This research was supported in part by the University of Georgia, and a grant (HD071330) from the National Institutes of Health to MMV.

Este protocolo fue aprobado por el Cuidado y Uso de Animales Comité Institucional (IACUC) de la Universidad de Georgia. 1. Preparativos <ol><li> Para el cultivo de los ovocitos, compra o recién preparar Medio Esencial Mínimo (MEM) y complementar con 3 mg / ml de albúmina de suero bovino (BSA) como se indica en la Tabla 1. Coloque una botella de poliestireno en un equilibrio de carga (tara a cero). Añadir todos los reactivos, excepto BSA, en orden y que aparezca el volumen final con MQ-agua en peso a un total de 250 g. A continuación, agregue la BSA, deje que se disuelva y esterilizar filtro. Nota: El medio MEM descrito requiere de equilibración y la incubación de células con una mezcla de gases médica de 5% de CO 2, 5% O 2 y 90% N 2. Sin embargo, otros medios de comunicación (por ejemplo, CZB) se pueden usar que permiten la incubación de las células en 5% de CO 2 en condiciones atmosféricas. </li><li> Para la microinyección de ovocitos, comprar o preparar medio M2. </li><li> Preparar pgonadotropina de suero de yegua reinante (PMSG) a una concentración de 5 UI / 100 l. </li><li> Compra y reconstituir las reservas siRNA a una concentración de trabajo de 1 mM. </li></ol> 2. ratón ovocitos Colección <ol><li> DÍA 1: Para estimular el desarrollo del folículo ovárico y aumentar el número de folículos pre-ovulatorios, administrar 5 UI de PMSG por vía intraperitoneal a ratones hembra de 48 horas antes de la recolección de los ovocitos. </li><li> DÍA 3: Para la recolección de los ovocitos y la cultura, estableció placas de cultivo de 35 mm con 3 ml de MEM / BSA suplementado con 1 mg / ml milrinona. Este inhibidor de la fosfodiesterasa mantiene los ovocitos en profase I arreste y evita la ruptura de la vesícula germinal (GVBD). Equilibrar las placas de cultivo en una mezcla de gases médica durante al menos 15 min. Se requiere Milrinona medio suplementado en toda la colección de ovocitos, así como la microinyección de ovocitos y el 24 horas de retención cultura período posterior siRNA: Nota. </li><li> Recuperar los ovarios de los ratones hembra utilizando laboratorio establecido prácticas 15 y traslado a una nueva placa de cultivo con pre-calentado y se equilibró MEM / BSA / milrinona. </li><li> Coloque la placa de cultivo en el escenario de un microscopio estereoscópico para la recolección de los ovocitos. Lanzamiento de cúmulo-ovocito complejos (COC de) perforando manualmente los folículos antrales con 27 G agujas. Fijar un ovario a la parte inferior de la placa de cultivo, con una aguja de 27 G unida a una jeringa de 1 ml, y utilizar una segunda aguja para perforar todos los folículos grandes. Repita el procedimiento para cada ovario. </li><li> Usando procedimientos boca pipeteo estándar u otros medios de aspiración de ovocitos, recoger todos los ovocitos que están rodeados por 2 o más capas de células del cumulus compactos. Transferir el COC de un nuevo plato y se incuba a 37 ° C durante 1 hora. </li><li> Retire con cuidado las células del cumulus que rodean por repetido pipeteo suave con una pipeta 1 ml ajustado a un volumen de aspiración de 750 l. Repita el paso de pipeteo cerca de 12 vecesy permitir que los ovocitos se recuperen durante 5 min. Continúe de esta manera hasta que todos o la mayoría de las células del cúmulo se han eliminado. La transferencia de los ovocitos denudados a otra placa de cultivo y permitir que se equilibre a 37 ° C durante 15 minutos. </li><li> Asignar los ovocitos denudados en tres grupos experimentales que se utilizarán para: (i) la microinyección de siRNAs específicos contra el blanco de interés, (ii) la microinyección de (control) siRNAs inespecíficos, y (iii) un grupo no inyectada de control para tener en cuenta condiciones de cultivo. </li></ol> 3. La microinyección de ovocitos <ol><li> Establecer placas de cultivo con 3 ml de medio M2 suplementado con milrinona (1 mg / ml) para la microinyección de ovocitos. Preparar placas de cultivo que contenían MEM / BSA / milrinona para el lavado y la posterior cultura de ovocitos inyectados. Nota: medio M2 contiene HEPES tampón y requiere pre-calentamiento a 37 ° C durante 15 minutos en condiciones atmosféricas. MEM requiere pre-calentamiento y el equilibrio usando gases medicinales como describird arriba. </li><li> Prepare el sistema de microinyección. Cargue la aguja de inyección con 5 l de solución de siRNA 1 M. Asegure la pipeta de sujeción y la aguja de inyección para micromanipuladores del sistema de microinyección y configurar la unidad de inyección con el volumen y la presión calibrada. </li><li> Coloque un 200 l micro-gota de medios M2 en el interior de la tapa de una placa de cultivo de 3 cm y añadir un ovocito para configurar y alineación del sistema de microinyección. </li><li> Utilizando el ovocito como guía, ajuste las posiciones de la explotación y de inyección de agujas. Aplicar presión negativa a la pipeta de sujeción para fijar suavemente el ovocito y ajustar la posición de la aguja de inyección con el diámetro más ancho de la célula. Ajustar la configuración para permitir que la microinyección de aproximadamente 10 pl de la solución de siRNA en cualquier lugar en el citoplasma del ovocito. <img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53586/53586fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1. ovocitos microinyección creó. ( <strong&gt; A) imagen representativa de una micro-200 l gota de medios de comunicación M2 colocado en la tapa de una placa de cultivo de 3 cm, con la aguja de sujeción de la pipeta y la inyección colocado a la izquierda y derecha, respectivamente. (B) Grupo de la profase I arrestado ovocitos (GV-etapa) antes de la microinyección. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53586/53586fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Por favor haga clic aquí para ver una versión más grande de esta figura.</a> </li><li> Devuelva la tapa para la etapa de microscopio estereoscópico y añadir un 200 l micro-gota de medios M2 fresco. Añadir un grupo de ovocitos (~ 10) a la micro-gota mediante pipeteo boca, o métodos alternativos, a continuación, devolver la tapa con micro-gota a la etapa de microinyección. <ol><li> Proceda a microinyectar los ovocitos individuales. Asegurar un ovocito con la pipeta tenencia, introduzca lentamente la punta de la aguja de inyección en el citoplasma y expulsar el volumen de inyección de la solución de siRNA. Retraer con cuidado la aguja de inyección y move el oocito inyectado a una posición en la parte inferior de la micro-drop. Mueva ovocitos inyectados, sin éxito, a una posición en la parte superior de la micro-drop. </li><li> Repita el procedimiento de microinyección con cada ovocito. Para mantener la viabilidad de oocitos óptima, microinyectar sólo un pequeño número de ovocitos a la vez. Asegúrese de que este proceso no toma más de unos pocos minutos para evitar que la temperatura y pH cambios en la micro-drop. </li></ol></li><li> Aspirar inyecta éxito ovocitos o mover con cuidado la tapa con el micro-gota de ovocitos inyectados con el microscopio estereoscópico. La transferencia de los ovocitos viables inyectados con la pipeta boca o métodos alternativos, al MEM / BSA medio / milrinona de lavar y equilibrar a 37 ° C. </li><li> El uso de otro grupo de ovocitos, repita el proceso de microinyección con una nueva aguja de inyección cargado con siRNAs no específicos para el grupo de control. Lave los ovocitos en MEM / BSA / milrinona y traslado a una placa de cultivo separado. </li><li> Cultura todos los grupos deovocitos durante 24 horas en MEM / BSA / milrinona a 37 ° C en una atmósfera de gas médico. Nota: Se necesita el periodo de cultivo &#39;bloque milrinona&#39; para la meta eficiente agotamiento ARNm / proteína. </li></ol> 4. ovocitos de la cultura para la maduración meiótica <ol><li> DÍA 4: Para cada grupo experimental de ovocitos configuración 4 placas de cultivo (35 mm) con 3 ml de MEM / BSA. Suplemento un plato medios por grupo con 10% de suero bovino fetal (de alta calidad) (FBS) a utilizar para la maduración de ovocitos. Permitir que todos los platos de cultivo se equilibren a 37 ° C con la mezcla de gases medicinales. </li><li> Para liberar ovocitos de &quot;bloque milrinona &#39;, secuencialmente lavar los ovocitos tres veces en platos que contienen MEM / BSA y luego transferir los ovocitos al plato que contiene la maduración de medios con 10% de FBS. Cultura todos los grupos de ovocitos de 17 horas a 37 ° C, para permitir la reanudación y la progresión de la meiosis. </li><li> DÍA 5: Preparar soluciones para fixa ovocitoción, incluyendo: (i) 4% de paraformaldehído (PFA) en tampón PEM (TUBOS 100 mM [pH 6,9], 1 mM de MgCl 2, 1 mM EGTA) con 0,5% de Triton-X 100, y (ii) PBS suplementado con 5 % de FBS que se utilizarán para lavar y bloquear los ovocitos. Nota: Estas soluciones requieren pre-calentamiento a 37 ° C antes de la fijación de los ovocitos. </li><li> Para la fijación de los ovocitos (después del cultivo 17 hr), con rapidez transferir cada grupo experimental de los oocitos mediante pipeteado boca o métodos alternativos en los pocillos individuales (de un plato de 4 pocillos) que contiene 750 l de pre-calentado solución PFA 4% y se incuba a 37 ° C durante 1 hora. Posteriormente lavar cada grupo de ovocitos 3 veces (15 min cada uno) en 750 l de PBS precalentado que contienen 5% de FBS. </li><li> Ovocitos bloque en 200 l de PBS / 5% de FBS O / N a 4 ° C para minimizar la unión inespecífica del anticuerpo. </li></ol> Análisis 5. Inmunofluorescencia <ol><li> DÍA 6: Nota: La inmunotinción se realiza en una placa multi-pocillo y la OOCytes se transfieren en serie a los pocillos secuenciales, que contiene respectivas soluciones de anticuerpos y de lavado. Cualquiera de 48 o 96 pocillos placas se pueden usar, simplemente ajustar el volumen de la solución basada en el tamaño también. Para placas de 96 pocillos utilizar 200 l por pocillo. Los ovocitos se transfieren a las diferentes soluciones en el orden siguiente: solución de anticuerpo primario - 3 pozos de lavado - solución de anticuerpo secundario - 3 pozos de lavado. Para limitar exposición a la luz de la placa se puede cubrir con papel de aluminio. Preparar fresco PBS / 5% de FBS y utilizar esta solución para preparar diluciones de anticuerpos (por ejemplo, conejo anti-pericentrina (1 / 1.000), ratón anti-tubulina (1 / 1.000)). </li><li> La transferencia de los ovocitos fijos de cada grupo experimental a los pocillos individuales que contienen 200 l (o 100 l, si se desea menos volumen) de la solución de anticuerpo primario y tapar el pozo con parafilm. Incubar acuerdo con las condiciones óptimas de anticuerpo específico (por ejemplo, 37 ° C durante 1 hr, o 4 ° CO / N). Nota: El anticuerpo primario dilution así como el tiempo de incubación y la temperatura específica requieren pruebas para determinar las condiciones óptimas para diferentes anticuerpos utilizados. </li><li> Después de la incubación con el anticuerpo primario, se lavan los ovocitos tres veces en PBS / FBS al 5% (10-15 min cada uno). </li><li> La transferencia de los ovocitos en la solución que contiene anticuerpos secundarios conjugados con fluorescencia (por ejemplo, 1 / 1.000 de dilución de anticuerpos anti-conejo y anti-ratón conjugado con fluorocromos de diferentes longitudes de onda). Incubar durante 1 hora a 37 ° C. </li><li> Lavar los ovocitos tres veces en PBS / FBS al 5% (10 - 15 min cada uno). </li><li> Tras la etapa de lavado final, la transferencia de los ovocitos en un portaobjetos de vidrio limpio y suavemente aspirar cualquier exceso de solución de lavado. Esto inmovilizar los ovocitos en la superficie de vidrio. Añadir 8 l de los medios de comunicación (que contiene DAPI) montaje y superponer cuidadosamente los medios de montaje con un 22 mm x 22 mm cubreobjetos. Baje el cubreobjetos lentamente para evitar atrapar burbujas de aire y / o dañar los ovocitos. Nota: Como alternativa, para mantener las propiedades 3-dimensionales de los ovocitos para el análisis de microscopía confocal, añadir un pequeño volumen de 100 cuentas de vidrio micras (mezclado con vaselina) a las esquinas de la hoja de la cubierta antes de montar en la diapositiva. </li><li> Diapositivas se almacenan a 4 ° C, o proceder a la evaluación de la progresión meiótica, así como el análisis de los niveles de expresión y localización subcelular de proteínas utilizando un microscopio de fluorescencia equipado con los filtros necesarios para que coincida con los anticuerpos secundarios utilizados. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose

Si bien hay varios métodos para la transferencia de ácido nucleico exógeno en las células somáticas, tales como la electroporación y la transfección, microinyección es el método óptimo para la entrega de moléculas de RNA en oocitos de ratón transcripcionalmente quiescentes. El protocolo actual ofrece un enfoque eficaz para el agotamiento in vitro de ARNm específicos que permiten a las pruebas funcionales de diferente huso y / o factores MTOC asociada en ovocitos. Este enfoque se traduce en el agota...

La meiosis es un proceso de división único que ocurre en gametos (ovocitos y espermatozoides) y consiste en dos divisiones sucesivas sin intervenir la síntesis de ADN para segregar los cromosomas homólogos y cromátidas hermanas durante la meiosis I y meiosis II, respectivamente 1. Los errores en la segregación cromosómica durante la división meiótica en ovocitos pueden dar lugar a aneuploidía, que se hereda por el embrión durante la fertilización. En particular, la incidencia de la aneuploidía en embriones en desarrollo aumenta con el avance de la edad materna y es una causa importante de defectos congénitos, así como la pérdida del embarazo en mujeres 1,2, por lo tanto, lo que subraya una importante necesidad de comprender la base molecular de la aneuploidía durante la división meiótica . Durante la división celular, la segregación cromosómica depende crucialmente de montaje del huso mitótico microtúbulos y el establecimiento de interacciones del cromosoma microtúbulos estables para el correcto apego a husillo opuestopolos. Es importante destacar que la formación del huso meiótico en ovocitos de mamíferos difiere de la mitosis en las células somáticas, y está regulado por los centros de organización de microtúbulos (COMT) únicas que carecen de centriolos 3,4. Proteínas esenciales necesarios para la nucleación de microtúbulos y organización localizar a COMT ovocitos, incluyendo γ-tubulina que cataliza ensamblaje de los microtúbulos. Además, pericentrina funciona como un andamio de proteínas esenciales, que se une y anclajes gamma-tubulina, así como otros factores en COMT 5. En particular, nuestros estudios demuestran que el agotamiento de las proteínas asociadas-MTOC clave interrumpe organización huso meiótico y conduce a errores en la segregación cromosómica ovocitos, que no se resuelven por completo por el punto de control de ensamblaje del huso (SAC) 6,7. Por lo tanto, los defectos en la estabilidad del huso, que no provocan la detención meiótica, plantean un riesgo significativo para contribuir a la aneuploidía. A pesar de su papel esencial en el montaje y organización del huso, prot MTOC ovocitocomposición y función ein sigue siendo poco conocida. Prueba de la función de las proteínas diana específicas en ovocitos de mamíferos es un reto, ya que las células se vuelven transcripcionalmente inactiva poco antes de la reanudación de la meiosis 8,9. Por lo tanto, los ovocitos pre-ovulatorios se basan en tiendas de mRNA maternos para reanudar la meiosis y apoyan la división meiótica, así como las primeras divisiones de escisión después de la fertilización 10,11. La eficacia de la interferencia de ARN (RNAi) mediada por la degradación de transcritos de ARNm en ovocitos de mamíferos está bien establecido y RNAs maternas reclutados para la traducción durante la maduración meiótica son particularmente susceptibles de siRNA dirigidos 12-14. Por lo tanto, la microinyección de RNAs de interferencia cortos (siRNAs) en oocitos proporciona un enfoque valioso para agotar los ARNm diana para el ensayo funcional. A continuación, describimos los métodos para el aislamiento de los ovocitos de ratón y el agotamiento de siRNA mediada por transcri específicapts para probar la función de una proteína esencial asociada a MTOC, pericentrina. Además, se describen condiciones de análisis de inmunofluorescencia para evaluar la formación del huso meiótico en ovocitos.

<table border="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pregnant Mare&#39;s Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG)</td>
			<td>EMD Biosciences</td>
			<td>367222</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Minimal Essential Medium (MEM)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>*Recipe outlined in Table 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Earle&#39;s Balanced Salt Solution (10x)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E-7510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S-5761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pyruvic Acid, sodium salt&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P-5280</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin G, potassium salt&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P-7794</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptomycin Sulfate&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S-9137</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G-8540</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA, disodium salt dihydrate&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E-4884</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Essential Amino Acids (50x)</td>
			<td>Gibco&#160;</td>
			<td>11130-051</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Vitamin Mixture (100x)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M-6895</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenol Red solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P-0290</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A1470</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Milrinone</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M4659</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30070.01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EmbryoMax M2 Media with Hepes</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>MR-015-D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>siRNAs targeting Pericentrin</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>GS18541</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Negative control siRNAs&#160;</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>SI03650318</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde (16% solution)</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton-X</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T-8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30028.02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Pericentrin (rabbit)</td>
			<td>Covance</td>
			<td>PRB-432C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-acetylated a-tubulin (mouse)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T-6793</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-rabbbit Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A-21430</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti -mouse Alexa Fluor 555</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A-11017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Major Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope (SMZ 800)</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Upright Fluorescent Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted Microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Femtojet Micro-injections System</td>
			<td>Eppenforf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro manipulators</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-injection needles (femtotips)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>930000035</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Holding pipettes (VacuTip)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>930001015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasticware</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35mm culture dishes</td>
			<td>Corning Life Sciences</td>
			<td>351008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-well plates</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>176740</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 well plates</td>
			<td>Corning Life Sciences</td>
			<td>3367</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.45 mm CA Filter System</td>
			<td>Corning Life Sciences</td>
			<td>430768</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

meiotic spindle assessment in mouse oocytes by sirna-mediated silencing

Errors in chromosome segregation during meiotic division in gametes can lead to aneuploidy that is subsequently transmitted to the embryo upon fertilization. The resulting aneuploidy in developing embryos is recognized as a major cause of pregnancy loss and congenital birth defects such as Down&#8217;s syndrome. Accurate chromosome segregation is critically dependent on the formation of the microtubule spindle apparatus, yet this process remains poorly understood in mammalian oocytes. Intriguingly, meiotic spindle assembly differs from mitosis and is regulated, at least in part, by unique microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs). Assessment of MTOC-associated proteins can provide valuable insight into the regulatory mechanisms that govern meiotic spindle formation and organization. Here, we describe methods to isolate mouse oocytes and deplete MTOC-associated proteins using a siRNA-mediated approach to test function. In addition, we describe oocyte fixation and immunofluorescence analysis conditions to evaluate meiotic spindle formation and organization.

La microinyección de siRNAs proporciona un enfoque eficaz para la degradación del ARNm y el agotamiento de la proteína posterior en oocitos, que permite a las pruebas funcionales eficiente y altamente específica de diferentes factores diana in vitro. Posteriormente, la inmunofluorescencia se utiliza para el análisis específico fenotipo, así como para validar el agotamiento de la proteína en oocitos inyectados con siRNA. En el ejemplo actual, marcaje fluorescente de ovocitos individuales con DAPI junto c...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Meiotic Spindle Assessment in Mouse Oocytes by siRNA-mediated Silencing at JoVE.com

Meiotic Spindle Assessment in Mouse Oocytes by siRNA-mediated Silencing

A continuación, presentamos un protocolo para el agotamiento de ARNm siRNA mediada específico seguido por análisis de inmunofluorescencia para evaluar ensamblaje del huso meiótico y la organización de los ovocitos de ratón. Este protocolo es adecuado para el agotamiento de las transcripciones in vitro y la evaluación funcional de los diferentes husillo y / o factores MTOC asociada en ovocitos.

Evaluación del huso meiótico en ovocitos de ratón por silenciamiento siRNA mediada

Errors in chromosome segregation during meiotic division in gametes can lead to aneuploidy that is subsequently transmitted to the embryo upon ...

meiotic-spindle-assessment-mouse-oocytes-sirna-mediated

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.6K vistas.  College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia.  A continuación, presentamos un protocolo para el agotamiento de ARNm siRNA mediada específico seguido por análisis de inmunofluorescencia para evaluar ensamblaje del huso meiótico y la organización de los ovocitos de ratón. Este protocolo es adecuado para el agotamiento de las transcripciones in vitro y la evaluación funcional de los diferentes husillo y / o factores MTOC asociada en ovocitos. 

Video: Meiotic Spindle Assessment in Mouse Oocytes by siRNA-mediated Silencing

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes

Nuclear transfer into an unfertilized oocyte can restore developmental potential to a differentiated cell. This demonstrates that the processes underlying development, differentiation and aging are epigenetic rather than genetic processes. The reversibility of these processes opens exciting perspectives in basic research, and in the more distant future, in regenerative medicine. In the mouse, embryonic stem cells can be derived from cloned preimplantation stage embryos. Such embryonic stem cells have the ability to give rise to all cell types of the adult organism. Importantly, these cells are genetically identical to the donor. If applicable to human, this would allow the derivation of stem cells from a patient. These cells could then be differentiated into the affected cell type of the patient and studied in vitro, or used to replace the damaged or missing cells. The study of nuclear transfer in the mouse remains important as it can inform us about the principles of nuclear reprogramming. This movie and the accompanying protocol are intended to help learning nuclear transfer in the mouse, a method initially developed in the group of Prof. Yanagimachi (WAKAYAMA et al. 1998).

This movie and the protocol are intended to help learning nuclear transfer.

Transferencia nuclear en ovocitos de ratón

Nuclear transfer into an unfertilized oocyte can restore developmental potential to a differentiated cell. This demonstrates that the processes underlying ...

Investigación

Biología

Retrieval of Mouse Oocytes

To date, only a few studies have reported successful manipulations of Peromyscus embryogenesis or reproductive biology.  Together with the Peromyscus Genetic Stock Center (http://stkctr.biol.sc.edu), we are characterizing the salient differences needed to develop this system.  A primary goal has been to optimize oocyte/early embryo retrieval.

This protocol illustrates the technique for extracting oocytes or early-stage fertilized embryos from the oviduct of mice. The ability to identify the infindibulum and insert a blunt end needle into it is essential to correctly performing the procedure.

Recuperación de los ovocitos de ratón

To date, only a few studies have reported successful manipulations of Peromyscus embryogenesis or reproductive biology.  Together with the Peromyscus ...

Collection and Cryopreservation of Hamster Oocytes and Mouse Embryos

Embryos and oocytes were first successfully cryopreserved more than 30 years ago, when Whittingham et al. 1 and Wilmut 2 separately described that mouse embryos could be frozen and stored at -196 &deg;C and, a few years later, Parkening et al. 3 reported the birth of live offspring resulting from in vitro fertilization (IVF) of cryopreserved oocytes. Since then, the use of cryopreservation techniques has rapidly spread to become an essential component in the practice of human and animal assisted reproduction and in the conservation of animal genetic resources. Currently, there are two main methods used to cryopreserve oocytes and embryos: slow freezing and vitrification. A wide variety of approaches have been used to try to improve both techniques and millions of animals and thousands of children have been born from cryopreserved embryos. However, important shortcomings associated to cryopreservation still have to be overcome, since ice-crystal formation, solution effects and osmotic shock seem to cause several cryoinjuries in post-thawed oocytes and embryos. Slow freezing with programmable freezers has the advantage of using low concentrations of cryoprotectants, which are usually associated with chemical toxicity and osmotic shock, but their ability to avoid ice-crystal formation at low concentrations is limited. Slow freezing also induces supercooling effects that must be avoided using manual or automatic seeding 4. In the vitrification process, high concentrations of cryoprotectants inhibit the formation of ice-crystals and lead to the formation of a glasslike vitrified state in which water is solidified, but not expanded. However, due to the toxicity of cyroprotectants at the concentrations used, oocytes/embryos can only be exposed to the cryoprotectant solution for a very short period of time and in a minimum volume solution, before submerging the samples directly in liquid nitrogen 5. In the last decade, vitrification has become more popular because it is a very quick method in which no expensive equipment (programmable freezer) is required. However, slow freezing continues to be the most widely used method for oocyte/embryo cryopreservation. In this video-article we show, step-by-step, how to collect and slowly freeze hamster oocytes with high post-thaw survival rates. The same procedure can also be applied to successfully freeze and thaw mouse embryos at different stages of preimplantation development.

In this video-article we present a step-by-step demonstration on how to collect and cryopreserve hamster oocytes with high post-thaw survival rates. The same procedure can also be applied to successfully freeze and thaw mouse embryos at different stages of preimplantation development.

Recolección y criopreservación de ovocitos de hámster y de embriones de ratón

Embryos and oocytes were first successfully cryopreserved more than 30 years ago, when Whittingham et al. 1 and Wilmut 2 separately described that mouse ...

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models. This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, treatment of cancer via oral delivery of drugs, and monitoring of tumor cell behavior in response to drug treatment in real time using in vivo imaging system. In this orthotopic model, ovarian tumor cells expressing luciferase are applied topically by injecting them directly into the mouse bursa where each ovary is enclosed. Upon injection of D-luciferin, a substrate of firefly luciferase, luciferase-expressing cells generate bioluminescence signals. This signal is detected by the in vivo imaging system and allows for a non-invasive means of monitoring tumor growth, distribution, and regression in individual animals. Drug administration via oral gavage allows for a maximum dosing volume of 10 mL/kg body weight to be delivered directly to the stomach and closely resembles delivery of drugs in clinical treatments. Therefore, techniques described here, development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, oral delivery of drugs, and in vivo imaging, are useful for better understanding of human ovarian cancer and treatment and will improve targeting this disease.

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Orthotopic animal models of ovarian cancer replicate better human disease and therefore enhance our understanding of cancer progression and tumor response to therapy. A mouse model receives an intrabursal injection of luciferase-expressing ovarian tumor cells. Treatment is administered via oral gavage. Tumor growth is monitored by in vivo imaging system.

En vivo de imágenes y tratamientos terapéuticos en un modelo de ratón ortotópico de cáncer de ovario

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models.  This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model ...

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

The protocol presented here is designed to study the activation of the large conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. The protocol may also be used to study the structure-function relationship for other ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors1. BK channels are widely expressed in different tissues and have been implicated in many physiological functions, including regulation of smooth muscle contraction, frequency tuning of inner hair cells and regulation of neurotransmitter release2-6. BK channels are activated by membrane depolarization and by intracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ 6-9. Therefore, the protocol is designed to control both the membrane voltage and the intracellular solution. In this protocol, messenger RNA of BK channels is injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes (stage V-VI) followed by 2-5 days of incubation at 18&deg;C10-13. Membrane patches that contain single or multiple BK channels are excised with the inside-out configuration using patch clamp techniques10-13. The intracellular side of the patch is perfused with desired solutions during recording so that the channel activation under different conditions can be examined. To summarize, the mRNA of BK channels is injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes to express channel proteins on the oocyte membrane; patch clamp techniques are used to record currents flowing through the channels under controlled voltage and intracellular solutions.

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Ionic current of BK channels is recorded using patch clamp techniques. BK channels are expressed in Xenopus oocytes by injecting messenger RNA. The intracellular solution during patch clamp recordings is controlled by a perfusion system.

Patch clamp y técnicas de perfusión para el estudio de los canales iónicos expresados ​​en Xenopus Ovocitos

The protocol presented here is designed to study the activation of the large conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. The protocol may ...

Flow Cytometry Purification of Mouse Meiotic Cells

The heterogeneous nature of cell types in the testis and the absence of meiotic cell culture models have been significant hurdles to the study of the unique differentiation programs that are manifest during meiosis. Two principal methods have been developed to purify, to varying degrees, various meiotic fractions from both adult and immature animals: elutriation or Staput (sedimentation) using BSA and/or percoll gradients. Both of these methods rely on cell size and density to separate meiotic cells1-5. Overall, except for few cell populations6, these protocols fail to yield sufficient purity of the numerous meiotic cell populations that are necessary for detailed molecular analyses. Moreover, with such methods usually one type of meiotic cells can be purified at a given time, which adds an extra level of complexity regarding the reproducibility and homogeneity when comparing meiotic cell samples.
Here, we describe a refined method that allows one to easily visualize, identify, and purify meiotic cells, from germ cells to round spermatids, using FACS combined with Hoechst 33342 staining7,8. This method provides an overall snapshot of the entire meiotic process and allows one to highly purify viable cells from most stage of meiosis. These purified cells can then be analyzed in detail for molecular changes that accompany progression through meiosis, for example changes in gene expression9,10and the dynamics of nucleosome occupancy at hotspots of meiotic recombination11.

An efficient method to obtain highly purified viable meiotic fractions from mouse testis is described, which combines a refined cell dissociation protocol with fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS). This method takes advantage of differences in the DNA content and nuclear density of discrete meiotic fractions.

Citometría de flujo de purificación de las células de ratón meiótica

The heterogeneous nature of cell types in the testis and the absence of meiotic cell culture models have been significant hurdles to the study of the ...

Live Cell Calcium Imaging Combined with siRNA Mediated Gene Silencing Identifies Ca2+ Leak Channels in the ER Membrane and their Regulatory Mechanisms

In mammalian cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a key role in protein biogenesis as well as in calcium signalling1. The heterotrimeric Sec61 complex in the ER membrane provides an aqueous path for newly-synthesized polypeptides into the lumen of the ER. Recent work from various laboratories suggested that this heterotrimeric complex may also form transient Ca2+ leak channels2-8. The key observation for this notion was that release of nascent polypeptides from the ribosome and Sec61 complex by puromycin leads to transient release of Ca2+ from the ER. Furthermore, it had been observed in vitro that the ER luminal protein BiP is involved in preventing ion permeability at the level of the Sec61 complex9,10. We have established an experimental system that allows us to directly address the role of the Sec61 complex as potential Ca2+ leak channel and to characterize its putative regulatory mechanisms11-13. This system combines siRNA mediated gene silencing and live cell Ca2+ imaging13. Cells are treated with siRNAs that are directed against the coding and untranslated region (UTR), respectively, of the SEC61A1 gene or a negative control siRNA. In complementation analysis, the cells are co-transfected with an IRES-GFP vector that allows the siRNA-resistant expression of the wildtype SEC61A1 gene. Then the cells are loaded with the ratiometric Ca2+-indicator FURA-2 to monitor simultaneously changes in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in a number of cells via a fluorescence microscope. The continuous measurement of cytosolic Ca2+ also allows the evaluation of the impact of various agents, such as puromycin, small molecule inhibitors, and thapsigargin on Ca2+ leakage. This experimental system gives us the unique opportunities to i) evaluate the contribution of different ER membrane proteins to passive Ca2+ efflux from the ER in various cell types, ii) characterize the proteins and mechanisms that limit this passive Ca2+ efflux, and iii) study the effects of disease linked mutations in the relevant components.

Live Cell Calcium Imaging Combined with siRNA Mediated Gene Silencing Identifies Ca2+ Leak Channels in the ER Membrane and their Regulatory Mechanisms

The endoplasmic reticulum plays a key role in protein biogenesis and in calcium homeostasis. We have established an experimental system that allows us to address the role of Ca2+ leak channels and to characterize their putative regulatory mechanisms. This system involves siRNA mediated gene silencing and live cell Ca2+ imaging.

Imágenes en vivo del calcio celular combinado con el silenciamiento de genes mediada por siRNA Identifica Ca 2 + Canales de fugas en la membrana del ER y sus mecanismos de regulación

In mammalian cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a key role in protein biogenesis as well as in calcium signalling1. The heterotrimeric Sec61 ...

Agrobacterium-Mediated Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Assay In Cotton

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is one of the most important crops worldwide. Considerable efforts have been made on molecular breeding of new varieties. The large-scale gene functional analysis in cotton has been lagged behind most of the modern plant species, likely due to its large size of genome, gene duplication and polyploidy, long growth cycle and recalcitrance to genetic transformation1. To facilitate high throughput functional genetic/genomic study in cotton, we attempt to develop rapid and efficient transient assays to assess cotton gene functions.
Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) is a powerful technique that was developed based on the host Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) to repress viral proliferation2,3. Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS has been successfully applied in a wide range of dicots species such as Solanaceae, Arabidopsis and legume species, and monocots species including barley, wheat and maize, for various functional genomic studies3,4. As this rapid and efficient approach avoids plant transformation and overcomes functional redundancy, it is particularly attractive and suitable for functional genomic study in crop species like cotton not amenable for transformation.
In this study, we report the detailed protocol of Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS system in cotton. Among the several viral VIGS vectors, the tobacco rattle virus (TRV) invades a wide range of hosts and is able to spread vigorously throughout the entire plant yet produce mild symptoms on the hosts5. To monitor the silencing efficiency, GrCLA1, a homolog gene of Arabidopsis Cloroplastos alterados 1 gene (AtCLA1) in cotton, has been cloned and inserted into the VIGS binary vector pYL156. CLA1 gene is involved in chloroplast development6, and previous studies have shown that loss-of-function of AtCLA1 resulted in an albino phenotype on true leaves7, providing an excellent visual marker for silencing efficiency. At approximately two weeks post Agrobacterium infiltration, the albino phenotype started to appear on the true leaves, with 100% silencing efficiency in all replicated experiments. The silencing of endogenous gene expression was also confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. Significantly, silencing could potently occur in all the cultivars we tested, including various commercially grown varieties in Texas. This rapid and efficient Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS assay provides a very powerful tool for rapid large-scale analysis of gene functions at genome-wide level in cotton.

We present the detailed protocol for Agrobacterium-mediated virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay in cotton. The tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-derived VIGS vectors were deployed to induce RNA silencing of cotton GrCLA1, Cloroplastos alterados 1 gene. The albino phenotype caused by silencing GrCLA1 was observed at the seedling stage within 2 weeks after inoculation.

Mediada por Agrobacterium inducida por el virus Gene ensayo silenciamiento en algodón

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is one of the most important crops worldwide. Considerable efforts have been made on molecular breeding of new varieties.  The ...

Long-term Silencing of Intersectin-1s in Mouse Lungs by Repeated Delivery of a Specific siRNA via Cationic Liposomes. Evaluation of Knockdown Effects by Electron Microscopy

Previous studies showed that knockdown of ITSN-1s (KDITSN), an endocytic protein involved in regulating lung vascular permeability and endothelial cells (ECs) survival, induced apoptotic cell death, a major obstacle in developing a cell culture system with prolonged ITSN-1s inhibition1. Using cationic liposomes as carriers, we explored the silencing of ITSN-1s gene in mouse lungs by systemic administration of siRNA targeting ITSN-1 gene (siRNAITSN). Cationic liposomes offer several advantages for siRNA delivery: safe with repeated dosing, nonimmunogenic, nontoxic, and easy to produce2. Liposomes performance and biological activity depend on their size, charge, lipid composition, stability, dose and route of administration3Here, efficient and specific KDITSN in mouse lungs has been obtained using a cholesterol and dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide combination. Intravenous delivery of siRNAITSN/cationic liposome complexes transiently knocked down ITSN-1s protein and mRNA in mouse lungs at day 3, which recovered after additional 3 days. Taking advantage of the cationic liposomes as a repeatable safe carrier, the study extended for 24 days. Thus, retro-orbital treatment with freshly generated complexes was administered every 3rd day, inducing sustained KDITSN throughout the study4. Mouse tissues collected at several time points post-siRNAITSN were subjected to electron microscopy (EM) analyses to evaluate the effects of chronic KDITSN, in lung endothelium. High-resolution EM imaging allowed us to evaluate the morphological changes caused by KDITSN in the lung vascular bed (i.e. disruption of the endothelial barrier, decreased number of caveolae and upregulation of alternative transport pathways), characteristics non-detectable by light microscopy. Overall these findings established an important role of ITSN-1s in the ECs function and lung homeostasis, while illustrating the effectiveness of siRNA-liposomes delivery in vivo.

Repeated retro-orbital injections of cationic liposomes/siRNA/ITSN-1s complexes in mice, every 72 hours for 24 days, efficiently deliver the siRNA duplex to the mouse lung microvasculature reducing ITSN-1s mRNA and protein expression by 75%. This technique is highly reproducible in an animal model, has no adverse effects and avoids fatalities.

Silenciar a largo plazo de Intersectin-1 en los pulmones de ratones por entrega repetida de un siRNA específico a través de liposomas catiónicos. Evaluación de Efectos desmontables de Microscopía Electrónica

Previous  studies showed that knockdown of ITSN-1s (KDITSN), an endocytic  protein involved in regulating lung vascular permeability and endothelial cells ...

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain the turnover of all mature blood cell lineages. The coordination of the complex signals leading to specific HSC fates relies upon the interaction between HSCs and the intricate bone marrow microenvironment, which is still poorly understood[1-2].
We describe how by combining a newly developed specimen holder for stable animal positioning with multi-step confocal and two-photon in vivo imaging techniques, it is possible to obtain high-resolution 3D stacks containing HSPCs and their surrounding niches and to monitor them over time through multi-point time-lapse imaging. High definition imaging allows detecting ex vivo labeled hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) residing within the bone marrow. Moreover, multi-point time-lapse 3D imaging, obtained with faster acquisition settings, provides accurate information about HSPC movement and the reciprocal interactions between HSPCs and stroma cells.
Tracking of HSPCs in relation to GFP positive osteoblastic cells is shown as an exemplary application of this method. This technique can be utilized to track any appropriately labeled hematopoietic or stromal cell of interest within the mouse calvarium bone marrow space.

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

The nature of the interactions between hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and bone marrow niches is poorly understood. Custom hardware modifications and a multi-step acquisition protocol allow the use of two-photon and confocal microscopy to image ex vivo labeled HSPCs homed within bone marrow areas, tracking interactions and movement.

En Vivo Tracking 4-Dimensional de madre hematopoyéticas y células progenitoras en ratones adultos de calota de Médula Ósea

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) ...