, tales como las que se describen aquí. 

Video: Rescue of Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus from cDNA

Generation of Recombinant Influenza Virus from Plasmid DNA

Efforts by a number of influenza research groups have been pivotal in the development and improvement of influenza A virus reverse genetics. Originally established in 1999 1,2 plasmid-based reverse genetic techniques to generate recombinant viruses have revolutionized the influenza research field because specific questions have been answered by genetically engineered, infectious, recombinant influenza viruses. Such studies include virus replication, function of viral proteins, the contribution of specific mutations in viral proteins in viral replication and/or pathogenesis and, also, viral vectors using recombinant influenza viruses expressing foreign proteins 3.

Rescue of influenza A viruses from plasmid DNA is a basic and essential experimental technique that allows influenza researchers to generate recombinant viruses to study multiple aspects in the biology of influenza virus, and to be used as potential vectors or vaccines.

Generación de recombinantes del virus de influenza a partir del ADN plásmido

Efforts by a number of influenza research groups have been pivotal in the development and improvement of influenza A virus reverse genetics. Originally ...

Investigación

Inmunología e Infección

Expression of Functional Recombinant Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Proteins from the Novel H7N9 Influenza Virus Using the Baculovirus Expression System

The baculovirus expression system is a powerful tool for expression of recombinant proteins. Here we use it to produce correctly folded and glycosylated versions of the influenza A virus surface glycoproteins - the hemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA). As an example, we chose the HA and NA proteins expressed by the novel H7N9 virus that recently emerged in China. However the protocol can be easily adapted for HA and NA proteins expressed by any other influenza A and B virus strains. Recombinant HA (rHA) and NA (rNA) proteins are important reagents for immunological assays such as ELISPOT and ELISA, and are also in wide use for vaccine standardization, antibody discovery, isolation and characterization. Furthermore, recombinant NA molecules can be used to screen for small molecule inhibitors and are useful for characterization of the enzymatic function of the NA, as well as its sensitivity to antivirals. Recombinant HA proteins are also being tested as experimental vaccines in animal models, and a vaccine based on recombinant HA was recently licensed by the FDA for use in humans. The method we describe here to produce these molecules is straight forward and can facilitate research in influenza laboratories, since it allows for production of large amounts of proteins fast and at a low cost. Although here we focus on influenza virus surface glycoproteins, this method can also be used to produce other viral and cellular surface proteins.

Here we describe a way to express correctly folded and functional influenza virus surface antigens derived from the novel Chinese H7N9 virus in insect cells. The technique can be adapted to express ectodomains of any viral or cellular surface proteins.

Expresión de funcionales recombinante hemaglutinina y neuraminidasa Proteínas del Virus Novel H7N9 Influenza usando el sistema de expresión de baculovirus

The baculovirus expression system is a powerful tool for expression of  recombinant proteins. Here we use it to produce correctly folded and  glycosylated ...

Scalable High Throughput Selection From  Phage-displayed Synthetic Antibody Libraries

The demand for antibodies that fulfill the needs of both basic and clinical research applications is high and will dramatically increase in the future. However, it is apparent that traditional monoclonal technologies are not alone up to this task. This has led to the development of alternate methods to satisfy the demand for high quality and renewable affinity reagents to all accessible elements of the proteome. Toward this end, high throughput methods for conducting selections from phage-displayed synthetic antibody libraries have been devised for applications involving diverse antigens and optimized for rapid throughput and success. Herein, a protocol is described in detail that illustrates with video demonstration the parallel selection of Fab-phage clones from high diversity libraries against hundreds of targets using either a manual 96 channel liquid handler or automated robotics system. Using this protocol, a single user can generate hundreds of antigens, select antibodies to them in parallel and validate antibody binding within 6-8 weeks. Highlighted are: i) a viable antigen format, ii) pre-selection antigen characterization, iii) critical steps that influence the selection of specific and high affinity clones, and iv) ways of monitoring selection effectiveness and early stage antibody clone characterization. With this approach, we have obtained synthetic antibody fragments (Fabs) to many target classes including single-pass membrane receptors, secreted protein hormones, and multi-domain intracellular proteins. These fragments are readily converted to full-length antibodies and have been validated to exhibit high affinity and specificity. Further, they have been demonstrated to be functional in a variety of standard immunoassays including Western blotting, ELISA, cellular immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation and related assays. This methodology will accelerate antibody discovery and ultimately bring us closer to realizing the goal of generating renewable, high quality antibodies to the proteome.

A method is described with visual accompaniment for conducting scalable, high throughput selections from phage-displayed combinatorial synthetic antibody libraries against hundreds of antigens simultaneously. Using this parallel approach, we have isolated antibody fragments that exhibit high affinity and specificity for diverse antigens that are functional in standard immunoassays.

Escalable de alto rendimiento seleccion de bibliotecas de anticuerpos sintéticos fagos

The demand for antibodies that fulfill the needs of both basic and clinical research applications is high and will dramatically increase in the future. ...

Generation of Recombinant Human IgG Monoclonal Antibodies from Immortalized Sorted B Cells

Finding new methods for generating human monoclonal antibodies is an active research field that is important for both basic and applied sciences, including the development of immunotherapeutics. However, the techniques to identify and produce such antibodies tend to be arduous and sometimes the heavy and light chain pair of the antibodies are dissociated. Here, we describe a relatively simple, straightforward protocol to produce human recombinant monoclonal antibodies from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells using immortalization with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Toll-like receptor 9 activation. With an adequate staining, B cells producing antibodies can be isolated for subsequent immortalization and clonal expansion. The antibody transcripts produced by the immortalized B cell clones can be amplified by PCR, sequenced as corresponding heavy and light chain pairs and cloned into immunoglobulin expression vectors. The antibodies obtained with this technique can be powerful tools to study relevant human immune responses, including autoimmunity, and create the basis for new therapeutics.

Synthesis of human monoclonal antibodies is the first step in studies aimed at unraveling the pathophysiological mechanisms of auto-antibody-mediated immune responses. We have developed a protocol to generate recombinant human immunoglobulin G (IgG) monoclonal antibodies from blood sorted B cells, including B-cell isolation, antibody cloning and in vitro synthesis.

Generación de recombinante humano IgG anticuerpos monoclonales a partir de células inmortalizadas B Ordenada

Finding new methods for generating human monoclonal antibodies is an active research field that is important for both basic and applied sciences, ...

Neutrophil Isolation and Analysis to Determine their Role in Lymphoma Cell Sensitivity to Therapeutic Agents

Neutrophils are the most abundant (40% to 75%) type of white blood cells and among the first inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of inflammation. They are key players in the innate immune system and play major roles in cancer biology. Neutrophils have been proposed as key mediators of malignant transformation, tumor progression, angiogenesis and in the modulation of the antitumor immunity; through their release of soluble factors or their interaction with tumor cells. To characterize the specific functions of neutrophils, a fast and reliable method is coveted for in vitro isolation of neutrophils from human blood. Here, a density gradient separation method is demonstrated to isolate neutrophils as well as mononuclear cells from the blood. The procedure consists of layering the density gradient solution such as Ficoll carefully above the diluted blood obtained from patients diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), followed by centrifugation, isolation of mononuclear layer, separation of neutrophils from RBCsby dextran then lysis of residual erythrocytes. This method has been shown to isolate neutrophils &#8805; 90 % pure. To mimic the tumor microenvironment, 3-dimensional (3D) experiments were performed using basement membrane matrix such as Matrigel. Given the short half-life of neutrophils in vitro, 3D experiments with fresh human neutrophils cannot be performed. For this reason promyelocytic HL60 cells are differentiated along the granulocytic pathway using the differentiation inducers dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and retinoic acid (RA). The aim of our experiments is to study the role of neutrophils on the sensitivity of lymphoma cells to anti-lymphoma agents. However these methods can be generalized to study the interactions of neutrophils or neutrophil-like cells with a large range of cell types in different situations.

Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cells. The isolation of neutrophils from human blood by density gradient separation method and the differentiation of human promyelocytic (HL60) cells along the granulocytic pathway are described here; to test their role on sensitivity of lymphoma cells to anti-lymphoma agents.

Aislamiento de neutrófilos y análisis para determinar su papel en el linfoma de células sensibles a los agentes terapéuticos

Neutrophils are the most abundant (40% to 75%) type of white blood cells and among the first inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of ...

Rescue and Characterization of Recombinant Virus from a New World Zika Virus Infectious Clone

Infectious cDNA clones allow for genetic manipulation of a virus, thus facilitating work on vaccines, pathogenesis, replication, transmission and viral evolution. Here we describe the construction of an infectious clone for Zika virus (ZIKV), which is currently causing an explosive outbreak in the Americas. To prevent toxicity to bacteria that is commonly observed with flavivirus-derived plasmids, we generated a two-plasmid system which separates the genome at the NS1 gene and is more stable than full-length constructs that could not be successfully recovered without mutations. After digestion and ligation to join the two fragments, full-length viral RNA can be generated by in vitro transcription with T7 RNA polymerase. Following electroporation of transcribed RNA into cells, virus was recovered that exhibited similar in vitro growth kinetics and in vivo virulence and infection phenotypes in mice and mosquitoes, respectively.

This protocol describes the recovery of infectious Zika virus from a two-plasmid infectious cDNA clone.

Rescate y Caracterización del Virus Recombinante de un Nuevo Mundo Zika Virus Infectious Clone

Infectious cDNA clones allow for genetic manipulation of a virus, thus facilitating work on vaccines, pathogenesis, replication, transmission and viral ...

Detection and Removal of Nuclease Contamination During Purification of Recombinant Prototype Foamy Virus Integrase

The integrase (IN) protein of the retrovirus prototype foamy virus (PFV) is a model enzyme for studying the mechanism of retroviral integration. Compared to IN from other retroviruses, PFV IN is more soluble and more amenable to experimental manipulation. Additionally, it is sensitive to clinically relevant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) IN inhibitors, suggesting that the catalytic mechanism of PFV IN is similar to that of HIV-1 IN. IN catalyzes the covalent joining of viral complementary DNA (cDNA) to target DNA in a process called strand transfer. This strand transfer reaction introduces nicks to the target DNA. Analysis of integration reaction products can be confounded by the presence of nucleases that similarly nick DNA. A bacterial nuclease has been shown to co-purify with recombinant PFV IN expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli). Here we describe a method to isolate PFV IN from the contaminating nuclease by heparin affinity chromatography. Fractions are easily screened for nuclease contamination with a supercoiled plasmid and agarose gel electrophoresis. PFV IN and the contaminating nuclease display alternative affinities for heparin sepharose allowing a nuclease-free preparation of recombinant PFV IN suitable for bulk biochemical or single molecule analysis of integration.

Recombinant prototype foamy virus integrase protein is often contaminated with a bacterial nuclease during purification. This method identifies nuclease contamination and removes it from the final preparation of the enzyme.

Detección y eliminación de nucleasa contaminación durante la purificación de prototipo recombinante Virus Espumoso integrasa

The integrase (IN) protein of the retrovirus prototype foamy virus (PFV) is a model enzyme for studying the mechanism of retroviral integration. Compared ...

Rapid, Safe, and Simple Manual Bedside Nucleic Acid Extraction for the Detection of Virus in Whole Blood Samples

The rapid diagnosis of an infection is essential for the outbreak management, risk containment, and patient care. We have previously shown a method for the rapid bedside inactivation of the Ebola virus during blood sampling for safe nucleic acid (NA) tests by adding a commercial lysis/binding buffer directly into the vacuum blood collection tubes. Using this bedside inactivation approach, we have developed a safe, rapid, and simplified bedside NA extraction method for the subsequent detection of a virus in lysis/binding buffer-inactivated whole blood. The NA extraction is directly performed in the blood collection tubes and requires no equipment or electricity. 
After the blood is collected into the lysis/binding buffer, the contents are mixed by flipping the tube by hand, and the mixture is incubated for 20 min at room temperature. Magnetic glass particles (MGPs) are added to the tube, and the contents are mixed by flipping the collection tube by hand. The MGPs are then collected on the side of the blood collection tube using a magnetic holder or a magnet and a rubber band. The MGPs are washed three times, and after the addition of elution buffer directly into the collection tube, the NAs are ready for NA tests, such as qPCR or isothermal loop amplification (LAMP), without the removal of the MGPs from the reaction. The NA extraction method is not dependent on any laboratory facilities and can easily be used anywhere (e.g., in field hospitals and hospital isolation wards). When this NA extraction method is combined with LAMP and a portable instrument, a diagnosis can be obtained within 40 min of the blood collection.

Here, we present a protocol for the rapid virus nucleic acid extraction from the virus-inactivated whole blood. The extraction is performed directly in the blood collection tubes and requires no equipment or electricity. The method is not dependent on laboratory facilities and can be used anywhere (e.g., in field hospitals).

Extracción rápido, seguro y sencillo Manual cabecera de ácido nucleico para la detección del Virus en muestras de sangre entera

The rapid diagnosis of an infection is essential for the outbreak management, risk containment, and patient care. We have previously shown a method for ...

Evaluation of Zika Virus-specific T-cell Responses in Immunoprivileged Organs of Infected Ifnar1-/- Mice

The Zika virus (ZIKV) can induce inflammation in immunoprivileged organs (e.g., the brain and testis), leading to the Guillain-Barr&#233; syndrome and damaging the testes. During an infection with the ZIKV, immune cells have been shown to infiltrate into the tissues. However, the cellular mechanisms that define the protection and/or immunopathogenesis of these immune cells during a ZIKV infection are still largely unknown. Herein, we describe methods to evaluate the virus-specific T-cell functionality in these immunoprivileged organs of ZIKV-infected mice. These methods include a) a ZIKV infection and vaccine inoculation in Ifnar1-/- mice; b) histopathology, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry assays to detect the virus infection and inflammation in the brain, testes, and spleen; c) the preparation of a tetramer of ZIKV-derived T-cell epitopes; d) the detection of ZIKV-specific T cells in the monocytes isolated from the brain, testes, and spleen. Using these approaches, it is possible to detect the antigen-specific T cells that have infiltrated into the immunoprivileged organs and to evaluate the functions of these T cells during the infection: potential immune protection via virus clearance and/or immunopathogenesis to exacerbate the inflammation. These findings may also help to clarify the contribution of T cells induced by the immunization against ZIKV.

Evaluation of Zika Virus-specific T-cell Responses in Immunoprivileged Organs of Infected Ifnar1-/- Mice

A protocol to evaluate antigen-specific T-cell responses in the immunoprivileged organs of the Ifnar1-/- murine model for the Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is described. This method is pivotal for investigating the cellular mechanisms of the protection and immunopathogenesis of ZIKV vaccines and is also valuable for their efficacy evaluation.

Evaluación de respuestas de células T Zika Virus-específica en Immunoprivileged órganos de ratones- / - Ifnar1 infectados

The Zika virus (ZIKV) can induce inflammation in immunoprivileged organs (e.g., the brain and testis), leading to the Guillain-Barr&#233; syndrome and ...

Identification of Coding and Non-coding RNA Classes Expressed in Swine Whole Blood

The advent of innovative and increasingly powerful next generation sequencing techniques has opened new avenues into the ability to examine the underlying gene expression related to biological processes of interest. These innovations not only allow researchers to observe expression from the mRNA sequences that code for genes that effect cellular function, but also the non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules that remain untranslated, but still have regulatory functions. Although researchers have the ability to observe both mRNA and ncRNA expression, it has been customary for a study to focus on one or the other. However, when studies are interested in both mRNA and ncRNA expression, many times they use separate samples to examine either coding or non-coding RNAs due to the difference in library preparations. This can lead to the need for more samples which can increase time, consumables, and animal stress. Additionally, it may cause researchers to decide to prepare samples for only one analysis, usually the mRNA, limiting the number of biological questions that can be investigated. However, ncRNAs span multiple classes with regulatory roles that effect mRNA expression. Because ncRNA are important to fundamental biologic processes and disorder of these processes in during infection, they may, therefore, make attractive targets for therapeutics. This manuscript demonstrates a modified protocol for the generation mRNA and non-coding RNA expression libraries, including viral RNA, from a single sample of whole blood. Optimization of this protocol, improved RNA purity, increased ligation for recovery of methylated RNAs, and omitted&#160;size selection, to allow capture of more RNA species.

Here, we present a protocol optimized for the processing of coding (mRNA) and non-coding&#160;(ncRNA) globin reduced RNA-seq libraries from a single whole blood sample.

Identificación de la codificación y las clases de ARN no codificante expresado en cerdos sangre entera

The advent of innovative and increasingly powerful next generation sequencing techniques has opened new avenues into the ability to examine the underlying ...