Name: generation of monoclonal antibodies against natural products
Uploaded: 2019-04-06T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Monoclonal Antibodies Against Natural Products at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 81573573, 81473338, and 81503344) and the Classical Prescription Basic Research Team at the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine.

All of the animal procedures performed in this study have been approved by the Ethical Review Committee at the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (approval number 2016BZYYL00109).
NOTE: Female BALB/c mice (8 weeks old) were immunized with hapten-carrier protein conjugates. When used alone, a small molecule (&#60;1,000 Da) cannot elicit an immune response. However, conjugating the small molecule to a carrier macromolecule results in antigen synthesis. In this context, the small molecule is ...

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Here, we present a protocol for the successful production of mAbs against natural product-derived small molecules. The essential steps in the procedure have been outlined, and we have demonstrated the utility of this protocol using NAR as an example small molecule. The example spectra, reactivity analyses, and icELISA results all show representative experimental and control data that is obtained using this protocol. Example images of the hybridomas provide a visual representation of what the researcher should be looking ...

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), also known as mono-specific antibodies, are produced from a single B-lymphocyte clone and are composed of monovalent antibodies that all bind to the same epitope1. In recent years, many medicinal plant-derived natural products have been used in the treatment of various diseases2. Indeed, many small molecular compounds originally derived from natural products are now applied as first-line drugs, such as artemisinin for malaria and paciltaxel (taxol) for cancer2,3. The study of natural products has made rapid progress, largely due to the tremendous development and optimization of conventional analysis techniques, including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS). However, there are still some limitations associated with these methods, such as their complex pretreatment protocols and associated costs with regards to time, labor/expertise, and required instruments4.
Recently, mAb-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) have been applied to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze food and natural products. In fact, this method has been applied for both biological samples analysis and clinical testing and has been shown to be accurate, sensitive, and highly efficient while also avoiding the tedious pretreatment steps associated with other analyses5,6.
When using mAb-based ELISAs to study complex natural products, preparation of the monoclonal antibodies is one of the core steps. Unfortunately, the mAbs specific to the small bioactive components present in these types of substances6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15 are often limited compared to the protein antigens. To circumvent this issue, we have developed a protocol to specifically generate mAbs against small compounds. The protocol presented here includes artificial antigen synthesis, mouse immunization, cell fusion, indirect competitive ELISA, and monoclonal hybridoma preparation.
Notably, our research group has been studying the formation of mAbs against small bioactive compounds from traditional Chinese medicines and developing their applications for years. In our on-going studies, we have developed mAbs against baicalin16, puerarin17, glycyrrhizic acid18, paeoniflorin19, ginsenoside Re20, ginsenoside Rh121, and many other small molecules. Our ELISA protocols based on these mAbs have been used in a number of studies to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of these small molecules as well as their interactions with other bioactive compounds. Moreover, using these mAbs, we have also developed immunoaffinity chromatography methods for the separation of structural analogues, including epimers. Recently, we prepared a lateral flow immunoassay using our anti-puerarin mAb that was subsequently used for rapid, on-site detection of this compound. Our results indicate that our mAb-based assays are indispensable and convenient tools for studying the biology and quality of natural-product-derived compounds, particularly those used in traditional Chinese medicines.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:619px;" width="617">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">800 mesh (40 &#956;m nylon) filter&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">FALCON</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">352340</td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">24 well culture plate</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">NUNC</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">119567</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">25 cm2 Flask</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Labserv</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">310109016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:223px;">3,3&#8217;,5,5&#8217;-Tetramethylbenzidine(TMB)</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">860336 1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">75 cm2 Flask</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">430720</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">96 well culture plate</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">NUNC</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">117246</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">AMRESCO</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">332</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">cell strainer</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">FALCON</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">352340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">centrifuge tube 15 mL</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">430645</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">centrifuge tube 50 mL</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">430828</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">cryotubes, 1 mL&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">V7384-1CS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">cultivator</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">DRP-9082&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Samsung</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">dialysis membrane (10kDa)</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Heng Hui</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">45-10000D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:223px;">dimethylsulfoxide</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Sinopharm Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">DH105-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">electronic balance&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">BS124-S&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sartorius</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">ELISA plates, 96 well</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">NUNC</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">655101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:223px;">ethanol, 96%</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Sinopharm Chemical</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">16000-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">fetal calf serum</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">10270106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:223px;">Freund&#180;s adjuvant, complete</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">SLBM2183V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:223px;">Freund&#180;s adjuvant, incomplete</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">SLBL0210V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:223px;">Gelatin</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">AMRESCO</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">9764-500g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:223px;">Gradient cooler container</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Nalgene</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">5100-0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:223px;">HAT media supplement</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">H0262-10VL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:223px;">HRP-conjugated goat-anti-mouse IgG antibody</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">applygen</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">C1308</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:223px;">HT media supplement</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">H0137-10VL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:223px;">Inverted Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">IX73</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Olympus&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:223px;">keyhole limpet hemocyanin</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">H8283</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:223px;">MALDI-TOF-MS&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Axima-CFR&#160; plus&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Axima&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:223px;">Microplate Reader</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">BioTex</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">ELX-800&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">mouse</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Vital River&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">BALB/c</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:223px;">ovalbumin</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Beijing BIODEE</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">5008-25g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:223px;">PEG</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">RNBC6325</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:223px;">Penicillin&#38;Streptomycin solution</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Hyclone</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">SV30010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:223px;">Pipette 10 mL</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">COSTAR</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">4488</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:223px;">Pipette 25 mL</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">FALCON</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">357525</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:223px;">RPMI 1640</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">10-040-CVR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">skim milk</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">applygen</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">P1622</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:223px;">sodium periodate</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Sinopharm Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">BW-G0008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="55">
			<td height="55" style="height:55px;width:223px;">Sulfo-GMBS</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Perbio Science Germany</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">22324</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:223px;">TipOne Tips 1,000 &#181;L</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Starlab</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">S1111-2021</td>
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generation of monoclonal antibodies against natural products

The analysis of the bioactive components present in foods and natural products has become a popular area of study in many fields, including traditional Chinese medicine and food safety/toxicology. Many of the classical analysis techniques require expensive equipment and/or expertise. Notably, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) have become an emerging method for the analysis of foods and natural products. This method is based on antibody-mediated detection of the target components. However, as many of the bioactive components in natural products are small (&lt;1,000 Da) and do not induce an immune response, creating monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against them is often difficult. In this protocol, we provide a detailed explanation of the steps required to generate mAbs against target molecules as well as those needed to create the associated indirect competitive (ic)ELISA for the rapid analysis of the compound in multiple samples. The procedure describes the synthesis of the artificial antigen (i.e., the hapten-carrier conjugate), immunization, cell fusion, monoclonal hybridoma preparation, characterization of the mAb, and the ELISA-based application of the mAb. The hapten-carrier conjugate was synthesized by the sodium periodate method and evaluated by MALDI-TOF-MS. After immunization, splenocytes were isolated from the immunized mouse with the highest antibody titer and fused with the hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine (HAT)-sensitive mouse myeloma cell line Sp2/0 -Ag14 using a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based method. The hybridomas secreting mAbs reactive to the target antigen were screened by icELISA for specificity and cross-reactivity. Furthermore, the limiting dilution method was applied to prepare monoclonal hybridomas. The final mAbs were further characterized by icELISA and then utilized in an ELISA-based application for the rapid and convenient detection of the example hapten (naringin (NAR)) in natural products.

Generation of monoclonal hybridomas
The molecular weight of the hapten-carrier conjugate was confirmed by MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. As the molecular weight of both BSA and the NAR are known, the number of small molecules conjugated with BSA could be calculated. Figure 1 shows representative spectral results for NAR-BSA22, which displays a broad ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Monoclonal Antibodies Against Natural Products at JoVE.com

Generation of Monoclonal Antibodies Against Natural Products

This article provides a detailed protocol for the preparation and evaluation of monoclonal antibodies against natural products for use in various immunoassays. This procedure includes immunization, cell fusion, indirect competitive ELISA for positive clone screening, and monoclonal hybridoma preparation. The specifications for antibody characterization using MALDI-TOF-MS and ELISA analyses are also provided.

The analysis of the bioactive components present in foods and natural products has become a popular area of study in many fields, including traditional ...

Monoclonal antibodies are known as mono-specific antibodies which are produced from a single B-lymphocyte clone and the monovalent antibodies which bind to the same epitope. Recently, the monoclonal antibody-based ELISA has become our emerging platform for the qualitative or quantitative analysis of foods or natural products. This method is a accurate, sensitive, and effective method without tedious pretreatment steps.So that is the essential for biological samples and the future clinical applications. Preparation of the mABs of TCM is a vital step in studies on complex system characteristics of TCM formula. We have developed a protocol to generate mABs against the small molecular compounds, including artificial antigen synthesis, mouse immunization, and cell fusion.The hapten is connected with the carrier protein to synthesize the artificial antigen. Artificial antigen and complete adjuvants are mixed and emulsified. The mouse was immunized by subcutaneous injection.Take out the spleen of immunized mouse and make single-cell suspension. Mix the myeloma cells. Splenocytes are isolated and fused with HAT-sensitive mouse myeloma cell line by PEG method.Select a cell line able to prepare antibodies by ELISA. Hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies that are reactive to antigen are cloned. Establish the hybridoma cell line is cryopreserved.Periodate oxidation procedure was used for the synthesis of a narigin BSA conjugate. Firstly, narigin was dissolved at a final concentration of one milligram per milliliter at 100 microliters of freshly prepared sodium pariodate solution to five milliliters of the narigin solution. Stir the mixture at room temperature for one hour.Secondly, add two milliliters of carrier protein to the narigin sodium periodate reaction mixture. Adjust the mixture to pH nine solution and continue to react for six to eight hours. Thirdly, the artificial antigen was purified with dialysis method in PDS for three days to estrange the CBS.Freund's complete adjuvant and incomplete adjuvant were used for mouse immunization. For the vaccination, mix 50 micrograms of conjugate with an equal volume of Freund's complete adjuvant and emulsify completely. Administrate 100 micrograms of this mixture to each BALB/c mouse via dorsal subcutaneous injection.Deliver a booster vaccination via subcutaneous injection two weeks later with the same amount of conjugate mixed with incomplete adjuvant. For primary immunization, Freund's complete adjuvant and immunogen were used via subdermal injection. For booster immunization, Freund's incomplete adjuvant and the immunogen were used via subdermal injection.For impact immunization without adjuvant, only immunogen were used via subdermal injection or intraperineal injection. Feed layer cells mainly originated from abdominal epithelial cells or macrophage. RPMI 1640 FBS and HAT were used for preparing HAT screen medium.HAT supplement was dissolved in 10 milliliters RPMI medium, then added into 500 milliliters RPMI 1640 containing 20%FBS. And ICR mouse was sterilized by 75%ethyl alcohol for five minutes. After removing the fur from the abdomen with hemostatic forceps, disinfect area with 75%ethanol.Cut the outer skin to expose the abdominal cavity. Inject three milliliters of sterile RPMI 1640 medium into the abdomen. Then massage the abdomen to detach additional cells into the solution.Aspirate the fetal cell suspension into a 15 milliliter centrifuge tube. After centrifuging the cell suspension for 10 minutes at 1, 000g, discard the supernatant and re-suspend the fetal cells to get single cell suspension. After this procedure, dissolve the cells by using HAT medium.Count the cells to make it 100, 000 per milliliter from cell members. Transfer the cells into 96 well cell culture plates. Incubate the plates overnight at 37 degree, 5%carbon dioxide.The chosen immunized mouse was sterilized by 75%ethyl alcohol for five minutes. Aspirate RPMI 1640 medium as the washing buffer. Remove the skin and muscle tissue using scissors to expose the spleen.Isolate the spleen by the tweezers carefully. Then wash the spleen in the RPMI 1640. Isolate the spleen and cut into pieces.Slowly pound the spleen. Then it was treated with an RMPI 1640 medium to dissolve the cells to prepare a spleen cell suspension. After that, the cells were filtered by 800 mesh cell strainer.Nail the spleen carefully to remove the big tissues. Avoiding big tissues influence the fusion of cells. Was the spleen cell suspension with RPMI 1640 medium.Then the cell suspension was added into the centrifuge tube. Harvest the spleen cells by centrifugation at 1, 000g for 10 minutes. And then discard the supernatant.The spleen cells were supposed to be at the amount of one billion to 10 billion. Remove the cultivated and amplified myeloma cells from the incubator and gently shake the flask to obtain a cell suspension. Was the suspension with RPMI twice.Mix the spleen cell suspension and the myeloma cells. Count the cells and adjust the concentration. The final ration of spleen cells to myeloma cells should be one to five to one to 10.Centrifuge the cell mixture and then remove the supernatant. Add one milliliter of 50%polyethylene glycol solution to the cells and gently stir at 37 degree for one minute. Standing for 30 seconds, add two milliliters of RPMI 1640 medium and incubate at 37 degree for two minutes to terminate the reaction.Add into two milliliters RPMI for another one minute. Then, add into 10 milliliters RPMI 1640. Centrifuge at 800g for 10 minutes.Discarding the supernatant, add HAT solution and continue to cultivate the cells for seven days at 37 degree 5%carbon dioxide. After seven days, cell supernatants in 96 well plates were aspirated after cell fusion and added into ELISA plates pre-coated with coating antigen. Cultivated at 37 degree for one hour, secondary antibody was added and cultivated for half an hour.After add 100 microliters of substrate solution. Stop the reaction. To the ELISA plates into the microplate reader, endpoint method was used read the data at 450 nanometer.Measured absorbance at 450 nanometer and screen the positive hybridomas. Use the limiting dilution method to prepare the the monoclonal hybridomas. After removing the HD medium from the selected hybridomas, re-suspend the cells in RPMI 1640 and count them.Dilute the cells of a concentration of one cell, two cells, and four cells per well by RPMI 1640 in a 96 well plate and culture. Transfer cells from the hybridomas that are positive to 24 well plates, 25 and 75 square centimeter flasks for cultivation. Store the myodomas in a gradient cooling box at minus 80 degree for 24 hours.Then transfer to liquid nitrogen for longterm storage. Titer of antiserums were determined by indirect ELISA. Mouse one through four was immunized with narigin BSA conjugate was significantly higher than the control mouse without immunized.The titer of one to 5, 000 is sufficient diffusion. The molecular weight of the hapten conjugate was confirmed by MALDI-TOF analysis. As shown in figure two, as a molecular weight of BSA standard and narigin have been known, we can calculate and determine that the molecules of narigin were conjugated with BSA.Only the hybridoma can survive and grow in HAT selection media. After seven days of growth, the cell culture can be tested by ELISA. The positive hybridomas were re-cloned and expanded.These images show the conventional outcome for stable monoclonal and polyclonal hybridoma cell lines. The critical point of this experiment is screening the mAbs specific for the hapten, but not carrier protein. The specificity of the mAb were then examined in the presence of other structurally related compounds.The cross reactivity was calculated to evaluate the mAb specificity to the antigen. The calibration curve of naringin and the liner range were obtained. The antigen specific monoclonal hybridomas were expanded and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen for longterm storage.After watching this video, I hope you have a good understanding for how to generate monoclonal antibodies against a small moleculare compounds. So that's all. Thank you for your watching and good luck for your experiments.

generation-of-monoclonal-antibodies-against-natural-products

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Passive Administration of Monoclonal Antibodies Against H. capsulatum and Others Fungal Pathogens

The purpose of the use of this methodology is 1) to advance our capacity to protect individuals with antibody or vaccine for preventing or treating histoplasmosis caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum and 2) to examine the role of virulence factors as target for therapy. To generate mAbs, mice are immunized, the immune responses are assessed using a solid phase ELISA system developed in our laboratory, and the best responder mice are selected for isolation of splenocytes for fusion with hybridoma cells. C57BL/6 mice have been extensively used to study H. capsulatum pathogenesis and provide the best model for obtaining the data required. In order to assess the role of the mAbs in infection, mice are intraperitoneally administered with either mAb to H. capsulatum or isotype matched control mAb and then infected by either intravenous (i.v.), intraperitoneal (i.p.), or intranasal (i.n.) routes. In the scientific literature, efficacy of mAbs for fungal infections in mice relies on mortality as an end point, in conjunction with colony formin units (CFU) assessments at earlier time points. Survival (time to death) studies are necessary as they best represent human disease. Thus, efficacy of our intervention would not adequately be established without survival curves. This is also true for establishing efficacy of vaccine or testing of mutants for virulence. With histoplasmosis, the mice often go from being energetic to dead over several hours. The capacity of an intervention such as the administration of a mAb may initially protect an animal from disease, but the disease can relapse which would not be realized in short CFU experiments. In addition to survival and fungal burden assays, we examine the inflammatory responses to infection (histology, cellular recruitment, cytokine responses). For survival/time to death experiments, the mice are infected and monitored at least twice daily for signs of morbidity. To assess fungal burden, histopathology, and cytokine responses, the mice are euthanized at various times after infection. Animal experiments are performed according to the guidelines of the Institute for Animal Studies of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine.

Passive Administration of Monoclonal Antibodies Against H. capsulatum and Others Fungal Pathogens

C57BL/6 mice have been used to study Hc pathogenesis and provide the best model. We are exploring the potential benefits of humoral immunity against this fungus and generated several mAbs [to histone H2B and a heat shock protein 60kDa] that we tested for their protective efficacy after intraperitoneal administration.

The purpose of the use of this methodology is 1) to advance our capacity to protect individuals with antibody or vaccine for preventing or treating ...

Quantitative Analyses of all Influenza Type A Viral Hemagglutinins and Neuraminidases using Universal Antibodies in Simple Slot Blot Assays

Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are two surface proteins of influenza viruses which are known to play important roles in the viral life cycle and the induction of protective immune responses1,2. As the main target for neutralizing antibodies, HA is currently used as the influenza vaccine potency marker and is measured by single radial immunodiffusion (SRID)3. However, the dependence of SRID on the availability of the corresponding subtype-specific antisera causes a minimum of 2-3 months delay for the release of every new vaccine. Moreover, despite evidence that NA also induces protective immunity4, the amount of NA in influenza vaccines is not yet standardized due to a lack of appropriate reagents or analytical method5. Thus, simple alternative methods capable of quantifying HA and NA antigens are desirable for rapid release and better quality control of influenza vaccines.
Universally conserved regions in all available influenza A HA and NA sequences were identified by bioinformatics analyses6-7. One sequence (designated as Uni-1) was identified in the only universally conserved epitope of HA, the fusion peptide6, while two conserved sequences were identified in neuraminidases, one close to the enzymatic active site (designated as HCA-2) and the other close to the N-terminus (designated as HCA-3)7. Peptides with these amino acid sequences were synthesized and used to immunize rabbits for the production of antibodies. The antibody against the Uni-1 epitope of HA was able to bind to 13 subtypes of influenza A HA (H1-H13) while the antibodies against the HCA-2 and HCA-3 regions of NA were capable of binding all 9 NA subtypes. All antibodies showed remarkable specificity against the viral sequences as evidenced by the observation that no cross-reactivity to allantoic proteins was detected. These universal antibodies were then used to develop slot blot assays to quantify HA and NA in influenza A vaccines without the need for specific antisera7,8. Vaccine samples were applied onto a PVDF membrane using a slot blot apparatus along with reference standards diluted to various concentrations. For the detection of HA, samples and standard were first diluted in Tris-buffered saline (TBS) containing 4M urea while for the measurement of NA they were diluted in TBS containing 0.01% Zwittergent as these conditions significantly improved the detection sensitivity. Following the detection of the HA and NA antigens by immunoblotting with their respective universal antibodies, signal intensities were quantified by densitometry. Amounts of HA and NA in the vaccines were then calculated using a standard curve established with the signal intensities of the various concentrations of the references used. 
Given that these antibodies bind to universal epitopes in HA or NA, interested investigators could use them as research tools in immunoassays other than the slot blot only.

A simple slot blot method was developed for the quantification of influenza viral hemagglutinin and neuraminidase using universal antibodies targeting their most conserved sequences identified through bioinformatics analyses. This innovative approach may provide a useful alternative to quantitative determination of all viral hemagglutinin and neuraminidase.

Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are two surface proteins of influenza viruses which are known to play important roles in the viral life cycle ...

A Parasite Rescue and Transformation Assay for Antileishmanial Screening Against Intracellular Leishmania donovani Amastigotes in THP1 Human Acute Monocytic Leukemia Cell Line

Leishmaniasis is one of the world's most neglected diseases, largely affecting the poorest of the poor, mainly in developing countries. Over 350 million people are considered at risk of contracting leishmaniasis, and approximately 2 million new cases occur yearly1. Leishmania donovani is the causative agent for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the most fatal form of the disease. The choice of drugs available to treat leishmaniasis is limited 2;current treatments provide limited efficacy and many are toxic at therapeutic doses. In addition, most of the first line treatment drugs have already lost their utility due to increasing multiple drug resistance 3. The current pipeline of anti-leishmanial drugs is also severely depleted. Sustained efforts are needed to enrich a new anti-leishmanial drug discovery pipeline, and this endeavor relies on the availability of suitable in vitro screening models.
In vitro promastigotes 4 and axenic amastigotes assays5 are primarily used for anti-leishmanial drug screening however, may not be appropriate due to significant cellular, physiological, biochemical and molecular differences in comparison to intracellular amastigotes. Assays with macrophage-amastigotes models are considered closest to the pathophysiological conditions of leishmaniasis, and are therefore the most appropriate for in vitro screening. Differentiated, non-dividing human acute monocytic leukemia cells (THP1) (make an attractive) alternative to isolated primary macrophages and can be used for assaying anti-leishmanial activity of different compounds against intracellular amastigotes.
Here, we present a parasite-rescue and transformation assay with differentiated THP1 cells infected in vitro with Leishmania donovani for screening pure compounds and natural products extracts and determining the efficacy against the intracellular Leishmania amastigotes. The assay involves the following steps: (1) differentiation of THP1 cells to non-dividing macrophages, (2) infection of macrophages with L. donovani metacyclic promastigotes, (3) treatment of infected cells with test drugs, (4) controlled lysis of infected macrophages, (5) release/rescue of amastigotes and (6) transformation of live amastigotes to promastigotes. The assay was optimized using detergent treatment for controlled lysis of Leishmania-infected THP1 cells to achieve almost complete rescue of viable intracellular amastigotes with minimal effect on their ability to transform to promastigotes. Different macrophage:promastigotes ratios were tested to achieve maximum infection. Quantification of the infection was performed through transformation of live, rescued Leishmania amastigotes to promastigotes and evaluation of their growth by an alamarBlue fluorometric assay in 96-well microplates. This assay is comparable to the currently-used microscopic, transgenic reporter gene and digital-image analysis assays. This assay is robust and measures only the live intracellular amastigotes compared to reporter gene and image analysis assays, which may not differentiate between live and dead amastigotes. Also, the assay has been validated with a current panel of anti-leishmanial drugs and has been successfully applied to large-scale screening of pure compounds and a library of natural products fractions (Tekwani et al. unpublished).

A Parasite Rescue and Transformation Assay for Antileishmanial Screening Against Intracellular Leishmania donovani Amastigotes in THP1 Human Acute Monocytic Leukemia Cell Line

A parasite-rescue and transformation assay with THP1 cells infected in vitro with Leishmania donovani has been optimized for anti-leishmanial drug screening. The assay involves differentiation of THP1 cells, infection with promastigotes, treatment with test drugs, controlled lysis of the infected macrophages, rescue of amastigotes, transformation to promastigotes and monitoring promastigote growth and proliferation with a fluorometric assay.

Leishmaniasis is  one of the world's most neglected diseases, largely affecting the  poorest of the poor, mainly in developing countries. Over 350 million ...

Treatment of Platelet Products with Riboflavin and UV Light: Effectiveness Against High Titer Bacterial Contamination

Contamination of platelet units by bacteria has long been acknowledged as a significant transfusion risk due to their post-donation storage conditions. Products are routinely stored at 22 &#176;C on an agitating shaker, a condition that can promote bacterial growth. Although the total number of bacteria believed to be introduced into a platelet product is extremely low, these bacteria can multiply to a very high titer prior to transfusion, potentially resulting in serious adverse events. The aim of this study was to evaluate a riboflavin based pathogen reduction process against a panel of bacteria that have been identified as common contaminants of platelet products. This panel included the following organisms: S. epidermidis, S. aureus, S. mitis, S. pyogenes, S. marcescens, Y. enterocolitica, B. neotomae, B. cereus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae. Each platelet unit was inoculated with a high bacterial load and samples were removed both before and after treatment. A colony forming assay, using an end point dilution scheme, was used to determine the pre-treatment and post-treatment bacterial titers. Log reduction was calculated by subtracting the post-treatment titer from the pre-treatment titer. The following log reductions were observed: S. epidermidis 4.7 log (99.998%), S. aureus 4.8 log (99.998%), S. mitis 3.7 log (99.98%), S. pyogenes 2.6 log (99.7%), S. marcescens 4.0 log (99.99%), Y. enterocolitica 3.3 log (99.95%), B. neotomae 5.4 log (99.9996%), B. cereus 2.6 log (99.7%), E. coli &#8805;5.4 log (99.9996%), P. aeruginosa 4.7 log (99.998%) and K. pneumoniae 2.8 log (99.8%). The results from this study suggest the process could help to lower the risk of severe adverse transfusion events associated with bacterial contamination.

The storage conditions of platelet products create an ideal environment for bacterial contaminants to multiply to dangerous levels. The goal of this study was to use a colony forming assay to evaluate a riboflavin based pathogen reduction process against high titer bacterial contamination in human platelet products.

Contamination of platelet units by bacteria has long been acknowledged as a significant transfusion risk due to their post-donation storage conditions. ...

Generation of Recombinant Human IgG Monoclonal Antibodies from Immortalized Sorted B Cells

Finding new methods for generating human monoclonal antibodies is an active research field that is important for both basic and applied sciences, including the development of immunotherapeutics. However, the techniques to identify and produce such antibodies tend to be arduous and sometimes the heavy and light chain pair of the antibodies are dissociated. Here, we describe a relatively simple, straightforward protocol to produce human recombinant monoclonal antibodies from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells using immortalization with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Toll-like receptor 9 activation. With an adequate staining, B cells producing antibodies can be isolated for subsequent immortalization and clonal expansion. The antibody transcripts produced by the immortalized B cell clones can be amplified by PCR, sequenced as corresponding heavy and light chain pairs and cloned into immunoglobulin expression vectors. The antibodies obtained with this technique can be powerful tools to study relevant human immune responses, including autoimmunity, and create the basis for new therapeutics.

Synthesis of human monoclonal antibodies is the first step in studies aimed at unraveling the pathophysiological mechanisms of auto-antibody-mediated immune responses. We have developed a protocol to generate recombinant human immunoglobulin G (IgG) monoclonal antibodies from blood sorted B cells, including B-cell isolation, antibody cloning and in vitro synthesis.

Finding new methods for generating human monoclonal antibodies is an active research field that is important for both basic and applied sciences, ...

Generation of Murine Monoclonal Antibodies by Hybridoma Technology

Monoclonal antibodies are universal binding molecules and are widely used in biomedicine and research. Nevertheless, the generation of these binding molecules is time-consuming and laborious due to the complicated handling and lack of alternatives. The aim of this protocol is to provide one standard method for the generation of monoclonal antibodies using hybridoma technology. This technology combines two steps. Step 1 is an appropriate immunization of the animal and step 2 is the fusion of B lymphocytes with immortal myeloma cells in order to generate hybrids possessing both parental functions, such as the production of antibody molecules and immortality. The generated hybridoma cells were then recloned and diluted to obtain stable monoclonal cell cultures secreting the desired monoclonal antibody in the culture supernatant. The supernatants were tested in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for antigen specificity. After the selection of appropriate cell clones, the cells were transferred to mass cultivation in order to produce the desired antibody molecule in large amounts. The purification of the antibodies is routinely performed by affinity chromatography. After purification, the antibody molecule can be characterized and validated for the final test application. The whole process takes 8 to 12 months of development, and there is a high risk that the antibody will not work in the desired test system.

An optimized protocol is presented for the generation of monoclonal antibodies based on the hybridoma technology. Mice were immunized with an immunoconjugate. Spleen cells were fused by PEG and an electric impulse with immortal myeloma cells. Antibody-producing hybridoma cells were selected by HAT and antigen-specific ELISA screening.

Monoclonal antibodies are universal binding molecules and are widely used in biomedicine and research. Nevertheless, the generation of these binding ...

Generation of Escape Variants of Neutralizing Influenza Virus Monoclonal Antibodies

Influenza viruses exhibit a remarkable ability to adapt and evade the host immune response. One way is through antigenic changes that occur on the surface glycoproteins of the virus. The generation of escape variants is a powerful method in elucidating how viruses escape immune detection and in identifying critical residues required for antibody binding. Here, we describe a protocol on how to generate influenza A virus escape variants by utilizing human or murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against the viral hemagglutinin (HA). With the use of our technique, we previously characterized critical residues required for the binding of antibodies targeting either the head or stalk of the novel avian H7N9 HA. The protocol can be easily adapted for other virus systems. Analyses of escape variants are important for modeling antigenic drift, determining single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) conferring resistance and virus fitness, and in the designing of vaccines and/or therapeutics.

We describe a method by which we identify critical residues required for the binding of human or murine monoclonal antibodies that target the viral hemagglutinin of influenza A viruses. The protocol can be adapted to other virus surface glycoproteins and their corresponding neutralizing antibodies.

Influenza viruses exhibit a remarkable ability to adapt and evade the host immune response. One way is through antigenic changes that occur on the surface ...

Generation of Discriminative Human Monoclonal Antibodies from Rare Antigen-specific B Cells Circulating in Blood

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are powerful tools useful for both fundamental research and in biomedicine. Their high specificity is indispensable when the antibody needs to distinguish between highly related structures (e.g., a normal protein and a mutated version thereof). The current way of generating such discriminative mAbs involves extensive screening of multiple Ab-producing B cells, which is both costly and time consuming. We propose here a rapid and cost-effective method for the generation of discriminative, fully human mAbs starting from human blood circulating B lymphocytes. The originality of this strategy is due to the selection of specific antigen binding B cells combined with the counter-selection of all other cells, using readily available Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC). Once specific B cells are isolated, cDNA (complementary deoxyribonucleic acid) sequences coding for the corresponding mAb are obtained using single cell Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technology and subsequently expressed in human cells. Within as little as 1 month, it is possible to produce milligrams of highly discriminative human mAbs directed against virtually any desired antigen naturally detected by the B cell repertoire.

We describe a method for the production of human antibodies specific for an antigen of interest, starting from rare B cells circulating in human blood. Generation of these natural antibodies is efficient and rapid, and the antibodies obtained can discriminate between highly related antigens.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are powerful tools useful for both fundamental research and in biomedicine. Their high specificity is indispensable when the ...

Antigenic Liposomes for Generation of Disease-specific Antibodies

Antibody responses provide critical protective immunity to a wide array of pathogens. There remains a high interest in generating robust antibodies for vaccination as well as understand how pathogenic antibody responses develop in allergies and autoimmune disease. Generating robust antigen-specific antibody responses is not always trivial. In mouse models, it often requires multiple rounds of immunizations with adjuvant that leads to a great deal of variability in the levels of induced antibodies. One example is in mouse models of peanut allergies where more robust and reproducible models that minimize mouse numbers and the use of adjuvant would be beneficial. Presented here is a highly reproducible mouse model of peanut allergy anaphylaxis. This new model relies on two key factors: (1) antigen-specific splenocytes are adoptively transferred from a peanut-sensitized mouse into a na&#239;ve recipient mouse, normalizing the number of antigen-specific memory B- and T-cells across a large number of mice; and (2) recipient mice are subsequently boosted with a strong multivalent immunogen in the form of liposomal nanoparticles displaying the major peanut allergen (Ara h 2). The major advantage of this model is its reproducibility, which ultimately lowers the number of animals used in each study, while minimizing the number of animals receiving multiple injections of adjuvant. The modular assembly of these immunogenic liposomes provides relatively facile adaptability to other allergic or autoimmune models that involve pathogenic antibodies.

Described is the preparation of antigenic liposomal nanoparticles and their use in stimulating B-cell activation in vitro and in vivo. Consistent and robust antibody responses led to the development of a new peanut allergy model. The protocol for generating antigenic liposomes can be extended to different antigens and immunization models.

Antibody responses provide critical protective immunity to a wide array of pathogens. There remains a high interest in generating robust antibodies for ...

Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens

The opsono-adherence assay is a functional assay that enumerates the attachment of bacterial pathogens to professional phagocytes. Because adherence is requisite to phagocytosis and killing, the assay is an alternative method to&#160;opsono-phagocytic killing assays. An advantage of the opsono-adherence&#160;assay is the option of using inactivated pathogens and mammalian cell lines, which allows standardization across multiple experiments. The use of an inactivated pathogen in the assay also facilitates work with biosafety level 3 infectious agents and other virulent pathogens. In our work, the opsono-adherence assay was used to assess the functional ability of antibodies, from sera of animals immunized with an anthrax capsule-based vaccine, to induce adherence of fixed Bacillus anthracis to a mouse macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7. Automated fluorescence microscopy was used to capture images of bacilli adhering to macrophages. Increased adherence was correlated with the presence of anti-capsule antibodies in the serum. Non-human primates that exhibited high serum anti-capsule antibody concentrations were protected from anthrax challenge. Thus, the opsono-adherence assay can be used to elucidate the biological functions of antigen specific antibodies in sera, to evaluate the efficacy of vaccine candidates and other therapeutics, and to serve as a possible correlate of immunity.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;

Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens

The opsono-adherence assay is an alternative method to the opsono-phagocytic killing assay to evaluate the opsonic functions of antibodies in vaccine development.

The opsono-adherence assay is a functional assay that enumerates the attachment of bacterial pathogens to professional phagocytes. Because adherence is ...