אנו מודים לראדק Sindelka על עזרתו, וקאש Bresilla לסיוע עם בעלי צפרדע והכנת עובר. עבודה זו מומנה על ידי NIH באמצעות R01DE021109 המענק לHLS לורה Jacox מומן על ידי הרשל סמית בוגר המלגה באוניברסיטת הרווארד ומענק מלגה בודדת F30 F30DE022989-01 דרך NIDCR.

<ol>
	<li>Gorlin, R. J., Cohen, M., Levin, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Syndromes of the head and neck. , (1990).</li><li>Trainor, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Craniofacial+birth+defects:+The+role+of+neural+crest+cells+in+the+etiology+and+pathogenesis+of+Treacher+Collins+syndrome+and+the+potential+for+prevention.">Craniofacial birth defects: The role of neural crest cells in the etiology and pathogenesis of Treacher Collins syndrome and the potential for prevention.</a> Am. J. Med. Gen. A. 152, 2984-2994 (2010).</li><li>Dickinson, A. J., Sive, H. 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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Wnt+antagonists+Frzb-1+and+Crescent+locally+regulate+basement+membrane+dissolution+in+the+developing+primary+mouth.">The Wnt antagonists Frzb-1 and Crescent locally regulate basement membrane dissolution in the developing primary mouth.</a> Dev. 136, 1071-1081 (2009).</li><li>Gilbert, S. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Developmental Biology. , (2010).</li><li>Borchers, A., Epperlein, H. H., Wedlich, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+assay+system+to+study+migratory+behavior+of+cranial+neural+crest+cells+in+Xenopus.">An assay system to study migratory behavior of cranial neural crest cells in Xenopus.</a> Dev. Genes Evol. 210, 217-222 (2000).</li><li>Grunz, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Homoiogenetic+neural+inducing+activity+of+the+presumptive+neural+plate+of+Xenopus+laevis.">Homoiogenetic neural inducing activity of the presumptive neural plate of Xenopus laevis.</a> Dev. Growth Differ. 32, 583-589 (1990).</li><li>Servetnick, M., Grainger, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+neural+and+lens+competence+in+Xenopus+ectoderm:+evidence+for+an+autonomous+developmental+timer.">Changes in neural and lens competence in Xenopus ectoderm: evidence for an autonomous developmental timer.</a> Dev. Bio. 112, 177-188 (1991).</li><li>Servetnick, M., Grainger, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Homeogenetic+neural+induction+in+Xenopus.">Homeogenetic neural induction in Xenopus.</a> Dev. Bio. 147, 73-82 (1991).</li><li>Couly, G., Coltey, P., Le Douarin, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+triple+origin+of+skull+in+higher+vertebrates:+a+study+in+quail-chick+chimeras.">The triple origin of skull in higher vertebrates: a study in quail-chick chimeras.</a> Dev. 117, 409-429 (1993).</li><li>Couly, G. F., Le Douarin, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+of+the+early+neural+primordium+in+quail-chick+chimeras+:+I.">Mapping of the early neural primordium in quail-chick chimeras : I.</a> Developmental relationships between placodes, facial ectoderm. 110, 422-439 (1985).</li><li>Couly, G. F., Le Douarin, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+of+the+early+neural+primordium+in+quail-chick+chimeras+II.+The+prosencephalic+neural+plate+and+neural+folds:+Implications+for+the+genesis+of+cephalic+human+congenital+abnormalities.">Mapping of the early neural primordium in quail-chick chimeras II. The prosencephalic neural plate and neural folds: Implications for the genesis of cephalic human congenital abnormalities.</a> Dev. Bio. 120, 198-214 (1987).</li><li>Lievre, A. L., Le Douarin, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+early+development+of+cranial+sensory+ganglia+and+the+potentialities+of+their+component+cells+studied+in+quail-chick+chimeras.">The early development of cranial sensory ganglia and the potentialities of their component cells studied in quail-chick chimeras.</a> Dev. Bio. 94, 291-310 (1982).</li><li>Kennedy, A., Dickinson, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Median+facial+clefts+in+Xenopus+laevis:+roles+of+retinoic+acid+signaling+and+homeobox+genes.">Median facial clefts in Xenopus laevis: roles of retinoic acid signaling and homeobox genes.</a> Dev. Bio. 365, 229-240 (2012).</li><li>Trainor, P., Tam, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cranial+paraxial+mesoderm+and+neural+crest+of+the+mouse+embryo-+codistribution+in+the+craniofacial+mesenchyme+but+distinct+segregation+in+the+branchial+arches.">Cranial paraxial mesoderm and neural crest of the mouse embryo- codistribution in the craniofacial mesenchyme but distinct segregation in the branchial arches.</a> Dev. 121, 2569-2582 (1995).</li><li>Sive, H. L., Grainger, R. M., Harland, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Early Development of Xenopus laevis. , (2000).</li><li>Tandon, P., Showell, C., Christine, K., Conlon, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morpholino+injection+in+Xenopus.">Morpholino injection in Xenopus.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 843, 29-46 (2012).</li><li>Nieuwkoop, P. D., Faber, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Normal Table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin). , (1994).</li></ol>

יש המחברים אין לחשוף.

צעדים ומגבלות קריטיים: הליך השתלת הפנים EAD הוא זמן ועבודה אינטנסיבי. זה דורש תרגול, ידיים יציבים, ומיומנות מושלמת. פרוטוקול השתלת פנים מסתמך על יכולתו של החוקר כדי להסיר ביעילות וברקמות להשתלה. אם אחד לוקח יותר מדי זמן להכניס את ההשתלה בפרצופו של המארח, את פני המאר?...

כדי להבין את המנגנונים העומדים בבסיס ליקויי craniofacial לידת 1-2, רקמות חשובות ותרומות האיתות שלהם במהלך התפתחות craniofacial חייב להיות מזוהה. בצפרדע Xenopus laevis, חלק מהפנים, כוללים את הפה וצורת נחיריים מ&quot; אקסטרים Anterior דומיין &quot;(EAD), שבו האאקטודרם והאנדודרם ישירות לצד זה 3-4. EAD פועל גם כמרכז איתות להשפיע על רקמות הסובבות, כוללים הרכס העצבי גולגולתי, המהווה את הלסתות ואזורי פנים אחרים 5. כדי לזהות את הגנים שתורמים לתפקוד EAD, טכניקה &#39;השתלת הפנים&#39; פותחה, שבו רקמה מושתלת מתורם לעובר מארח, לאחר הסרת אזור המארח המתאים. בעקבות ההשתלה, וכתוצאה מפיתוח פנים הוא העריך. לכן, ההשפעות של אובדן התפקוד (LOF) או רווח של פונקציה (GOF) לגן מסוים בEAD מנותחים באופן מקומי, שבו שאר שעותEAD והגוף מורכב מרקמות מסוג בר. השתלת הגומלין יכולה להתבצע, שבו רקמה מסוג בר שהושתלה עוברים עם LOF הגלובלי או GOF בגנים ספציפיים. השתלה כבר בשימוש תכוף בXenopus וחומוס לומד 6. לדוגמא, השתלת Xenopus התייחסה אינדוקציה homogenetic עצבית, עדשה ויכולת עצבית, והגירה רכס עצבית 7-10. השתלת chimeric שליו חומוס נתחה פיתוח של הצלחת הקדמית העצבית, רכס עצבי קדמי, רכס עצבי, ועצמות גולגולת 11-14. זוהי טכניקת ההשתלה הראשונה למחקר של התפתחות craniofacial Xenopus. טכניקה זו הוכיחה תפקיד רומן למעכבי Wnt Frzb1 וסהר בויסות היווצרות קרום במרתף בפה המשוער 5. Laevis Xenopus הוא מודל אידיאלי למחקר של התפתחות craniofacial כעוברים גדולים, לפתח כלפי חוץ,nd הפנים גלויים ונגיש, המאפשרים המיקרומניפולציה והדמיה של פיתוח. מופיעים מנגנוני פיתוח פנים נשמרו, מה שמעיד כי ממצאים שנעשו בצפרדע לספק תובנות לגבי ההתפתחות אנושית 4,15-16.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Pasteur pipette</td><td>VWR</td><td>14672-400</td><td>Lime Glass&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Size 5 3/4 in</td><td>Cotton Plugged</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Graduated Transfer Pipette</td><td>VWR</td><td>16001-180</td><td>Disposable&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>#5/45 forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools by Dupont medical</td><td>11251-35</td><td>Angled 45&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>Standard Pattern Forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11000-20</td><td>Straight; serrated tip; stainless steel</td></tr><tr><td>Capillary Tubing (for needles)</td><td>FHC</td><td>30-30-1</td><td>Borosil 1.0 mm OD x 0.5 mm ID/Fiber</td></tr><tr><td>Cover slip&amp;nbsp;</td><td>VWR</td><td>48393 252</td><td>24 x 60 mm&amp;nbsp;micro cover glass;</td></tr><tr><td>Ficoll 400</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>F9378</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Needle Puller&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sutter Instrument Co</td><td>Needle Puller: discontinued Filament: FB300B</td><td>The most similar, currently available&amp;nbsp; needle puller is the P-97. For filaments, use Sutter 3.00 mm square box filaments, 3.0 mm wide.</td></tr><tr><td>Model P-80</td><td>Flaming / Brown micropipette puller</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stereomicroscope</td><td>Zeiss</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stereomicroscope Lighting by Fostec</td><td>Fostec</td><td></td><td>Use a light box with 2 fiberoptic arms.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Nickel Plated Pin Holder</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>26018-17</td><td>Jaw Opening Diameter: 0-1 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Moria Nickel Plated Pin Holder</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>26016-12</td><td>Jaw opening Diameter: 0-1 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Tungsten Needles</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>10130-05</td><td>0.125 mm Rod diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Van Aken Plastalina</td><td>Blick</td><td>#33268-2981</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Modeling Clay- white, red, or yellow</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>mMessage mMashine SP6 or T7 Kit</td><td>Ambion</td><td>AM1340</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

facial transplants in xenopus laevis embryos

מומים מולדים Craniofacial להתרחש ב1 מתוך כל 700 לידה חיות, אבל אטיולוגיה ידועה לעתים רחוקות בגלל הבנה מוגבלת של פיתוח craniofacial. כדי לזהות היכן מסלולים ורקמות איתות לפעול בדפוסים של הפנים פיתוח, טכניקה &#39;השתלת הפנים&#39; פותחה בעוברים של צפרדע Xenopus laevis. אזור של רקמות פנים משוערות (&quot;אקסטרים Anterior דומיין&quot; (EAD)) מוסר מעובר תורם בשלב tailbud, ולהשתיל לעובר מארח של אותו השלב, שממנו האזור שווה הערך הוסר. זה יכול לשמש כדי ליצור פנים chimeric בי הרקמה המארחת או תורם יש הפסד או רווח של תפקוד בגן, ו / או כוללת תווית שושלת. לאחר ריפוי, התוצאה של פיתוח היא בפיקוח, ומצביעה על תפקידים של מסלול האיתות תוך התורם או רקמות מארח שמסביב. Xenopus הוא מודל יקר ערך לפיתוח פנים, כמו אזור הפנים הוא גדול וקלותccessible להמיקרומניפולציה. ניתן assayed עוברים רבים, על פני פרק זמן קצר מאז פיתוח מתרחש במהירות. ממצאים בצפרדע רלוונטיים להתפתחות אנושית, שכן תהליכי craniofacial מופיעים נשמרים בין Xenopus ויונקים.

רקמות המושתלות צריכים להיות מוכנסות במלואו לתוך ראש המארח לאחר ההשתלה כפי שמוצגות באיור 3 א, ויש לי גשר זכוכית להציב כראוי על פניו של העובר, כפי שמוצגים באיור 2Bc. הרקמות המושתלות התורמות חייבים להיות בגודל נכון לפתיחה המארחת, להשתלה כדי להצליח. רקמת E...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos at JoVE.com

Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos

טכניקה להשתלה &quot;אקסטרים Anterior דומיין&quot; רקמות פנים בין Xenopus laevis עובר כבר מפותחת. רקמה ניתן להעביר מהרקע ביטוי גנים אחת לאחרת, ומאפשרת הלימוד של דרישות מקומיות לפיתוח craniofacial ולאיתות אינטראקציות בין אזורי פנים.

השתלת פנים ב<em&gt; Laevis Xenopus</em&gt; עוברים

Craniofacial birth defects occur in 1 out of every 700 live births, but etiology is rarely known due to limited understanding of craniofacial development. ...

facial-transplants-in-xenopus-laevis-embryos

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos

10.2K Views.  Harvard University.  טכניקה להשתלה "אקסטרים Anterior דומיין" רקמות פנים בין Xenopus laevis עובר כבר מפותחת. רקמה ניתן להעביר מהרקע ביטוי גנים אחת לאחרת, ומאפשרת הלימוד של דרישות מקומיות לפיתוח craniofacial ולאיתות אינטראקציות בין אזורי פנים. 

Video: Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos

Primordial Germ Cell Transplantation for CRISPR/Cas9-based Leapfrogging in Xenopus

The creation of mutant lines by genome editing is accelerating genetic analysis in many organisms. CRISPR/Cas9 methods have been adapted for use in the African clawed frog, Xenopus, a longstanding model organism for biomedical research. Traditional breeding schemes for creating homozygous mutant lines with CRISPR/Cas9-targeted mutagenesis have several time-consuming and laborious steps. To facilitate the creation of mutant embryos, particularly to overcome the obstacles associated with knocking out genes that are essential for embryogenesis, a new method called leapfrogging was developed. This technique leverages the robustness of Xenopus embryos to &#34;cut and paste&#34; embryological methods. Leapfrogging utilizes the transfer of primordial germ cells (PGCs) from efficiently-mutagenized donor embryos into PGC-ablated wildtype siblings. This method allows for the efficient mutation of essential genes by creating chimeric animals with wildtype somatic cells that carry a mutant germline. When two F0 animals carrying &#34;leapfrog transplants&#34; (i.e., mutant germ cells) are intercrossed, they produce homozygous, or compound heterozygous, null F1 embryos, thus saving a full generation time to obtain phenotypic data. Leapfrogging also provides a new approach for analyzing maternal effect genes, which are refractory to F0 phenotypic analysis following CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis. This manuscript details the method of leapfrogging, with special emphasis on how to successfully perform PGC transplantation.

Primordial Germ Cell Transplantation for CRISPR/Cas9-based Leapfrogging in Xenopus

Genes essential for survival pose technical hurdles for creating mutant lines. Leapfrogging circumvents lethality by combining genome editing with primordial germ cell transplantation to create wild-type animals carrying germline mutations. Leapfrogging also permits the efficient generation of homozygous null mutants in the F1 generation. Here, the transplantation step is demonstrated.

השתלת תא נבט הקדמוני עבור מבוססת על CRISPR/Cas9 וקפיצת המדרגה של צפרדע רפואית

The creation of mutant lines by genome editing is accelerating genetic analysis in many organisms. CRISPR/Cas9 methods have been adapted for use in the ...

Genetics

Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo

Understanding the genetic programs underlying neural development is an important goal of developmental and stem cell biology. In the amphibian blastula, cells from the roof of the blastocoel are pluripotent. These cells can be isolated, and programmed to generate various tissues through manipulation of genes expression or induction by morphogens. In this manuscript protocols are described for the use of Xenopus laevis blastocoel roof explants as an assay system to investigate key in vivo and in vitro features of early neural development. These protocols allow the investigation of fate acquisition, cell migration behaviors, and cell autonomous and non-autonomous properties. The blastocoel roof explants can be cultured in a serum-free defined medium and grafted into host embryos. This transplantation into an embryo allows the investigation of the long-term lineage commitment, the inductive properties, and the behavior of transplanted cells in vivo. These assays can be exploited to investigate molecular mechanisms, cellular processes and gene regulatory networks underlying neural development. In the context of regenerative medicine, these assays provide a means to generate neural-derived cell types in vitro that could be used in drug screening.

Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo

In Xenopus embryos, cells from the roof of the blastocoel are pluripotent and can be programmed to generate various tissues. Here, we describe protocols to use amphibian blastocoel roof explants as an assay system to investigate key in vivo and in vitro features of early neural development.

כמו תא גזע<em&gt; Xenopus</em&gt; Explants העובריים לחקר תכונות המוקדמות עצבי התפתחותית<em&gt; במבחנה</em&gt; ו<em&gt; In vivo</em

Understanding the genetic programs underlying neural development is an important goal of developmental and stem cell biology. In the amphibian blastula, ...

Developmental Biology

Tissue Targeted Embryonic Chimeras: Zebrafish Gastrula Cell Transplantation

Certain fundamental questions in the field of developmental biology can only be answered when cells are placed in novel environments or when small groups of cells in a larger context are altered.  Watching how one cell interacts with and behaves in a unique environment is essential to characterizing cell functions.  Determining how the localized misexpression of a specific protein influences surrounding cells provides insightful information on the roles that protein plays in a variety of developmental processes.  Our lab uses the zebrafish model system to uniquely combine genetic approaches with classical transplantation techniques to generate genotypic or phenotypic chimeras.  We study neuron-glial cell interactions during the formation of forebrain commissures in zebrafish. This video describes a method that allows our lab to investigate the role of astroglial populations in the diencephalon and the roles of specific guidance cues that influence projecting axons as they cross the midline. Due to their transparency zebrafish embryos are ideal models for this type of ectopic cell placement or localized gene misexpression. Tracking transplanted cells can be accomplished using a vital dye or a transgenic fish line expressing a fluorescent protein. We demonstrate here how to prepare donor embryos with a vital dye tracer for transplantation, as well as how to extract and transplant cells from one gastrula staged embryo to another.  We present data showing ectopic GFP+ transgenic cells within the forebrain of zebrafish embryos and characterize the location of these cells with respect to forebrain commissures.  In addition, we show laser scanning confocal timelapse microscopy of Alexa 594 labeled cells transplanted into a GFP+ transgenic host embryo.  These data provide evidence that gastrula staged transplantation enables the targeted positioning of ectopic cells to address a variety of questions in Developmental Biology.

Zebrafish cell transplantation enables the combination of genetics and embryology to generate tissue specific chimeras. This video demonstrates gastrula staged cell transplantations that have allowed our lab to investigate the roles of astroglial populations and specific guidance cues during commissure formation in the forebrain.

ממוקד רקמות מפלצות עובריים: דג הזברה Gastrula השתלת תאים

Certain fundamental questions in the field of developmental biology can only be answered when cells are placed in novel environments or when small groups ...

Microinjection of DNA into Eyebuds in Xenopus laevis Embryos and Imaging of GFP Expressing Optic Axonal Arbors in Intact, Living Xenopus Tadpoles

The primary visual projection of tadpoles of the aquatic frog Xenopus laevis serves as an excellent model system for studying mechanisms that regulate the development of neuronal connectivity. During establishment of the retino-tectal projection, optic axons extend from the eye and navigate through distinct regions of the brain to reach their target tissue, the optic tectum. Once optic axons enter the tectum, they elaborate terminal arbors that function to increase the number of synaptic connections they can make with target interneurons in the tectum. Here, we describe a method to express DNA encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP), and gain- and loss-of-function gene constructs, in optic neurons (retinal ganglion cells) in Xenopus embryos. We explain how to microinject a combined DNA/lipofection reagent into eyebuds of one day old embryos such that exogenous genes are expressed in single or small numbers of optic neurons. By tagging genes with GFP or co-injecting with a GFP plasmid, terminal axonal arbors of individual optic neurons with altered molecular signaling can be imaged directly in brains of intact, living Xenopus tadpoles several days later, and their morphology can be quantified. This protocol allows for determination of cell-autonomous molecular mechanisms that underlie the development of optic axon arborization in vivo.

Microinjection of DNA into Eyebuds in Xenopus laevis Embryos and Imaging of GFP Expressing Optic Axonal Arbors in Intact, Living Xenopus Tadpoles

This protocol aims to demonstrate how to microinject a DNA/DOTAP mixture into eyebuds of one day old Xenopus laevis embryos, and how to image and reconstruct individual green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing optic axonal arbors in tectal midbrains of intact, living Xenopus tadpoles.

הזרקת דנ א לתוך eyebuds ב xenopus זריזה העוברים והדמיה של gfp המבטא האופטי axonal הביע בשלמותו, חי xenopus tadpoles

The primary visual projection of tadpoles of the aquatic frog Xenopus laevis serves as an excellent model system for studying mechanisms that regulate the ...

Tissue Determination Using the Animal Cap Transplant (ACT) Assay in Xenopus laevis

Many proteins play a dual role in embryonic development. Those that regulate cell fate determination in a specific tissue can also affect the development of a larger region of the embryo. This makes defining its role in a particular tissue difficult to analyze. For example, noggin overexpression in Xenopus laevis embryos causes the expansion of the entire anterior region, including the eye1,2. From this result, it is not known if Noggin plays a direct role in eye determination or that by causing an expansion of neural tissue, Noggin indirectly affects eye formation. Having this complex phenotype makes studying its eye-specific role in cell fate determination difficult to analyze. We have developed an assay that overcomes this problem. Taking advantage of the pluripotent nature of the Xenopus laevis animal cap 3, we have developed an assay to test the ability of gene product(s), like noggin or the eye field transcription factors (EFTFs), to transform caps into particular tissue or cell types by transplanting this tissue onto the side of the embryo 4. While we have found either Noggin protein treatment or a collection of transcription factors can determine retinal cell fate in animal caps, this procedure could be used to identify gene product(s) involved in specifying other tissues as well.

Tissue Determination Using the Animal Cap Transplant ACT Assay in Xenopus laevis

Animal caps overexpressing gene product(s) are transplanted to the flank of developing Xenopus laevis embryos in order to establish whether tissue is determined.

רקמות קביעת שווי שימוש בבעלי חיים להשתלות (ACT) Assay ב Xenopus laevis</em

Many proteins play a dual role in embryonic development. Those that regulate cell fate determination in a specific tissue can also affect the development ...

Production of Transgenic Xenopus laevis by Restriction Enzyme Mediated Integration and Nuclear Transplantation

Stable integration of cloned gene products into the Xenopus genome is necessary to control the time and place of expression, to express genes at later stages of embryonic development, and to define how enhancers and promoters regulate gene expression within the embryo. The protocol demonstrated here can be used to efficiently produce transgenic Xenopus laevis embryos. This transgenesis approach involves three parts: 1. Sperm nuclei are isolated from adult X. laevis testis by treatment with lysolecithin, which permeabilizes the sperm plasma membrane. 2. Egg extract is prepared by low speed centrifugation, addition of calcium to cause the extract to progress to interphase of the cell cycle, and a high-speed centrifugation to isolate interphase cytosol. 3. Nuclear transplantation: the nuclei and extract are combined with the linearized plasmid DNA to be introduced as the transgene and a small amount of restriction enzyme. During a short reaction, egg extract partially decondenses the sperm chromatin and the restriction enzyme generates chromosomal breaks that promote recombination of the transgene into the genome. The treated sperm nuclei are then transplanted into unfertilized eggs. Integration of the transgene usually occurs prior to the first embryonic cleavage such that the resulting embryos are not chimeric. These embryos can be analyzed without any need to breed to the next generation, allowing for efficient and rapid generation of transgenic embryos for analyses of promoter and gene function. Adult X. laevis resulting from this procedure also propagate the transgene through the germline and can be used to generate lines of transgenic animals for multiple purposes.

Production of Transgenic Xenopus laevis by Restriction Enzyme Mediated Integration and Nuclear Transplantation

This video protocol demonstrates a method for generating transgenic Xenopus laevis by introduction of transgenes into sperm nuclei followed by nuclear transplantation into unfertilized eggs.

הפקה של טראנסגנטי Xenopus laevis על ידי שילוב אנזימים מתווכת הגבלת והשתלות גרעיני

Stable integration of cloned gene products into the Xenopus genome is necessary to control the time and place of expression, to express genes at later ...

Creating Avian Forebrain Chimeras to Assess Facial Development

The avian embryo has been used as a model system for more than a century and has led to fundamental understanding of vertebrate development. One of the strengths of this model system is that the effect of, and interaction among, tissues can be directly assessed in chimeric embryos. We have previously shown that signals from the forebrain contribute to facial morphogenesis by regulating the shape of the expression domain of Sonic hedgehog (SHH) in the Frontonasal Ectodermal Zone (FEZ). In this article, the method of generating the forebrain chimeras and provide illustrations of the outcomes of these experiments is described.

This article describes a tissue transplantation technique that was designed to test the signaling and patterning properties of basal forebrain&#160;during craniofacial development.

יצירת כימרות במוח הקדמי של העופות להערכת התפתחות הפנים

The avian embryo has been used as a model system for more than a century and has led to fundamental understanding of vertebrate development. One of the ...

Polarized Translocation of Fluorescent Proteins in Xenopus Ectoderm in Response to Wnt Signaling

Cell polarity is a fundamental property of eukaryotic cells that is dynamically regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors during embryonic development 1, 2. One of the signaling pathways involved in this regulation is the Wnt pathway, which is used many times during embryogenesis and critical for human disease3, 4, 5. Multiple molecular components of this pathway coordinately regulate signaling in a spatially-restricted manner, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Xenopus embryonic epithelial cells is an excellent system to study subcellular localization of various signaling proteins. Fluorescent fusion proteins are expressed in Xenopus embryos by RNA microinjection, ectodermal explants are prepared and protein localization is evaluated by epifluorescence. In this experimental protocol we describe how subcellular localization of Diversin, a cytoplasmic protein that has been implicated in signaling and cell polarity determination6, 7 is visualized in Xenopus ectodermal cells to study Wnt signal transduction8. Coexpression of a Wnt ligand or a Frizzled receptor alters the distribution of Diversin fused with red fluorescent protein, RFP, and recruits it to the cell membrane in a polarized fashion 8, 9. This ex vivo protocol should be a useful addition to in vitro studies of cultured mammalian cells, in which spatial control of signaling differs from that of the intact tissue and is much more difficult to analyze.

Polarized Translocation of Fluorescent Proteins in Xenopus Ectoderm in Response to Wnt Signaling

Xenopus embryonic ectoderm has become an attractive model for studies of cell polarity. An assay is described, in which subcellular distribution of fluorescent proteins is assessed in ectoderm cells. This protocol will help address questions related to spatial control of signaling.

טרנסלוקציה מקוטב של חלבוני ניאון ב Xenopus האאקטודרם בתגובה איתות Wnt

Cell polarity is a fundamental property of eukaryotic cells that is dynamically regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors during embryonic ...

Electroporation of Craniofacial Mesenchyme

Electroporation is an efficient method of delivering DNA and other charged macromolecules into tissues at precise time points and in precise locations. For example, electroporation has been used with great success to study neural and retinal development in Xenopus, chicken and mouse 1-10. However, it is important to note that in all of these studies, investigators were not targeting soft tissues. Because we are interested in craniofacial development, we adapted a method to target facial mesenchyme.
When we searched the literature, we found, to our surprise, very few reports of successful gene transfer into cartilaginous tissue. The majority of these studies were gene therapy studies, such as siRNA or protein delivery into chondrogenic cell lines, or, animal models of arthritis 11-13. In other systems, such as chicken or mouse, electroporation of facial mesenchyme has been challenging (personal communications, Dept of Craniofacial Development, KCL). We hypothesized that electroporation into procartilaginous and cartilaginous tissues in Xenopus might work better. In our studies, we show that gene transfer into the facial cartilages occurs efficiently at early stages (28), when the facial primordium is still comprised of soft tissue prior to cartilage differentiation.
Xenopus is a very accessible vertebrate system for analysis of craniofacial development. Craniofacial structures are more readily visible in Xenopus than in any other vertebrate model, primarily because Xenopus embryos are fertilized externally, allowing analyses of the earliest stages, and facilitating live imaging at single cell resolution, as well as reuse of the mothers 14. Among vertebrate models developing externally, Xenopus is more useful for craniofacial analysis than zebrafish, as Xenopus larvae are larger and easier to dissect, and the developing facial region is more accessible to imaging than the equivalent region in fish. In addition, Xenopus is evolutionarily closer to humans than zebrafish (&tilde;100 million years closer) 15. Finally, at these stages, Xenopus tadpoles are transparent, and concurrent expression of fluorescent proteins or molecules will allow easy visualization of the developing cartilages. We anticipate that this approach will allow us to rapidly and efficiently test candidate molecules in an in vivo model system.

Craniofacial cartilages develop in close contact with other tissues and are difficult to manipulate in live animals. We are using electroporation to deliver molecular tools during growth of the craniofacial skeleton while bypassing early embryonic effects. This approach will allow us to efficiently test candidate molecules in vivo.

Electroporation של Mesenchyme Craniofacial

Electroporation is an efficient method of delivering DNA and other charged macromolecules into tissues at precise time points and in precise locations. ...

Dissection of Xenopus laevis Neural Crest for in vitro Explant Culture or in vivo Transplantation

The neural crest (NC) is a transient dorsal neural tube cell population that undergoes an epithelium-to-mesenchyme transition (EMT) at the end of neurulation, migrates extensively towards various organs, and differentiates into many types of derivatives (neurons, glia, cartilage and bone, pigmented and endocrine cells). In this protocol, we describe how to dissect the premigratory cranial NC from Xenopus laevis embryos, in order to study NC development in vivo and in vitro. The frog model offers many advantages to study early development; abundant batches are available, embryos develop rapidly, in vivo gain and loss of function strategies allow manipulation of gene expression prior to NC dissection in donor and/or host embryos. The NC explants can be plated on fibronectin and used for in vitro studies. They can be cultured for several days in a serum-free defined medium. We also describe how to graft NC explants back into host embryos for studying NC migration and differentiation in vivo.

Dissection of Xenopus laevis Neural Crest for in vitro Explant Culture or in vivo Transplantation

This protocol describes how to dissect premigratory cranial neural crest (NC) from Xenopus laevis neurulas. These explants can be plated on fibronectin and cultured in vitro, or grafted back into host embryos. This technique allows studying the mechanisms of NC epithelium-to-mesenchyme transition, migration, and differentiation.

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