Name: generation of murine monoclonal antibodies by hybridoma technology
Uploaded: 2017-01-02T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Murine Monoclonal Antibodies by Hybridoma Technology at JoVE.com

The authors acknowledge the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, Grant No: 03IPT7030X, 03IPT703A, and 03IP703) for funding our projects, "Artificial immune reactions," "Camelid antibodies," and "Antibody technologies." We thank Prof. Burkhard Micheel for proofreading the manuscript and for the helpful comments.

Balb/c or NMRI mice (Mus musculus) from our breeding colony at the University of Potsdam (Potsdam, Germany) were used for the production of monoclonal antibodies. The animal work was conducted according to relevant national and international guidelines. The study was approved by the Brandenburg Ministry of Environment, Health, and Consumer Protection (reference number V3-2347-A16-4-2012).
1. Preparation of Immunoconjugates
<ol>
	<li>For coupling the antigen to a carrier, use standar...

<ol>
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The generation of monoclonal antibodies by hybridoma technology requires an intense and detailed epitope analysis, especially with regard to the final application, when the antibody should recognize the target. This is often underestimated by users and leads to antibodies with weak performances. The fusion process is always random, which means that the outcome of specific hybridomas is highly dependent upon the cell ratio and the vitality at this point. After limited dilution, the cells are very unstable and require stri...

The hybridoma technology presented&#160;in this protocol was first described by K&#246;hler and Milstein1 in 1975 and, except for some technical improvements, the main procedure has not changed dramatically during the last 40 years2. The aim of this protocol is to explain a more appropriate immunization strategy, a standard method for the generation of monoclonal antibodies, and an example for a validation method (ELISA).
Antibodies are incredible tools and contribute to a wide range of technological approaches, such as flow cytometry, magnetic cell sorting, or immunofluorescence, as well as to diagnostic and therapeutic options for disease monitoring and treatment3. The commercial availability of monoclonal antibodies for desired targets is demonstrated by the presence of over 24 different web databases with nearly countless quantities of antibodies or antibody-related products4. In 2015, antibody molecules were part of an international discussion5-7 due to serious problems in proper validation and characterization of commercially available antibodies.
It can be difficult and expensive to find specific antibodies for a targeted antigen, and often, they do not have the affinity or specificity needed. Although generating an antibody is still time-consuming and requires skilled personnel to develop and validate the antibody, producing an antibody individually might better than buying one.
Due to the fact that antibody production is time-consuming and requires experience, alternative methods for the production of binding molecules were developed to overcome these problems. The most commonly used alternative method is the recombinant production of single-chain antibodies via phage display. The genes for the variable binding region are extracted from cells and combined with the coating protein of a phage. The single chain is then expressed on the surface of a bacteriophage and screened in several panning steps8. The production of single-chain antibodies is a bit faster, but it also requires a skilled experimentalist. The disadvantages of some recombinant single-chain antibodies are poor stability and a lack of suitability for in vitro diagnostics. In most diagnostic tests, an Fc-receptor for detection is necessary, which needs to be added to a recombinant single-chain antibody afterwards. Again, this is time-consuming and even more complex than the hybridoma technique. In in vitro diagnostics, full-length monoclonal mouse and rabbit antibodies have been demonstrated to be the best choice.
One of the major steps in generating monoclonal antibodies must be done before the work in the lab starts: the design of the immunoconjugate. Questions that need to be addressed are: What is the physical composition of the target in the final application, and which matrices are present? Which concentration will the target have in the application? What is the final application, and what are the requirements that the antibody must fulfill?
Always take into account that if a linear peptide fragment is used, it also has to be linear in the final epitope in the target of choice; otherwise, the antibody will not bind. Of course, independent of the screening method, antibodies could be selected to recognize different antigenic formats in different applications, but this must be validated very precisely. These are the reasons why antibody development and validation are such ambitious processes.
The choice of the antigenic format for immunization is fundamental for antibody development and determines the success or failure of this process. Once the mice express a relevant antibody titer, the spleen cells are isolated and fused with myeloma cells. The most common myeloma cell lines for murine monoclonal antibody development are X63-Ag 8.6539 and Sp2/0-Ag 1410 from a Balb/c mouse strain. The cells descend from a malignant B cell lymphoma and were selected because they do not secrete any of their own heavy or light chains. The cells can be adapted to a ratio between 1:10 and 10:1 (splenocytes versus myeloma cells). In this protocol, the cells were adapted to a ratio of 3:1 and fused by polyethylene glycol (PEG) and electrofusion, according to Stoicheva and Hui11.
The fusion of B cells and myeloma cells is a random process. Therefore, hybrids of two B lymphocytes or two myeloma cells could be generated, but those hybrids would not be able to survive for a long time in culture. The cells undergo a hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine (HAT) selection, by which only fused hybridoma cells can survive due to the possibility of using the de novo pathway of pyrimidine synthesis. For the generation of monoclonal antibodies, it is necessary to obtain a cell line originating from one mother cell. The monoclonality is ensured by limiting the dilution techniques and the microscopic analysis of cell growth. The hybridoma culture supernatants are screened for specific antibody production, mostly by ELISA or flow cytometry, and the best binders are selected. After mass culture and purification, the antibody molecule can finally be characterized and validated for the desired application.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="655">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:247px;">glutaraldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">G5882</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:247px;">N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC)</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">39391-10ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:247px;">Sulfo-GMBS</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Perbio Science Germany</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">22324</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:247px;">ovalbumin</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">A5503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:247px;">bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">A2153</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:247px;">keyhole limpet hemocyanin</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">H8283</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:247px;">Falcon tubes 15 mL</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Biochrom GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">P91015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:247px;">reaction vials, 1.5 mL</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Carl Roth GmbH &#38; C0.KG</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">CNT2.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:247px;">hollow needle</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Carl Roth GmbH &#38; C0.KG</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">C724.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:247px;">glass wool</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Carl Roth GmbH &#38; C0.KG</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">6574.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:247px;">Sephadex G25 coarse</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">GE-17-0034-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:247px;">Freund&#180;s adjuvant, complete</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">F5881-10ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:247px;">ELISA plates, 96 well</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">655101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:247px;">neonatal calf serum</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Biochrom GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">S1025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:247px;">TipOne Tips 1000 &#181;L</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Starlab</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">S1111-2021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:247px;">Pipette tips 200 &#181;L</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">739291</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:247px;">HRP-conjugated goat-anti-mouse IgG antibody</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Dianova</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">115-035-003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:247px;">tetramethylbenzidine</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Carl Roth GmbH &#38; C0.KG</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">6350.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:247px;">Natriumdihydrogenphosphat</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Carl Roth GmbH &#38; C0.KG</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">K300.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:247px;">peroxide/urea</td>
			<td style="width:81px;"></td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:247px;">sulphuric acid</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Carl Roth GmbH &#38; C0.KG</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">4623.3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:247px;">RPMI 1640</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Life technologies GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">31870074</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:247px;">L-glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Carl Roth GmbH &#38; C0.KG</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">HN08.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:247px;">beta-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">M6250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:247px;">fetal calf serum</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">10270106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:247px;">TC-flask 25 cm2</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Peske GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">86-V025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:247px;">TC-flask 75 cm2</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Peske GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">86-V075</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:247px;">ethanol, 96%</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Carl Roth GmbH &#38; C0.KG</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">P075.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:247px;">cell strainer</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">VWR international</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">734-0002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:247px;">Falcon tubes 50 mL</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Biochrom GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">P91050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:247px;">PEG 8000</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">1546605</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="97">
			<td height="97" style="height:97px;width:247px;">electroporation cuvette, 2mm</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Biodeal Handelsvertretung Edelmann e.K.</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">EKL2,25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:247px;">hypoxanthine</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">H9636-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:247px;">azaserine</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">A4142</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:247px;">thymidine</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">USB Europa GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">22305 1 GM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:247px;">TC-plates 96 well</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Biochrom GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">P92696</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:247px;">TC-plates 24 well</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Biochrom GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">P92424</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:247px;">cryotubes, 1mL</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">V7384-1CS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:247px;">dimethylsulfoxid</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Carl Roth GmbH &#38; C0.KG</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">4720.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:247px;">protein A sepharose</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">P3391-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:247px;">SDS sample loading buffer, Roti-Load 1</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Carl Roth GmbH &#38; C0.KG</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">K929.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:247px;">unstained protein ladder</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">BioRad Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">161-0363</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:247px;">comassie brilliant blue R-250</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">BioRad Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">161-0406</td>
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generation of murine monoclonal antibodies by hybridoma technology

Monoclonal antibodies are universal binding molecules and are widely used in biomedicine and research. Nevertheless, the generation of these binding molecules is time-consuming and laborious due to the complicated handling and lack of alternatives. The aim of this protocol is to provide one standard method for the generation of monoclonal antibodies using hybridoma technology. This technology combines two steps. Step 1 is an appropriate immunization of the animal and step 2 is the fusion of B lymphocytes with immortal myeloma cells in order to generate hybrids possessing both parental functions, such as the production of antibody molecules and immortality. The generated hybridoma cells were then recloned and diluted to obtain stable monoclonal cell cultures secreting the desired monoclonal antibody in the culture supernatant. The supernatants were tested in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for antigen specificity. After the selection of appropriate cell clones, the cells were transferred to mass cultivation in order to produce the desired antibody molecule in large amounts. The purification of the antibodies is routinely performed by affinity chromatography. After purification, the antibody molecule can be characterized and validated for the final test application. The whole process takes 8 to 12 months of development, and there is a high risk that the antibody will not work in the desired test system.

Figure 1 shows an example of the antigen-specific serum titer for one immunization performed in the lab. In this figure, the immune sera A and B were titrated from 1:50 to 1:5,000,000 in comparison to a serum of a na&#239;ve mouse. The antigen was coated on the solid phase, and the specific antibodies were detected with a POD-conjugated goat anti-mouse Ig antibody. Both sera of the immunized mice showed a significantly higher antigen-specific titer compared to the na&#239...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Murine Monoclonal Antibodies by Hybridoma Technology at JoVE.com

Generation of Murine Monoclonal Antibodies by Hybridoma Technology

An optimized protocol is presented for the generation of monoclonal antibodies based on the hybridoma technology. Mice were immunized with an immunoconjugate. Spleen cells were fused by PEG and an electric impulse with immortal myeloma cells. Antibody-producing hybridoma cells were selected by HAT and antigen-specific ELISA screening.

Monoclonal antibodies are universal binding molecules and are widely used in biomedicine and research. Nevertheless, the generation of these binding ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to generate antibody producing hybridoma cell lines for the biotechnological production of monoclonal antibodies. This method can be used to generate specific binders for the detection and visualization of biomolecules and for the development of effective detection systems, like ELISA, flow cytometry, or magnetic cell sorting. The main advantage of this technique is that it facilitates the generation of monoclonal antibody producing cell lines with a predefined specificity and a continuous availability.To prepare the myeloma cells, thaw a vial of murine SP2/0 cells in warm water. Then transfer the cells into 10 mL of culture medium and collect them by centrifugation. Re-suspend the pellet in 10 mL of fresh culture medium and seed the cells into a 25 square centimeter flask for incubation at 37 degrees celsius, and 5%CO2, preserving aliquots of the cells for longterm storage after the appropriate number of expansions.To prepare feeder cells, remove the fur from a 12 week old NMRI mouse and disinfect the abdomen with 70%ethanol. Next, inject 5 mL of ice cold RPMI medium into the abdominal cavity and use tweezers to massage the abdomen. Then withdraw the feeder cell suspension and dispense the cells into a new 50 mL tube.After transferring a second feeder cell harvest into the same 50 mL tube, as just demonstrated, bring the total volume in the tube to 50 mL with fresh full cell culture medium. Then transfer the suspension to a new 100 mL reservoir, and repeat the addition. Then mix the cell suspensions well and seed 100 mcL of cells per well into 10 96-well cell culture plates for overnight incubation at 37 degrees celsius and 5%CO2.For cell fusion, use the front end of a syringe plunger to press a freshly harvested spleen through a 40 micron strainer into a 50 mL tube. Suspend the cells in 20 mL of full cell culture medium, and then centrifuge. Next, use a 5 mL pipet to flush the myeloma cells with the culture supernatant and transfer the floating cells to a 50 mL conical tube for centrifugation, followed by four washes in 20 mL of balanced salt buffer.After the last wash, add three times the volume of splenocytes to one part volume of myeloma cells and obtain a cell pellet by centrifugation. Re-suspend the cell mixture in 1 mL of fresh balanced salt buffer and mix 200 mcL of cells with 200 mcL of PEG 8000. Transfer the cell mixture into an electroporation cuvette with a 2 mm diameter and pulse the cells at 600 to 650 V for 25 ms, then rest the cells at room temperature for 3 minutes, before seeding them drop-wise into an Erlenmeyer flask containing 100 mL of selection medium.After fusing the last 200 mcL of cells, incubate the pooled fusion products for three hours in a cell culture incubator. At the end of the incubation, supplement the cell culture with fresh hypoxanthine as a serine, and thymidine. Transfer the suspension to a reservoir and then add 100 mcL of the electroporated cell mixture to each well of feeder cells.Finally, return the plates to the cell culture incubator. After seven days, check the wells under a 10x magnification for the presence of mono-or polyclonal cells. The monoclonal cells will appear as one cluster of cells that originate from a single cell.The polyclonal cells will appear as multiple clusters of cells in one well. Then replace the supernatant with fresh selection medium, and return the cells to the incubator for another seven days. At the end of the second incubation, collect the supernatant for ELISA and add fresh full cell culture medium to the cells, for expansion of the hybridomas, into 24-well culture plates.To cryoconserve the positive mono-and polyclonal hybridomas for longterm storage, harvest the cells from the 24-well plate when they reach an at least 60%confluency. Centrifuge the collected cells and re-suspend the pellet in 500 mcL of full cell culture medium. Transfer the cells into cryotubes.Then mix the suspensions with 500 mcL of freeze medium and store the hybridomas at minus 80 degrees celsius for three days. For limiting dilution of the polyclonal hybridomas, after the first seven days of culture, perform an ELISA on the culture supernatants to identify the appropriate monoclonal hybridomas for mass culture. Next, transfer the monoclonal hybridomas that exhibited the appropriate ELISA signals to a cell culture flask.Add medium and then return the culture to the incubator. Cryopreserving three to five aliquots in total during mass culture is sufficient. After two to four weeks, filter the supernatant through a 0.45 micron cell strainer and mix the supernatant with binding buffer at a 3:1 ratio.Then wash a Protein A column with washing buffer and load the supernatant onto the column, collecting the flow-through. Elute the bound antibody with 0.1 molar citrate followed by the immediate neutralization of the pH with 500 mcL of TrisHCl. In this representative experiment, immune sera were titrated in comparison to serum from a naive mouse.Both sera from the immunized mice exhibited a significantly higher antigen-specific titer compared to the naive animal, with a dilution of 1:5000 sufficient for cell fusion. Here a standard elution profile of a monoclonal antibody with an IgG1 isotype, purified via Protein A mediated affinity chromatography as just demonstrated, is shown. Further characterization of the eluate by SDS-PAGE revealed clearly visible proteins at 50 and 25 kDa, weights consistent with that expected for heavy-and light-chain antibody proteins respectively, indicating a successful purification of the isolated antibody molecule.Once mastered, this technique can be completed within three and a half hours if performed properly. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to generate monoclonal antibody producing cell lines.

Research

JoVE Journal

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