ברצוננו להודות לאנשי מעבדת גרבר להוראות טכניות בהתקנה וההערות על כתב היד של הניסוי שלהם. אנו מודים גם ליובוב Pankevych לטיפול זבוב ותחזוקה של מניית קנטונים הסוג הפראית. עבודה זו נתמכת על ידי DFG מענק TH1584/1-1, SNF 31003A_132812 המענק / 1 וZukunftskolleg של אוניברסיטת קונסטנץ (כל לAST).

<ol>
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אין ניגודי האינטרסים הכריזו.

<html> ההתקנה המתוארת בזחלי תסיסנית מאפשרת חקירה של למידת הרחה אסוציאטיבית בתוך מוח comparably יסודי. הגישה היא פשוטה, זולה, קלה להקמה במעבדה ואינה דורשת ציוד מתוחכם 9. אנחנו מציגים גרסה של הניסוי, כדי ללמוד למידה אסוציאטיבית אפטטיבית חיזוק גמול פרוקטוז 11. הה?...

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> שם המגיב </td><td> חברה </td><td> מספר קטלוגים </td><td> מספר CAS </td></tr><tr><td> פרוקטוז </td><td> סיגמא </td><td> 47740 </td><td> 57-48-7 </td></tr><tr><td> NaCl </td><td> Fluka </td><td> 71350 </td><td> 7647-14-5 </td></tr><tr><td> Agarose </td><td> סיגמא </td><td> A5093 </td><td> 9012-36-6 </td></tr><tr><td> 1-octanol </td><td> סיגמא </td><td> 12012 </td><td> 111-87-5 </td></tr><tr><td> Amylacetate </td><td> סיגמא </td><td> 46022 </td><td> 628-63-7 </td></tr><tr><td> שמן פרפין </td><td> סיגמא </td><td> 18512 </td><td> 8012-95-1 </td></tr></tbody></table>

appetitive associative olfactory learning in drosophila larvae

בחלק הבא אנו מתארים את הפרטים מתודולוגיים של למידה אסוציאטיבית הרחת אפטטיבית בזחלי דרוזופילה. ההתקנה, בשילוב עם הפרעות גנטיות, מספקת ידית כדי לנתח את היסודות עצביים ומולקולריים של למידה במיוחד אסוציאטיבית במוח זחל פשוט. אורגניזמים יכולים להשתמש בניסיון העבר כדי להתאים את התנהגותו בהווה. רכישה כזאת של פוטנציאל התנהגותי יכולה להיות מוגדרת כלמידה, ואת הבסיסים הפיסיים של פוטנציאלים אלה כעקבות זיכרון 1-4. חוקרי מוח מנסים להבין כיצד תהליכים אלה מאורגנים במונחים של שינויים מולקולריים ועצביים במוח על ידי שימוש במגוון של שיטות באורגניזם מודל הנע בין חרקים לבעלי חוליות 5,6. למאמצים אלה כדאי להשתמש במערכות מודל פשוט ונגישים באופן ניסיוני. זחל תסיסנית התברר כדי לספק דרישות אלה בהתבסס עלהזמינות של מבחנים התנהגותיים חזקים, קיומה של מגוון טכניקות מהונדסות והארגון היסודי של מערכת העצבים הכוללים רק כ -10,000 תאי עצב (אם כי עם ויתורים מסוימים: מגבלות קוגניטיביות, כמה אפשרויות התנהגות, ואת העושר של חוויה מפוקפקת) 7-10 . זחלי תסיסנית יכולים להיוצר קשר בין ריחות וחיזוקים התעוררו אצל אפטטיבית כמו סוכר 11-14. בבדיקה סטנדרטית, שהוקם במעבדה של B. גרבר, בעלי חיים מקבלים הכשרה הדדית של שני ריח: קבוצה ראשונה של זחלים חשוף לריח יחד עם מחזקת התעוררה אצל (גמול סוכר) ולאחר מכן נחשפה לריח ב &#39;בלי חיזוקים 9. בינתיים קבוצה שנייה של זחלים מקבלת הכשרה הדדית תוך התנסות ריח בלי חיזוק, ולאחר מכן נחשף לריח B עם חיזוק (גמול סוכר). בשתי הקבוצות הבאות הן tesטד להעדפתם בין שני ריחות. העדפות גבוהות יחסית לריח המתוגמל משקפות למידה אסוציאטיבית - מוצג כמדד ביצועים (PI). המסקנה ביחס לאופי האסוציאטיבי של מדד ביצועים היא משכנעת, כי חוץ מהמגירה בין ריחות וtastants, פרמטרים אחרים, כגון ריח וחשיפת גמול, חלוף הזמן והטיפול אינו שונה בין שתי קבוצות 9.

האיור 1 א מציג סקירה של הפרוצדורות ללמידה אסוציאטיבית הרחת זחל. על ידי זיווג אחד משני הריחות שהוצגו עם זחלי גמול סוכר לרכוש את התנהגות הפוטנציאל להביע תגובה אטרקטיבית לכיוון הריח המתוגמל בהשוואה לריח סתם ככה. שתי קבוצות של זחלים תמיד מאומנות על ידי זיווג המח...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae at JoVE.com

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae

זחלי תסיסנית מסוגלים לשייך גירויי ריח בתגמול בטעם. כאן אנו מתארים הפרדיגמה התנהגות פשוטה המאפשרת הניתוח של למידה אסוציאטיבית אפטטיבית הרחה.

למידה אסוציאטיבית הרחה באפטטיבית<em&gt; דרוזופילה</em&gt; זחלים

In the following we describe the methodological  details of appetitive associative olfactory learning in Drosophila larvae. The setup, in combination with ...

appetitive-associative-olfactory-learning-in-drosophila-larvae

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae

18.9K Views.  University of Konstanz. זחלי תסיסנית מסוגלים לשייך גירויי ריח בתגמול בטעם. כאן אנו מתארים הפרדיגמה התנהגות פשוטה המאפשרת הניתוח של למידה אסוציאטיבית אפטטיבית הרחה.

Video: Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae

High-resolution Measurement of Odor-Driven Behavior in Drosophila Larvae

Olfactory responses in Drosophila larvae have been traditionally studied in Petri dishes comprising a single peripheral odor source. In this behavioral paradigm, the experimenter usually assumes that the rapid diffusion of odorant molecules from the source leads to the creation of a stable gradient in the dish. To establish a quantitative correlation between sensory inputs and behavioral responses, it is necessary to achieve a more thorough characterization of the odorant stimulus conditions. In this video article, we describe a new method allowing the construction of odorant gradients with stable and controllable geometries. We briefly illustrate how these gradients can be used to screen for olfactory defects (full and partial anosmia) and to study more subtle features of chemotaxis behavior.

In this video article, we describe a new method allowing the construction of odorant gradients with stable and controllable geometries. We briefly illustrate how these gradients can be used to screen for olfactory defects (full and partial anosmia) and to study more subtle features of chemotaxis behavior.

ברזולוציה גבוהה מדידה של התנהגות ריח מונחה על הזחלים תסיסנית

Olfactory responses in Drosophila larvae have been traditionally studied in Petri dishes comprising a single peripheral odor source. In this behavioral ...

Biology

Drosophila Adult Olfactory Shock Learning

Drosophila have been used in classical conditioning experiments for over 40 years, thus greatly facilitating our understanding of memory, including the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms involved in cognitive diseases1-7. Learning and memory can be assayed in larvae to study the effect of neurodevelopmental genes8-10 and in flies to measure the contribution of adult plasticity genes1-7. Furthermore, the short lifespan of Drosophila facilitates the analysis of genes mediating age-related memory impairment5,11-13. The availability of many inducible promoters that subdivide the Drosophila nervous system makes it possible to determine when and where a gene of interest is required for normal memory as well as relay of different aspects of the reinforcement signal3,4,14,16.
Studying memory in adult Drosophila allows for a detailed analysis of the behavior and circuitry involved and a measurement of long-term memory15-17. The length of the adult stage accommodates longer-term genetic, behavioral, dietary and pharmacological manipulations of memory, in addition to determining the effect of aging and neurodegenerative disease on memory3-6,11-13,15-21.
Classical conditioning is induced by the simultaneous presentation of a neutral odor cue (conditioned stimulus, CS+) and a reinforcement stimulus, e.g., an electric shock or sucrose, (unconditioned stimulus, US), that become associated with one another by the animal1,16. A second conditioned stimulus (CS-) is subsequently presented without the US. During the testing phase, Drosophila are simultaneously presented with CS+ and CS- odors. After the Drosophila are provided time to choose between the odors, the distribution of the animals is recorded. This procedure allows associative aversive or appetitive conditioning to be reliably measured without a bias introduced by the innate preference for either of the conditioned stimuli. Various control experiments are also performed to test whether all genotypes respond normally to odor and reinforcement alone.

Drosophila Adult Olfactory Shock Learning

The method to measure adult Drosophila associative memory is described. The assay is based on the ability of the fly to associate an odor presented with a negative reinforcer (electric shock) and then recall this information at a later time, allowing memory to be measured.

דרוזופילה מבוגרים חוש הריח הלם למידה

Drosophila have been used in classical conditioning experiments for over 40 years, thus greatly facilitating our understanding of memory, including the ...

A Single-fly Assay for Foraging Behavior in Drosophila

For many animals, hunger promotes changes in the olfactory system in a manner that facilitates the search for appropriate food sources. In this video article, we describe an automated assay to measure the effect of hunger or satiety on olfactory dependent food search behavior in the adult fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In a light-tight box illuminated by red light that is invisible to fruit flies, a camera linked to custom data acquisition software monitors the position of six flies simultaneously. Each fly is confined to walk in individual arenas containing a food odor at the center. The testing arenas rest on a porous floor that functions to prevent odor accumulation. Latency to locate the odor source, a metric that reflects olfactory sensitivity under different physiological states, is determined by software analysis. Here, we discuss the critical mechanics of running this behavioral paradigm and cover specific issues regarding fly loading, odor contamination, assay temperature, data quality, and statistical analysis.

A Single-fly Assay for Foraging Behavior in Drosophila

In this video article, we describe an automated assay to measure the effect of hunger or satiety on olfactory dependent food search behavior in the adult fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

יחיד לטוס Assay עבור התנהגות שיחור מזון ב<em&gt; דרוזופילה</em

For many animals, hunger promotes changes in the olfactory system in a manner that facilitates the search for appropriate food sources. In this video ...

Testing Drosophila Olfaction with a Y-maze Assay

Detecting signals from the environment is essential for animals to ensure their survival. To this aim, they use environmental cues such as vision, mechanoreception, hearing, and chemoperception through taste, via direct contact or through olfaction, which represents the response to a volatile molecule acting at longer range. Volatile chemical molecules are very important signals for most animals in the detection of danger, a source of food, or to communicate between individuals. Drosophila melanogaster is one of the most common biological models for scientists to explore the cellular and molecular basis of olfaction. In order to highlight olfactory abilities of this small insect, we describe a modified choice protocol based on the Y-maze test classically used with mice. Data obtained with Y-mazes give valuable information to better understand how animals deal with their perpetually changing environment. We introduce a step-by-step protocol to study the impact of odorants on fly exploratory response using this Y-maze assay.

Testing Drosophila Olfaction with a Y-maze Assay

We present a choice test to reveal the influence of odorants on Drosophila behavior using a Y-maze assay.

בדיקה<em&gt; דרוזופילה</em&gt; Olfaction עם Assay Y-מבוך

Detecting signals from the environment is essential for animals to ensure their survival. To this aim, they use environmental cues such as vision, ...

Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning

This protocol describes a new paradigm for analyzing aversive associative learning in adult flies (Drosophila melanogaster). The paradigm is analogous to passive avoidance behavior in laboratory rodents in which animals learn to avoid a compartment where they have previously received an electric shock. The assay takes advantage of negative geotaxis in flies, which manifests as an urge to climb up when they are placed on a vertical surface. The setup consists of vertically oriented upper and lower compartments. On the first trial, a fly is placed into a lower compartment from where it usually exits&#160;within 3-15 s, and steps into the upper compartment where it receives an electric shock. During the second trial, 24 h later, the latency is significantly increased. At the same time, the number of shocks is decreased compared to the first trial, indicating that flies formed long-term memory about the upper compartment. The recordings of latencies and number of shocks could be performed with a tally counter and a stopwatch or with an Arduino-based simple device. To illustrate how the assay can be used, the passive avoidance behavior of D. melanogaster and D. simulans male and female were characterized here. Comparison of latencies and number of shocks revealed that both D. melanogaster and D. simulans flies efficiently learned the passive avoidance behavior. No statistical differences were observed between male and female flies. However, males were a little faster while entering the upper compartment on the first trial, while females received a slightly higher number of shocks in every retention trial. The Western diet (WD) significantly impaired learning and memory in male flies while flight exercise counterbalanced this effect. Taken together, the passive avoidance behavior in flies offers a simple and reproducible assay that could be used for studying basic mechanisms of learning and memory.

Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning

This work describes a simple behavioral paradigm that allows the analysis of aversive associative learning in adult fruit flies. The method is based on suppressing the innate negative geotaxis behavior due to the association formed between a specific environmental context and an electric shock.

דרוסופילה התנהגות הימנעות פסיבית כפרדיגמה חדשה לחקר למידה אסוציאטיבית מרתיעה

This protocol describes a new paradigm for analyzing aversive associative learning in adult flies (Drosophila melanogaster). The paradigm is analogous to ...

Behavior

Olfactory Behaviors Assayed by Computer Tracking Of Drosophila in a Four-quadrant Olfactometer

A key challenge in neurobiology is to understand how neural circuits function to guide appropriate animal behaviors. Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent model system for such investigations due to its complex behaviors, powerful genetic techniques, and compact nervous system. Laboratory behavioral assays have long been used with Drosophila to simulate properties of the natural environment and study the neural mechanisms underlying the corresponding behaviors (e.g. phototaxis, chemotaxis, sensory learning and memory)1-3. With the recent availability of large collections of transgenic Drosophila lines that label specific neural subsets, behavioral assays have taken on a prominent role to link neurons with behaviors4-11. Versatile and reproducible paradigms, together with the underlying computational routines for data analysis, are indispensable for rapid tests of candidate fly lines with various genotypes. Particularly useful are setups that are flexible in the number of animals tested, duration of experiments and nature of presented stimuli. The assay of choice should also generate reproducible data that is easy to acquire and analyze. Here, we present a detailed description of a system and protocol for assaying behavioral responses of Drosophila flies in a large four-field arena. The setup is used here to assay responses of flies to a single olfactory stimulus; however, the same setup may be modified to test multiple olfactory, visual or optogenetic stimuli, or a combination of these. The olfactometer setup records the activity of fly populations responding to odors, and computational analytical methods are applied to quantify fly behaviors. The collected data are analyzed to get a quick read-out of an experimental run, which is essential for efficient data collection and the optimization of experimental conditions.

Olfactory Behaviors Assayed by Computer Tracking Of Drosophila in a Four-quadrant Olfactometer

We describe here a behavioral setup and data analysis method for assaying olfactory responses of up to 100 vinegar flies (Drosophila melanogaster). This system may be used with single or multiple olfactory stimuli, and adaptable for optogenetic activation or silencing of neuronal subsets.

התנהגויות חוש הריח assayed ידי מעקב ממוחשב של<em&gt; תסיסנית</em&gt; בתוך אולפקטומטר ארבעה-רביע

A key challenge in neurobiology is to understand how neural circuits function to guide appropriate animal behaviors. Drosophila melanogaster is an ...

Taste Preference Assay for Adult Drosophila

Olfactory and gustatory perception of the environment is vital for animal survival. The most obvious application of these chemosenses is to be able to distinguish good food sources from potentially dangerous food sources. Gustation requires physical contact with a chemical compound which is able to signal through taste receptors that are expressed on the surface of neurons. In insects, these gustatory neurons can be located across the animal's body allowing taste to play an important role in many different behaviors. Insects typically prefer compounds containing sugars, while compounds that are considered bitter tasting are avoided. Given the basic biological importance of taste, there is intense interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying this sensory modality. We describe an adult Drosophila taste assay which reflects the preference of the animals for a given tastant compound. This assay may be applied to animals of any genetic background to examine the taste preference for a desired soluble compound.

Taste Preference Assay for Adult Drosophila

Taste is an important sensory process which facilitates attraction to beneficial substances and avoidance of toxic substances. This protocol describes a simple ingestion assay for determining Drosophila gustatory preference for a given chemical compound.

Assay העדפות טעם למבוגרים<em&gt; תסיסנית</em

Olfactory and gustatory perception of the environment is vital for animal survival.  The most obvious application of these chemosenses is to be able to ...

Drosophila Courtship Conditioning As a Measure of Learning and Memory

Many insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying learning and memory have been elucidated through the use of simple behavioral assays in model organisms such as the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila is useful for understanding the basic neurobiology underlying cognitive deficits resulting from mutations in genes associated with human cognitive disorders, such as intellectual disability (ID) and autism. This work describes a methodology for testing learning and memory using a classic paradigm in Drosophila known as courtship conditioning. Male flies court females using a distinct pattern of easily recognizable behaviors. Premated females are not receptive to mating and will reject the male&#39;s copulation attempts. In response to this rejection, male flies reduce their courtship behavior. This learned reduction in courtship behavior is measured over time, serving as an indicator of learning and memory. The basic numerical output of this assay is the courtship index (CI), which is defined as the percentage of time that a male spends courting during a 10 min interval. The learning index (LI) is the relative reduction of CI in flies that have been exposed to a premated female compared to na&#239;ve flies with no previous social encounters. For the statistical comparison of LIs between genotypes, a randomization test with bootstrapping is used. To illustrate how the assay can be used to address the role of a gene relating to learning and memory, the pan-neuronal knockdown of Dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase (Dhap-at) was characterized here. The human ortholog of Dhap-at, glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase (GNPT), is involved in rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 2, an autosomal-recessive syndrome characterized by severe ID. Using the courtship conditioning assay, it was determined that Dhap-at is required for long-term memory, but not for short-term memory. This result serves as a basis for further investigation of the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Drosophila Courtship Conditioning As a Measure of Learning and Memory

This protocol describes a Drosophila learning and memory assay called courtship conditioning. This classic assay is based on a reduction of male courtship behavior after sexual rejection by a non-receptive premated female. This natural form of behavioral plasticity can be used to test learning, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

תסיסנית חיזור התניה כמדד למידה וזיכרון

Many insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying learning and memory have been elucidated through the use of simple behavioral assays in model ...

In Vivo Optical Calcium Imaging of Learning-Induced Synaptic Plasticity in Drosophila melanogaster

Decades of research in many model organisms have led to the current concept of synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory formation. Learning-induced changes in synaptic transmission are often distributed across many neurons and levels of processing in the brain. Therefore, methods to visualize learning-dependent synaptic plasticity across neurons are needed. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster represents a particularly favorable model organism to study neuronal circuits underlying learning. The protocol presented here demonstrates a way in which the processes underlying the formation of associative olfactory memories, i.e., synaptic activity and their changes, can be monitored in vivo. Using the broad array of genetic tools available in Drosophila, it is possible to specifically express genetically encoded calcium indicators in determined cell populations and even single cells. By fixing a fly in place, and opening the head capsule, it is possible to visualize calcium dynamics in these cells whilst delivering olfactory stimuli. Additionally, we demonstrate a set-up in which the fly can be subjected, simultaneously, to electric shocks to the body. This provides a system in which flies can undergo classical olfactory conditioning - whereby a previously na&#239;ve odor is learned to be associated with electric shock punishment - at the same time as the representation of this odor (and other untrained odors) is observed in the brain via two-photon microscopy. Our lab has previously reported the generation of synaptically localized calcium sensors, which enables one to confine the fluorescent calcium signals to pre- or postsynaptic compartments. Two-photon microscopy provides a way to spatially resolve fine structures. We exemplify this by focusing on neurons integrating information from the mushroom body, a higher-order center of the insect brain. Overall, this protocol provides a method to examine the synaptic connections between neurons whose activity is modulated as a result of olfactory learning.

In Vivo Optical Calcium Imaging of Learning-Induced Synaptic Plasticity in Drosophila melanogaster

Here we present a protocol with which pre- and/or postsynaptic calcium can be visualized in the context of Drosophila learning and memory. In vivo calcium imaging using synaptically localized calcium sensors is combined with a classical olfactory conditioning paradigm such that the synaptic plasticity underlying this type of associative learning may be determined.

ב-Vivo סידן הדמיה אופטית של למידה הנגרמת הפלסטיות הסינפטית בדרוזופילה מלאנוסטר

Decades of research in many model organisms have led to the current concept of synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory formation. ...

Drosophila Courtship Conditioning: A Method to Test Learning and Memory In Flies

Source: Koemans, T. S., et al. <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/55808/" target="_blank">Drosophila Courtship Conditioning As a Measure of Learning and Memory</a>. J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
This video describes a classical conditioning assay that tests learning and memory in Drosophila, called courtship conditioning. The assay is based on the reduction of male courtship after experiencing a rejection by a non-receptive premated female. The example protocol shows a setup for the procedure that can be used to assess short- and long-term memory.

למידה אסוציאטיבית הרחה באפטטיבית

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ברזולוציה גבוהה מדידה של התנהגות ריח מונחה על הזחלים תסיסנית

דרוזופילה מבוגרים חוש הריח הלם למידה

יחיד לטוס Assay עבור התנהגות שיחור מזון ב

בדיקה

דרוסופילה התנהגות הימנעות פסיבית כפרדיגמה חדשה לחקר למידה אסוציאטיבית מרתיעה

התנהגויות חוש הריח assayed ידי מעקב ממוחשב של

Assay העדפות טעם למבוגרים

תסיסנית חיזור התניה כמדד למידה וזיכרון

ב-Vivo סידן הדמיה אופטית של למידה הנגרמת הפלסטיות הסינפטית בדרוזופילה מלאנוסטר

דרוזופילה התניות חיזור: שיטה לבדיקת למידה וזיכרון בזבובים