We thank Dr. Helene Bernstein for providing us with access to her flow cytometer. We also thank CFAR flow cytometry facility for the flow cytometry services. This project was in part supported by CTSC core utilization funding and STERIS corporation/University Hospitals-Division of Infectious diseases grant to PP.

NOTA: Los experimentos con ratones se realizaron de acuerdo con el comité de bienestar de los animales institucional (IACUC) directrices. 1. Reconstitución de la RAG-1 - / - ratones con células I n Vitro Cultivadas Th17 (Tres días antes de la infección) <ol><li> Para el establecimiento de las células Th17, cultura CD4 + CD25 CD44low CD62Lhigh células T naïve (3 x 104) en placas de 96 pocillos de fondo en U solo, o co-cultivo ellos junto con 3 x 104 células CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + Treg en presencia de solubles α-CD3 (1 mg / ml), α-CD28 (2 g / ml) anticuerpos y células presentadoras de antígeno, en condiciones Th17 (polarizados usando IL-6 (25 ng / ml), TGF-β (2 ng / ml) , α-IFN-γ (2 mg / ml) y α -IL-4 (2 mg / ml)) durante tres a cuatro días. NOTA: Las células ingenuo y T regs fueron ordenados usando células activadas por fluorescencia (FACS) und procedimientos de aislamiento celular magnética y se cultivaron como se ha descrito previamente 19-22. </li><li> El día 4, después de resuspensión de las células Th17 utilizando la pipeta, recogerlos a partir de cultivos, y centrifúguelas en condiciones estériles. <ol><li> Tomar una pequeña alícuota de estas células para examinar su viabilidad y por el fenotipo. Resuspender en 500 l de medio RPMI, añadir yoduro de propidio (200 ng / ml) y evaluar su viabilidad inmediatamente por citometría de flujo. Realizar fenotipificación por citometría de flujo de evaluación de la producción de IL-17A después de la re-estimulación (ver sección 6.3). </li></ol></li><li> Centrifugar y lavar el grueso de las células en PBS estéril a 480 xg durante 6 min a 4 ° C en todos los pasos a menos que se especifique lo contrario. </li><li> Utilice estas células para la transferencia adoptiva en 6-8 semanas de edad CD45.2 Rag1 - / - ratones inmunodeficientes. <ol><li> Resuspender las células a la densidad celular 1 x 10 7 células / ml usando PBS estéril frío. </li><li> Inyectar 100 l de las células por intrapinyección eritoneal, utilizando 25 G agujas en 1 ml jeringas de tuberculina, de tal manera que un ratón recibe 1 x 10 6 células. Algunos ratones recibirán células PBS o Th17 solamente, y otros ratones recibirán las células Th17 que fueron co-cultivadas con células Treg. NOTA: Realice todos los pasos de forma aséptica. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Crecimiento C. albicans para la infección (un día antes de la infección) <ol><li> Antes de la inoculación, dispersar cinco colonias de la CAF2-1 C. cepa albicans laboratorio en 100 l de suspensión de PBS estéril, y añadir la suspensión al caldo estéril. </li><li> Inocular 5 colonias de la C. albicans en 50 ml de la base de nitrógeno de levadura (YNB sin aminoácidos) / Peptona medio / caldo de dextrosa y se incuba en un incubador agitador a 30 ° C durante 15-18 horas a 130 rpm. </li><li> Monitorear el caldo de nubosidad, ya que es una indicación para el crecimiento del hongo. </li></ol> 3. CandidaLa cosecha y el procedimiento de conteo (En el Día de la infección) <ol><li> Recoger 10 ml de caldo de Candida en tubos de 15 ml. Para volúmenes mayores, recoger Candida en tubos de 50 ml. </li><li> Centrifugar las blastosporas en 1900 xg durante 5 min a RT en todos los pasos a menos que se especifique lo contrario. Sedimentar las blastosporas por centrifugación, seguido por la eliminación del sobrenadante. </li><li> Si hay más de un tubo, agrupar los blastosporas de Candida a partir de múltiples tubos, la adición de PBS estéril para los pellets y resuspender en 10 ml de PBS para el conteo. </li><li> Tomar 20 l de blastosporas en 1,5 ml tubos de microcentrífuga, añadir 20 l de la paraformaldehído 2X e incubar a temperatura ambiente durante 15 a 20 min. Contar las blastosporas fijos utilizando el hemocitómetro bajo el microscopio. NOTA: El paraformaldehido es cancerígeno. Abra la solución sin diluir sólo en la campana de humos. </li><li> Mientras tanto, repetir el lavado de las blastosporas al menos dos veces, por centrifugación tdobladillo en PBS, y la granulación las blastosporas. Mantenga las pastillas en tubos de 15 ml a temperatura ambiente, en la campana ABSL1, listas para la infección. </li><li> Deje algo de PBS estéril a temperatura ambiente durante la resuspensión de las blastosporas de infección. </li><li> Después de contar, añadir PBS estéril al sedimento blastospore para ajustar el número de células de levadura blastosporo a 2 x10 8 de levadura células / ml. Esta es la suspensión blastospore que se utilizó para infectar los ratones. NOTA: Realice todos los pasos de forma aséptica. </li></ol> 4. Los ratones Infección (3-5 días después de la transferencia de la célula) NOTA: El procedimiento básico infección se realizó como se describió anteriormente 19,23-25. <ol><li> Pese la RAG-1 - / - ratones que recibieron PBS o las células tres días antes. </li><li> Calcular la dosis de los agentes anestésicos que utilizan su peso corporal. Anestesiar a los ratones mediante la administración de ketamina / mezcla de xilazina (16,1 mg / ml y 1,6 mg / ml), utilizando 25 g de agujas en 1 ml jeringas de tuberculina, por intrinyección aperitoneal. <ol><li> Administrar 50 l por 10 gramos de peso corporal. (Es decir, 0,8 mg de ketamina y 0,08 mg de xilazina / 10 g de peso corporal o 80 mg de ketamina y 8 mg de xilazina por kg de peso corporal, respectivamente). Observe la respuesta pizca dedo cada 15 minutos después de la anestesia. NOTA: Esta dosis inducirá 60-90 min de la anestesia, lo cual es suficiente para el procedimiento de infección. </li><li> Aplique el ungüento lubricante oftálmica a los ojos de los ratones para evitar las córneas se sequen. A medida que el lubricante ocular podría secarse y repetir lubricación oftálmica cada 45 min. </li></ol></li><li> Inyectar 1 ml de solución salina (0,9% NaCl) por vía subcutánea en la parte posterior adyacente a la extremidad anterior, para ayudar a la rehidratación de los ratones durante la anestesia. </li><li> Obtener una nueva, jaula limpia. Siga la infección procedimiento de un ratón a la vez, la colocación de cada ratón en la nueva jaula una vez infectados. Realice la infección PBS / farsa primero, y luego proceder a las gro de infección por Candidaups. </li><li> Coge el ratón anestesiado y abrir la boca para revelar la base de la lengua. <ol><li> Coloque una bola de algodón diámetro 3 mm saturado con 50 l de PBS o blastospore suspensión, por vía sublingual en la cavidad oral durante 90 min. Da la vuelta al ratón todos los frentes 15 min y la espalda para evitar la congestión pulmonar, lo que garantiza que las bolas de algodón no se mueven. </li></ol></li><li> Establecer un temporizador para cada ratón para asegurar 90 min de Sham o Candida inoculación en la cavidad oral. </li><li> Manténgalos en una jaula bajo la lámpara de calor (4 metros de distancia), y cada ratón sobre almohadillas de gel de calor. </li><li> Asegúrese de que la lengua se retira dentro y fuera de los dientes, para evitar los dientes lacerantes la lengua. </li><li> Al final de 90 minutos, retire la bola de algodón de la boca del ratón. Esté atento a cualquier ratón que pueden recuperarse de la anestesia antes de 75 minutos. En tal caso, anestesiar a ellos de nuevo con ketamina (40 mg / kg) solamente. </li></ol> 5. Publicar Procedure Monitoreo (durante los 90 minutos de anestesia) <ol><li> Use almohadillas de gel de calor durante la anestesia 90 min. <ol><li> Para mantener la temperatura del cuerpo y para evitar la asfixia, no permita que los ratones que se recuperan en la ropa de cama regular de ratón mazorca de maíz. </li></ol></li><li> Después de la recuperación de la anestesia, administrar un adicional de 1 ml de solución estéril de NaCl al 0,9% por vía subcutánea en dos lugares en la parte posterior. </li><li> Infórmate de los cinco PBS (simulado) los ratones inoculados por jaula. Casa sólo 1-2 ratones infectados por jaula. </li><li> Llene la tarjeta de procedimiento con las iniciales todos los días después del procedimiento para anotar los cambios en el peso corporal, hábitos de aseo y la salud en general. </li></ol> 6. Evaluación de la inflamación 6.1) La pérdida de peso <ol><li> Pesar los ratones cada día durante la infección, comenzando en el día antes del procedimiento infección. NOTA: Por lo general, los ratones inmunodeficientes inyectados con células Th17 y sin T regs sucumben a 20Pérdida de peso -30% debido al aumento de la carga de hongos 19 y exacerba la inflamación. </li></ol> 6.2) Histología de puntuación de la lengua <ol><li> Sacrificar los ratones por asfixia de CO 2 seguido por dislocación cervical. </li><li> Abra las mordazas y diseccionar la lengua con tijeras y pinzas. El uso de fórceps romos para sostener la lengua, y el uso de las tijeras llegan a la parte posterior de la boca para incidir el extremo posterior de la lengua. </li><li> Para hematoxilina inmuno y eosina (H &amp; E) tinción de los tejidos de la lengua, enjuague los tejidos de la lengua con helado de PBS. Añadir 5 ml de formalina al 10% durante 2-3 lenguas y fijarlos O / N en tubos de 15 ml. <ol><li> Al día siguiente, eliminar el formol y sumergir los tejidos en 5 ml de etanol al 70% para evitar la hiper-fijación. Enviarlos a un servicio comercial para continuar con la inclusión en parafina, corte y tinción de secciones de parafina. NOTA: El servicio de histología comercial se utiliza para realizar estos pasos. </li&gt; </ol></li><li> Una vez que los portaobjetos están de vuelta desde el servicio de histología comercial, el grado de la inflamación mediante la observación de las secciones de tejido bajo un microscopio de luz. <ol><li> Puntuación de 0 a 5, siendo 0 ausencia de inflamación, y 5 la inflamación más severa. Partitura la inflamación usando la Tabla 1. </li></ol></li></ol> 6.3) La producción de citocinas por las células Th17 NOTA: la producción de TNF-α excesiva es una de las lecturas para inmunopatología excesivas. Cuando los ratones se transfieren adoptivamente con células Th17 sólo, hace que la inmunopatología que está asociada con la producción excesiva de TNF-α en células Th17. <ol><li> Recoger una suspensión de células de bazo, los ganglios linfáticos cervicales, ganglios linfáticos axilares, y la lengua, usando métodos descritos previamente 19,26. </li><li> Reestimular las células con miristato acetato de forbol (PMA) (50 ng / ml) e ionomicina (500 ng / ml) durante 4 h con Brefeldina A (10 mg / ml) añadido en el last 2 hr. Lavar las células con PBS y fijarlos utilizando un kit de fijación / permeabilización comercial según las instrucciones del fabricante. </li><li> Realizar tinción de citoquinas intra celular utilizando el anti-TNF-α conjugados con fluorocromo, anti-IL-17A y anticuerpos ROR-γt como se describió anteriormente 19. </li><li> Brevemente, resuspender las células en el tampón de permeabilización 1X con el cóctel de anticuerpos anti-TNF-α, los anticuerpos ROR-γt anti-IL-17A y, cada anticuerpo a 2-3 mg / ml de concentración final. </li><li> Se incuban las células durante 1 hora a RT. </li><li> Después de la incubación, se lavan las células con tampón de permeabilización 1X. </li><li> Resuspender el sedimento celular en 500 l de PBS con 0,5% de albúmina de suero bovino para citometría de flujo análisis. </li></ol>

<ol>
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F., Kollias, G., Becker, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pleiotropic+functions+of+TNF-alpha+in+the+regulation+of+the+intestinal+epithelial+response+to+inflammation.">Pleiotropic functions of TNF-alpha in the regulation of the intestinal epithelial response to inflammation.</a> International Immunology. 26 (9), 509-515 (2014).</li><li>Bishu, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+adaptor+CARD9+is+required+for+adaptive+but+not+innate+immunity+to+oral+mucosal+Candida+albicans+infections.">The adaptor CARD9 is required for adaptive but not innate immunity to oral mucosal Candida albicans infections.</a> Infection and Immunity. 82 (3), 1173-1180 (2014).</li><li>Quintin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+role+of+NK+cells+against+Candida+albicans+infection+in+immunocompetent+or+immunocompromised+mice.">Differential role of NK cells against Candida albicans infection in immunocompetent or immunocompromised mice.</a> Eur J Immunol. 44 (8), 2405-2414 (2014).</li><li>Ramirez-Garcia, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Candida+albicans+and+cancer:+Can+this+yeast+induce+cancer+development+or+progression.">Candida albicans and cancer: Can this yeast induce cancer development or progression.</a> Critical Reviews In Microbiology. , 1-13 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Este modelo se basa en la inducción de C. Oral infección albicans inflamación dependiente Th17. Debido a la ausencia de T regs, la inflamación de células Th17 inducida es desenfrenada y conduce a la inmunopatología mal resuelto. In vitro derivan las células CD4 naive polarizados ya que se utilizaron células Th17 para la transferencia adoptiva. 40 - 50% de las células CD4 + cultivadas muestran detectable la expresión de IL-17A alrededor de 3 días (células Th17), y por lo ...

Oral infections and inflammation have been related to cancer and cardiovascular diseases, and have dramatic impact on overall human health2,3. Opportunistic infections and inflammation caused by C. albicans are associated with primary immunodeficiencies (PID)4,5, inflammatory disorders such as periodontitis 6,7, Sjogren&#8217;s syndrome, and salivary gland disease8,9, as well as oral squamous cell carcinoma 10-12. C. albicans is a dimorphic commensal fungus that colonizes the mouths of 60% of healthy humans asymptomatically, yet it is the most common fungal pathogen causing infections when the host defense is weakened13-15. It causes recurring and chronic infections and inflammation in patients with AIDS and PID, and also in other immunocompromised individuals. As a commensal, its colonization load is associated with the change in the diversity of the overall oral microbiome16. As a pathogen it causes several forms of oropharyngeal candidiasis such as acute pseudomembranous, acute atrophic, chronic atrophic, chronic hypertrophic/hyperplastic, and angular cheilitis. 
Protection against C. albicans is determined not only by host immune resistance, but also by the ability to appropriately control Candida-induced immunopathology. Although commensals such as C. albicans contribute to modulation and exacerbation of other oral inflammatory conditions, the mechanisms by which dysbiosis occur during opportunistic infections are unclear. Besides the known role of adaptive Th17 cells in memory response to C. albicans17, their role in initiation and perpetuation of inflammation pathology during chronic infections remain unclear. Furthermore, oral inflammatory diseases such as Sjogren&#8217;s syndrome and periodontitis are associated with Th17 mediated pathology. Interestingly, these diseases are also strongly associated with frequent OPC. However, the interactions among Th17 cells, oral immunopathology of OPC and other oral inflammatory diseases are unstudied. 
Although mouse models of primary and secondary infection of oral candidiasis are available, a mouse model to study Candida infection associated Th17 inflammation, especially in the context of immunodeficiency is unavailable. This study presents a method for establishing oral Th17 inflammation associated with oral Candida infection in mice. Candida infection in mice is characterized by fungal lesions, inflammation in the tongue, decreased food intake, weight loss and eventually a moribund state. Oral pathology resembles chronic candidal infection lesions, as well as epithelial dysplasia in mouse oral cancer models12,18.

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		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:380px;">CAF-2</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">University of Pittsburgh (Sarah Gaffen)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:380px;">Candida culture</td>
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			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">U-bottom 96 well plates&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">055588</td>
			<td>Used for cell culture</td>
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			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
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			<td style="width:411px;">eBiosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16-0281-85</td>
			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">m-IL-6</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RC232</td>
			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">h-TGF-b&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">R&#38;D</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">240-B</td>
			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
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			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
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			<td>Polarization of cells to Th17 conditions</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:380px;">&#945;-IL17A ef660</td>
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			<td>Used for cell culture - 1:100</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:380px;">&#945;-RORgt PE&#160;</td>
			<td>eBiosciences</td>
			<td>12-6981-82</td>
			<td>Used for cell culture - 1:50</td>
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			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">YNB w/o amino acids)/Peptone/Dextrose broth medium&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S507.SIZE</td>
			<td>Mediium for candida growth</td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Shaker incubator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">New Brunswick Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Innova 4300</td>
			<td>Incubation growth for candida</td>
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		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">15 ml tubes</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BT888-SY</td>
			<td>Used for cell culture and candida growth</td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">50 ml tubes</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CT 788-YS</td>
			<td>Used for cell culture and candida growth</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Table top Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">VWR International LLC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">82017-654</td>
			<td>For pelleting candida -900 g</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Allegra Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">392302</td>
			<td>Cell culture - 480 g</td>
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		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">1.5 ml eppendorf tubes</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BT620-NS</td>
			<td>Preparing final concentration of candida</td>
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		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">2x paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15710</td>
			<td>Fixing candida for count</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hemocytometer</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">VWR International LLC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15170-172</td>
			<td>Counting cells</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PBS - Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bio Basic</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PD8117</td>
			<td>Preparation of buffers</td>
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		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">Ketamine/xylazine&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Case Western Reserve University - Animal Resource Center</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Obtained from ARC approved protocol for anesthesia</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ophthalmic lubricant ointment&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Allergan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Eye ointment for animals to prevent dryness</td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Saline (0.9% NaCl)</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">G Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">786-561</td>
			<td>Administerd to animals to prevent dehydration</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">3-mm-diameter cotton wool ball&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">VWR International LLC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP7603</td>
			<td>3 mm balls for candida infection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Heat gel pads</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Case Western Reserve University - Animal Resource Center</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>for maintaining the body temperaturre and fast recovery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hematoxylin and Eosin staining</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Histoserv - MD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>Tissue histology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">10% formalin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">JC1111/MC</td>
			<td>Tissue histology</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">70% ethanol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">VWR International LLC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">97064-490</td>
			<td>Sterilization purpose</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PMA - Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P1585-1MG</td>
			<td>Restimulation of cells</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ionomycin</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">124222 1mg</td>
			<td>Restimulation of cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fixation permeabilization kit</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">eBiosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E16913-106</td>
			<td>Fixing cells for Flow cytometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:380px;">Tuberculin syringes</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td align="right">309659</td>
			<td>Mice injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">25 G x 3/8 needles</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td align="right">309626</td>
			<td>Mice injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;">Rag1 -/- mice</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Jackson laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Stock no: 002216</td>
			<td>Recipient mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CD45.1 congenic mice</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Jackson laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Stock no:002014&#160;</td>
			<td>Donor Th17 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:380px;">CB17-SCID mice</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Jackson laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Stock no: 001303</td>
			<td>Recipient mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:380px;">Balb/c mice</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Jackson laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Stock no: 000651</td>
			<td>Donor Th17 cells</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

th17 inflammation model of oropharyngeal candidiasis in immunodeficient mice

Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC) disease is caused not only due to the lack of host immune resistance, but also the absence of appropriate regulation of infection-induced immunopathology. Although Th17 cells are implicated in antifungal defense, their role in immunopathology is unclear. This study presents a method for establishing oral Th17 immunopathology associated with oral candidal infection in immunodeficient mice. The method is based on reconstituting lymphopenic mice with in vitro cultured Th17 cells, followed by oral infection with Candida albicans (C. albicans). Results show that unrestrained Th17 cells result in inflammation and pathology, and is associated with several measurable read-outs including weight loss, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, tongue histopathology and mortality, showing that this model may be valuable in studying OPC immunopathology. Adoptive transfer of regulatory cells (Tregs) controls and reduces the inflammatory response, showing that this model can be used to test new strategies to counteract oral inflammation. This model may also be applicable in studying oral Th17 immunopathology in general in the context of other oral diseases.

En este modelo, tanto los ratones infectados con Candida y ratones no infectados en RAG-1 - / - de fondo inmunodeficiente se transfirieron de forma adoptiva con células Th17 3-5 días antes de la infección. Un total de 10-12 ratones fueron utilizados para los experimentos, con 2 ratones en cada Sham infectados grupos y 4-5 en cada uno de los grupos infectados Candida. Naive células se obtuvieron a partir Thy1.1 o CD45.1 congenic ratones, de modo que las células Th17 inyectados fueron ras...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Th17 Inflammation Model of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice at JoVE.com

Th17 Inflammation Model of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice

Although Candida infection models are available to study host immune resistance, a model to study T cell mediated immunopathology in the context of Candida infection is absent. Here we describe a method to establish Th17 immunopathology associated with oral Candida infection in immunodeficient mice.

Th17 Inflamación Modelo de candidiasis orofaríngea en ratones inmunodeficientes

Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC) disease is caused not only due to the lack of host immune resistance, but also the absence of appropriate regulation of ...

th17-inflammation-model-oropharyngeal-candidiasis-immunodeficient

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

9.9K vistas.  Case Western Reserve University. Although Candida infection models are available to study host immune resistance, a model to study T cell mediated immunopathology in the context of Candida infection is absent. Here we describe a method to establish Th17 immunopathology associated with oral Candida infection in immunodeficient mice. 

Video: Th17 Inflammation Model of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice

Functional Assessment of Intestinal Motility and Gut Wall Inflammation in Rodents: Analyses in a Standardized Model of Intestinal Manipulation

Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract is a common reason for a variety of human diseases. Animal research models are critical in investigating the complex cellular and molecular of intestinal pathology. Although the tunica mucosa is often the organ of interest in many inflammatory diseases, recent works demonstrated that the muscularis externa (ME) is also a highly immunocompetent organ that harbours a dense network of resident immunocytes.1,2 These works were performed within the standardized model of intestinal manipulation (IM) that leads to inflammation of the bowel wall, mainly limited to the ME. Clinically this inflammation leads to prolonged intestinal dysmotility, known as postoperative ileus (POI) which is a frequent and unavoidable complication after abdominal surgery.3 The inflammation is characterized by liberation of proinflammatory mediators such as IL-64 or IL-1&beta; or inhibitory neurotransmitters like nitric oxide (NO).5 Subsequently, tremendous numbers of immunocytes extravasate into the ME, dominated by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and monocytes and finally maintain POI.2 Lasting for days, this intestinal paralysis leads to an increased risk of aspiration, bacterial translocation and infectious complications up to sepsis and multi organ failure and causes a high economic burden.6
In this manuscript we demonstrate the standardized model of IM and in vivo assessment of gastrointestinal transit (GIT) and colonic transit. Furthermore we demonstrate a method for separation of the ME from the tunica mucosa followed by immunological analysis, which is crucial to distinguish between the inflammatory responses in these both highly immunoactive bowel wall compartments. All analyses are easily transferable to any other research models, affecting gastrointestinal function.

Postoperative ileus (POI) is a complication of abdominal surgery leading to increased morbidity and a prolonged hospital stay. Because prophylactic or therapeutic strategies are lacking intensified research is necessary. Therefore we established a standardized and feasible mouse model to investigate the pathophysiology of POI and to study potential therapeutic options.

Evaluación funcional de la motilidad intestinal y la inflamación de la pared intestinal en roedores: Análisis de un modelo estandarizado de manipulación intestinal

Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract is a common reason for a variety of human diseases. Animal research models are critical in investigating the ...

Investigación

Medicina

Generation of Subcutaneous and Intrahepatic Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice

In vivo experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate the human disease provide a valuable platform for research into disease pathophysiology and for the preclinical evaluation of novel therapies. We present a variety of methods to generate subcutaneous or orthotopic human HCC xenografts in immunodeficient mice that could be utilized in a variety of research applications. With a focus on the use of primary tumor tissue from patients undergoing surgical resection as a starting point, we describe the preparation of cell suspensions or tumor fragments for xenografting. We describe specific techniques to xenograft these tissues i) subcutaneously; or ii) intrahepatically, either by direct implantation of tumor cells or fragments into the liver, or indirectly by injection of cells into the mouse spleen. We also describe the use of partial resection of the native mouse liver at the time of xenografting as a strategy to induce a state of active liver regeneration in the recipient mouse that may facilitate the intrahepatic engraftment of primary human tumor cells. The expected results of these techniques are illustrated. The protocols described have been validated using primary human HCC samples and xenografts, which typically perform less robustly than the well-established human HCC cell lines that are widely used and frequently cited in the literature. In comparison with cell lines, we discuss factors which may contribute to the relatively low chance of primary HCC engraftment in xenotransplantation models and comment on technical issues that may influence the kinetics of xenograft growth. We also suggest methods that should be applied to ensure that xenografts obtained accurately resemble parent HCC tissues.

Human tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice are valuable tools to study cancer biology. Specific protocols to generate subcutaneous and intrahepatic xenografts from human hepatocellular carcinoma cells or tumor fragments are described. Liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy in recipient mice is presented as a strategy to facilitate intrahepatic engraftment.

Generación de subcutánea e intrahepática hepatocelular carcinoma humano xenoinjertos en ratones inmunodeficientes

In  vivo experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate  the human disease provide a valuable platform for research into disease  ...

Combined In vivo Optical and &#181;CT Imaging to Monitor Infection, Inflammation, and Bone Anatomy in an Orthopaedic Implant Infection in Mice

Multimodality imaging has emerged as a common technological approach used in both preclinical and clinical research. Advanced techniques that combine in vivo optical and &#956;CT imaging allow the visualization of biological phenomena in an anatomical context. These imaging modalities may be especially useful to study conditions that impact bone. In particular, orthopaedic implant infections are an important problem in clinical orthopaedic surgery. These infections are difficult to treat because bacterial biofilms form on the foreign surgically implanted materials, leading to persistent inflammation, osteomyelitis and eventual osteolysis of the bone surrounding the implant, which ultimately results in implant loosening and failure. Here, a mouse model of an infected orthopaedic prosthetic implant was used that involved the surgical placement of a Kirschner-wire implant into an intramedullary canal in the femur in such a way that the end of the implant extended into the knee joint. In this model, LysEGFP mice, a mouse strain that has EGFP-fluorescent neutrophils, were employed in conjunction with a bioluminescent Staphylococcus aureus strain, which naturally emits light. The bacteria were inoculated into the knee joints of the mice prior to closing the surgical site. In vivo bioluminescent and fluorescent imaging was used to quantify the bacterial burden and neutrophil inflammatory response, respectively. In addition, &#956;CT imaging was performed on the same mice so that the 3D location of the bioluminescent and fluorescent optical signals could be co-registered with the anatomical &#956;CT images. To quantify the changes in the bone over time, the outer bone volume of the distal femurs were measured at specific time points using a semi-automated contour based segmentation process. Taken together, the combination of in vivo bioluminescent/fluorescent imaging with &#956;CT imaging may be especially useful for the noninvasive monitoring of the infection, inflammatory response and anatomical changes in bone over time.

Combined In vivo Optical and  &amp;#181;CT Imaging to Monitor Infection, Inflammation, and Bone Anatomy in an Orthopaedic Implant Infection in Mice

Combined optical and &#956;CT imaging in a mouse model of orthopaedic implant infection, utilizing a bioluminescent engineered strain of Staphylococcus aureus, provided the capability to noninvasively and longitudinally monitor the dynamics of the bacterial infection, as well as the corresponding inflammatory response and anatomical changes in the bone.

Combinado<em&gt; En vivo</em&gt; Óptica y μCT imágenes para vigilar la infección, inflamación y Hueso anatomía en una infección de implantes ortopédicos en ratones

Multimodality imaging has emerged as a common technological approach used in both preclinical and clinical research. Advanced techniques that combine in ...

Renal Ischaemia Reperfusion Injury: A Mouse Model of Injury and Regeneration

Renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients and occlusion of renal blood flow is unavoidable during renal transplantation. Experimental models that accurately and reproducibly recapitulate renal IRI are crucial in dissecting the pathophysiology of AKI and the development of novel therapeutic agents. Presented here is a mouse model of renal IRI that results in reproducible AKI. This is achieved by a midline laparotomy approach for the surgery with one incision allowing both a right nephrectomy that provides control tissue and clamping of the left renal pedicle to induce ischaemia of the left kidney. By careful monitoring of the clamp position and body temperature during the period of ischaemia this model achieves reproducible functional and structural injury. Mice sacrificed 24 hr&#160;following surgery demonstrate loss of renal function with elevation of the serum or plasma creatinine level as well as structural kidney damage with acute tubular necrosis evident. Renal function improves and the acute tissue injury resolves during the course of 7 days following renal IRI such that this model may be used to study renal regeneration. This model of renal IRI has been utilized to study the molecular and cellular pathophysiology of AKI as well as analysis of the subsequent renal regeneration.

The mouse model of renal ischaemia reperfusion injury described here comprises of a right nephrectomy that provides control tissue and clamping of the left renal pedicle to induce ischaemia that results in acute kidney injury. This model uses a midline laparotomy approach with all steps performed via one incision.

La isquemia reperfusión renal: un modelo de ratón de la lesión y regeneración

Renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients and occlusion of renal blood flow is unavoidable ...

A Murine Model of Irreversible and Reversible Unilateral Ureteric Obstruction

Obstruction of the kidney may affect native or transplanted kidneys and results in kidney injury and scarring. Presented here is a model of obstructive nephropathy induced by unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO), which can either be irreversible (UUO) or reversible (R-UUO). In the irreversible UUO model, the ureter may be obstructed for variable periods of time in order to induce increasingly severe renal inflammation and interstitial fibrotic scarring. In the reversible R-UUO model the ureter is obstructed to induce hydronephrosis, tubular dilation and inflammation. After a suitable period of time the ureteric obstruction is then surgically reversed by anastomosis of the severed previously obstructed ureter to the bladder in order to allow complete decompression of the kidney and restoration of urinary flow to the bladder. The irreversible UUO model has been used to investigate various aspects of renal inflammation and scarring including the pathogenesis of disease and the testing of potential anti-inflammatory or anti-fibrotic therapies. The more challenging model of R-UUO has been used by some investigators and does offer significant research potential as it allows the study of inflammatory and immune processes and tissue remodeling in an injured and scarred kidney following the removal of the injurious stimulus. As a result, the R-UUO model offers investigators the opportunity to explore the resolution of kidney inflammation together with key aspects of tissue repair. These experimental models are of relevance to human disease as patients often present with obstruction of the renal tract that requires decompression and are commonly left with significant residual kidney impairment that has no current treatment options and may lead to eventual end stage kidney failure.

The murine model of irreversible unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO) is presented together with the model of reversible UUO in which the ureteric obstruction is relieved by anastomosis of the severed ureter into the bladder. These models enable the study of renal inflammation and scarring as well as tissue remodeling.

Un modelo murino de irreversible y reversible obstrucción ureteral unilateral

Obstruction of the kidney may affect native or transplanted kidneys and results in kidney injury and scarring. Presented here is a model of obstructive ...

Myocardial Infarction in Neonatal Mice, A Model of Cardiac Regeneration

Myocardial infarction induced by coronary artery ligation has been used in many animal models as a tool to study the mechanisms of cardiac repair and regeneration, and to define new targets for therapeutics. For decades, models of complete heart regeneration existed in amphibians and fish, but a mammalian counterpart was not available. The recent discovery of a postnatal window during which mice possess regenerative capabilities has led to the establishment of a mammalian model of cardiac regeneration. A surgical model of mammalian cardiac regeneration in the neonatal mouse is presented herein. Briefly, postnatal day 1 (P1) mice are anesthetized by isoflurane and placed on an ice pad to induce hypothermia. After the chest is opened, and the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) is visualized, a suture is placed around the LAD to inflict myocardial ischemia in the left ventricle. The surgical procedure takes 10-15 min. Visualizing the coronary artery is crucial for accurate suture placement and reproducibility. Myocardial infarction and cardiac dysfunction are confirmed by triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and echocardiography, respectively. Complete regeneration 21 days post myocardial infarction is verified by histology. This protocol can be used to as a tool to elucidate mechanisms of mammalian cardiac regeneration after myocardial infarction.

This protocol describes a highly reproducible model of cardiac regeneration by surgical induction of myocardial infarction in the left ventricle of postnatal day 1 mice. The method involves induction of hypothermic anesthesia and ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery.

El infarto de miocardio en ratones recién nacidos, un modelo de regeneración cardiaca

Myocardial infarction induced by coronary artery ligation has been used in many animal models as a tool to study the mechanisms of cardiac repair and ...

Bioluminescence and Near-infrared Imaging of Optic Neuritis and Brain Inflammation in the EAE Model of Multiple Sclerosis in Mice

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL/J mice is a model for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Clinical EAE scores describing motor function deficits are basic readouts of the immune-mediated inflammation of the spinal cord. However, scores and body weight do not allow for an in vivo assessment of brain inflammation and optic neuritis. The latter is an early and frequent manifestation in about 2/3 of MS patients. Here, we show methods for bioluminescence and near-infrared live imaging to assess EAE evoked optic neuritis, brain inflammation, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in living mice using an in vivo imaging system. A bioluminescent substrate activated by oxidases primarily showed optic neuritis. The signal was specific and allowed the visualization of medication effects and disease time courses, which paralleled the clinical scores. Pegylated fluorescent nanoparticles that remained within the vasculature for extended periods of time were used to assess the BBB integrity. Near-infrared imaging revealed a BBB leak at the peak of the disease. The signal was the strongest around the eyes. A near-infrared substrate for matrix metalloproteinases was used to assess EAE-evoked inflammation. Auto-fluorescence interfered with the signal, requiring spectral unmixing for quantification. Overall, bioluminescence imaging was a reliable method to assess EAE-associated optic neuritis and medication effects and was superior to the near-infrared techniques in terms of signal specificity, robustness, ease of quantification, and cost.

We show a technique for in vivo live bioluminescence and near-infrared imaging of optic neuritis and encephalitis in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model for multiple sclerosis in SJL/J mice.

La bioluminiscencia e infrarrojo cercano de imagen de la neuritis óptica y la inflamación cerebral en el modelo de EAE de esclerosis múltiple en ratones

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL/J mice is a model for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Clinical EAE scores describing ...

Dry Powder and Nebulized Aerosol Inhalation of Pharmaceuticals Delivered to Mice Using a Nose-only Exposure System

Obstructive respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are currently treated by inhaled anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator drugs. Despite the availability of multiple treatments, both diseases are growing public health concerns. The majority of asthma patients are well controlled on current inhaled therapies but a substantial number of patients with severe asthma are not. Asthma affects an estimated 300 million people worldwide and approximately 20 percent have a severe form of the disease. In contrast to asthma, there are few effective therapies for COPD. An estimated 10% of the population has COPD and the trend in death rates is increasing for COPD while decreasing for other major diseases. Although developing drugs for inhaled delivery is challenging, the nose-only inhalation unit enables direct delivery of novel drugs to the lung of rodents for pre-clinical efficacy and safety/toxicology studies. Inhaled drug delivery has multiple advantages for respiratory diseases, where high concentration in the lung improves efficacy and minimizes systemic side effects. Inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators benefit from these advantages and inhaled delivery may also hold potential for future biologic therapies. The inhalation unit described herein can generate, sample for characterization, and uniformly deposit a drug aerosol in the lungs of rodents. This enables the pre-clinical determination of the efficacy and safety of drug doses deposited in the lungs of rodents, key data required before initiating clinical development.

The inhalation unit described herein can generate, sample for characterization, and uniformly deposit a drug aerosol in the lungs of rodents. This enables the pre-clinical determination of the efficacy and safety of drug doses deposited in the lungs; key data enabling clinical inhaled drug development.

De polvo seco y nebulizada de inhalación de aerosol de productos farmacéuticos entregado a ratones utilizando un sólo Nose sistema de exposición

Obstructive respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are currently treated by inhaled anti-inflammatory and ...

Murine Oropharyngeal Aspiration Model of Ventilator-associated and Hospital-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia

Murine infection models are critical for understanding disease pathogenesis and testing the efficacy of novel therapeutics designed to combat causative pathogens. Infectious pneumonia is among the most common infections presented by patients in the clinic and thus warrants an appropriate in vivo model. Typical pneumonia models use intranasal inoculation, which deposits excessive organisms outside the lung, causing off-target complications and symptoms, such as sinusitis, gastritis, enteritis, physical trauma, or microparticle misting to mimic aerosol spread more typical of viral, tuberculous, or fungal pneumonia. These models do not accurately reflect the pathogenesis of typical community- or healthcare-acquired bacterial pneumonia. In contrast, this murine model of oropharyngeal aspiration pneumonia mimics the droplet route in healthcare-acquired pneumonia. Inoculating 50 &#181;L of the bacteria suspension into the oropharynx of anesthetized mice causes reflexive aspiration, which results in pneumonia. With this model, one can examine the pathogenesis of pneumonia-causing pathogens and new treatments to combat these diseases.

Infectious pneumonia is among the most common infections in human. An appropriate in vivo model is critical for understanding disease pathogenesis and testing the efficacy of novel therapeutics. With this murine oropharyngeal aspiration pneumonia model, one can examine the pathogenesis and new treatments against these deadly infections.

Modelo murino de aspiración orofaríngea de neumonía bacteriana asociada a la ventilación y adquirida en el Hospital

Murine infection models are critical for understanding disease pathogenesis and testing the efficacy of novel therapeutics designed to combat causative ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Medición de la contractilidad isométrica de la arteria mesentérica de ratón con cable miografía

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...