We would like to thank the members of the Montgomery and Madison labs for helpful discussion. We acknowledge the funding received from the following sources in this research: NFNZ, AMRF, Marsden Fund, HRC, and NIH.

<ol>
	<li>Dingledine, R., Borges, K., Bowie, D., Traynelis, S. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+glutamate+receptor+ion+channels.">The glutamate receptor ion channels.</a> Pharmacology Reviews. 51, 7-61 (1999).</li><li>Malenka, R. C., Nicoll, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+potentiation+-+A+decade+of+progress.">Long-term potentiation - A decade of progress.</a> Science. 285, 1870-1874 (1999).</li><li>Bliss, T. V. P., Lomo, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-lasting+potentiation+of+synaptic+transmission+in+the+dentate+area+of+the+anaesthetized+rabbit+following+stimulation+of+the+perforant+path.">Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path.</a> Journal of Physiology. 232, 331-356 (1973).</li><li>Dudek, S. M., Bear, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Homosynaptic+long-term+depression+in+area+CA1+of+hippocampus+and+effects+of+N-methyl-D-aspartate+receptor+blockade.">Homosynaptic long-term depression in area CA1 of hippocampus and effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blockade.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 89, 4363-4367 (1992).</li><li>Borst, J. G., Soria van Hoeve, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+calyx+of+held+synapse:+from+model+synapse+to+auditory+relay.">The calyx of held synapse: from model synapse to auditory relay.</a> Annual Reviews in Physiology. 74, 199-224 (2012).</li><li>Pavlidis, P., Madison, D. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptic+transmission+in+pair+recordings+from+CA3+pyramidal+cells+in+organotypic+culture.">Synaptic transmission in pair recordings from CA3 pyramidal cells in organotypic culture.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 81, 2787-2797 (1999).</li><li>Pavlidis, P., Montgomery, J. M., Madison, D. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Presynaptic+protein+kinase+activity+supports+long-term+potentiation+at+synapses+between+individual+hippocampal+neurons.">Presynaptic protein kinase activity supports long-term potentiation at synapses between individual hippocampal neurons.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 20 (12), 4497-4505 (2000).</li><li>Montgomery, J. M., Pavlidis, P., Madison, D. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pair+recordings+reveal+all-silent+synaptic+connections+and+the+postsynaptic+expression+of+long-term+potentiation.">Pair recordings reveal all-silent synaptic connections and the postsynaptic expression of long-term potentiation.</a> Neuron. 29, 691-701 (2001).</li><li>Montgomery, J. M., Madison, D. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=State-dependent+heterogeneity+in+synaptic+depression+between+pyramidal+cell+pairs.">State-dependent heterogeneity in synaptic depression between pyramidal cell pairs.</a> Neuron. 33, 765-777 (2002).</li><li>Montgomery, J. M., Selcher, J. C., Hansen, J. E., Madison, D. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamin-dependent+NMDAR+endocytosis+during+LTD+and+its+dependence+on+synaptic+state.">Dynamin-dependent NMDAR endocytosis during LTD and its dependence on synaptic state.</a> BMC Neuroscience. 6, 48 (2005).</li><li>Waites, C. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptic+SAP97+isoforms+regulate+AMPA+receptor+dynamics+and+access+to+presynaptic+glutamate.">Synaptic SAP97 isoforms regulate AMPA receptor dynamics and access to presynaptic glutamate.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 29 (14), 4332-4345 (2009).</li><li>Emond, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AMPA+receptor+subunits+define+properties+of+state-dependent+synaptic+plasticity.">AMPA receptor subunits define properties of state-dependent synaptic plasticity.</a> Journal of Physiology. 588, 1929-1946 (2010).</li><li>Li, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SAP97+directs+NMDA+receptor+spine+targeting+and+synaptic+plasticity.">SAP97 directs NMDA receptor spine targeting and synaptic plasticity.</a> Journal of Physiology. 589, 4491-4510 (2011).</li><li>Genoux, D., Bezerra, P., Montgomery, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intra-spaced+stimulation+and+protein+phosphatase+1+dictate+the+direction+of+synaptic+plasticity.">Intra-spaced stimulation and protein phosphatase 1 dictate the direction of synaptic plasticity.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 33 (10), 1761-1770 (2011).</li><li>Selcher, J. C., Xu, W., Hanson, J. E., Malenka, R. C., Madison, D. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glutamate+receptor+subunit+GluA1+is+necessary+for+long-term+potentiation+and+synapse+unsilencing,+but+not+long-term+depression+in+mouse+hippocampus.">Glutamate receptor subunit GluA1 is necessary for long-term potentiation and synapse unsilencing, but not long-term depression in mouse hippocampus.</a> Brain Research. 1435, 8-14 (2012).</li><li>Arons, M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autism-associated+mutations+in+ProSAP2/Shank3+impair+synaptic+transmission+and+neurexin-neuroligin-mediated+transsynaptic+signaling.">Autism-associated mutations in ProSAP2/Shank3 impair synaptic transmission and neurexin-neuroligin-mediated transsynaptic signaling.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 32 (43), 14966-14978 (2012).</li><li>Montgomery, J. M., Madison, D. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discrete+synaptic+states+define+a+major+mechanism+of+synapse+plasticity.">Discrete synaptic states define a major mechanism of synapse plasticity.</a> Trends in Neuroscience. 27 (12), 744-750 (2004).</li><li>Miles, R., Poncer, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pair+recordings+from+neurones.">Pair recordings from neurones.</a> Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 6 (3), 387-394 (1996).</li><li>Malinow, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transmission+between+pairs+of+hippocampal+slice+neurons:+quantal+levels,+oscillations+and+LTP.">Transmission between pairs of hippocampal slice neurons: quantal levels, oscillations and LTP.</a> Science. 252 (5006), 722-724 (1991).</li><li>G&#228;hwiler, B. H., Capogna, M., Debanne, D., McKinney, R. A., Thompson, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organotypic+slice+cultures:+a+technique+has+come+of+age.">Organotypic slice cultures: a technique has come of age.</a> Trends in Neuroscience. 20 (10), 471-477 (1997).</li><li>Stoppini, L., Buchs, P. A., Muller, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+method+for+organotypic+cultures+of+nervous+tissue.">A simple method for organotypic cultures of nervous tissue.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 37 (2), 173-182 (1991).</li><li>Debanne, D., Gu&#233;rineau, N. C., G&#228;hwiler, B. H., Thompson, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paired-pulse+facilitation+and+depression+at+unitary+synapses+in+rat+hippocampus:+quantal+fluctuation+affects+subsequent+release.">Paired-pulse facilitation and depression at unitary synapses in rat hippocampus: quantal fluctuation affects subsequent release.</a> Journal of Physiology. 491, 163-176 (1996).</li><li>Debanne, D., G&#228;hwiler, B. H., Thompson, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cooperative+interactions+in+the+induction+of+long-term+potentiation+and+depression+of+synaptic+excitation+between+hippocampal+CA3-CA1+cell+pairs+in+vitro.">Cooperative interactions in the induction of long-term potentiation and depression of synaptic excitation between hippocampal CA3-CA1 cell pairs in vitro.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A. 93 (20), 11225-11230 (1996).</li><li>Malinow, R., Tsien, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Presynaptic+enhancement+shown+by+whole+cell+recordings+of+long-term+potentiation+in+hippocampal+slices.">Presynaptic enhancement shown by whole cell recordings of long-term potentiation in hippocampal slices.</a> Nature. 346 (6280), 177-180 (1990).</li><li>DeBello, W. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SNAP-mediated+protein-protein+interactions+essential+for+neurotransmitter+release.">SNAP-mediated protein-protein interactions essential for neurotransmitter release.</a> Nature. 373 (6515), 626-630 (1995).</li><li>Bekkers, J. M., Stevens, C. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Origin+of+variability+in+quantal+size+in+cultured+hippocampal+neurons+and+hippocampal+slices.">Origin of variability in quantal size in cultured hippocampal neurons and hippocampal slices.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A. 87, 5359-5362 (1990).</li><li>Malinow, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transmission+between+pairs+of+hippocampal+slice+neurons:+quantal+levels,+oscillations,+and+LTP.">Transmission between pairs of hippocampal slice neurons: quantal levels, oscillations, and LTP.</a> Science. 252, 722-724 (1991).</li><li>Debanne, D., Gu&#233;rineau, N. C., G&#228;hwiler, B. H., Thompson, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physiology+and+pharmacology+of+unitary+synaptic+connections+between+pairs+of+cells+in+areas+CA3+and+CA1+of+rat+hippocampal+slice+cultures.">Physiology and pharmacology of unitary synaptic connections between pairs of cells in areas CA3 and CA1 of rat hippocampal slice cultures.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 73 (3), 1282-1294 (1995).</li><li>Mitra, A., Blank, M., Madison, D. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmentally+altered+inhibition+in+Ts65Dn,+a+mouse+model+of+Down+syndrome.">Developmentally altered inhibition in Ts65Dn, a mouse model of Down syndrome.</a> Brain Research. 1440, 1-8 (2012).</li><li>Hanson, J. E., Madison, D. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Presynaptic+FMR1+genotype+influences+the+degree+of+synaptic+connectivity+in+a+mosaic+mouse+model+of+fragile+X+syndrome.">Presynaptic FMR1 genotype influences the degree of synaptic connectivity in a mosaic mouse model of fragile X syndrome.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 27 (15), 4014-4018 (2007).</li><li>Hanson, J. E., Blank, M., Valenzuela, R. A., Garner, C. C., Madison, D. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+functional+nature+of+synaptic+circuitry+is+altered+in+area+CA3+of+the+hippocampus+in+a+mouse+model+of+Down's+syndrome.">The functional nature of synaptic circuitry is altered in area CA3 of the hippocampus in a mouse model of Down's syndrome.</a> Journal of Physiology. 579, 53-67 (2007).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose

כאן יש לנו תיארנו את הדרישות להקמת הקלטות תא מוצלחות לזווג כל בתרבויות פרוסה בהיפוקמפוס organotypic. יכולות גם להתבצע הקלטות מותאמים בהכנות מרובות, כוללים פרוסות חריפות ומערכות תרבות ניתקו 26,27. למרות ההתמקדות כאן הייתה על הגיוס של צורות ארוכות יותר של פלסטיות הסינפ?...

קולטני גלוטמט לתווך רוב שידור סינפטי מעורר בסינפסות במערכת עצבים מרכזית. שני תתי הסוגים העיקריים של ionotropic קולטני גלוטמט המקומי בראש עמוד השדרה של קרום postsynaptic הם N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) וα-אמינו-3-הידרוקסי-5-methylisoxazole-4-proprionic חומצת קולטנים (AMPA). בנחים פוטנציאלי קרום, קולטני AMPA לשאת רוב הנוכחי postsynaptic במהלך שידור סינפטי. בהיפוקמפוס, רצפטור NMDA ממלא תפקיד מרכזי בגרימת שינויים במספר הקולטנים AMPA בממברנה postsynaptic: על ידי מתנהג כמו &quot;גלאי צירוף מקרים&quot; 1 ליזום שינויים בכוח הסינפטי 1, רצפטור NMDA משתתף במנגנונים סינפטיים כי הם חשבו כדי לחזק את למידה וזיכרון ברמת subcellular. בתגובה לשלילת קוטביות של הנוירון postsynaptic במקביל לשחרור משדר presynaptic, סידן נכנס דרך NMDAקולט ליזום הכנסת קולטן AMPA או הסרת 2. דינמיקת קולט אלה עומדת בבסיס פלסטיות סינפסה: עלייה בכח הסינפטי היא 2,3 הגברה לטווח ארוך (LTP), ואילו ירידה בכוח הסינפטי היא דיכאון לטווח ארוך 4 (בע&quot;מ). לכן הוא חשב תנועת קולטן AMPA שיהיה אחראי לביטוי פלסטיות הסינפטית, ואילו קולטני NMDA הם חשבו לשלוט האינדוקציה שלה. קביעת המנגנון המדויק שבבסיס שידור סינפטי ופלסטיות דורשת לימוד אוכלוסיות קטנות של סינפסות, באופן אידיאלי סינפסות בודדות. בעוד כמה סינפסות הן מאוד מתאימות למחקר ברמה זו, למשל, Calyx של הלד 5, לאוכלוסיות הסינפטי ביותר זה קשה מאוד בשל האופי הקטן ומפוזר של הקשרים סינפטיים. שתי טכניקות עיקריות אלקטרופיזיולוגיה פותחו כדי לבחון קשרים סינפטיים אחת: הראשון הוא גירוי מינימאלי, wherדואר סיב אחד presynaptic הוא בחזקת מגורה extracellularly. הטכניקה השנייה היא זיווג הקלטות, שבו שתי הקלטות תא כל בו זמנית מתא העצב מחובר synaptically מתבצעת. יתרון עיקרי של גירוי מינימאלי הוא שזה מהיר ופשוט יחסית לביצוע, הכולל מיקום של האלקטרודה מגרה תאית לתוך מערכת axonal בעת הקלטה בו זמנית מתא עצב postsynaptic. הדאגה העיקרית בעת השימוש בטכניקה זו היא שגירוי אמין של תא בודד יכול לעתים רחוקות להיות מובטח משפט אחרי המשפט. במהלך חמישה עשר השנים האחרונות יש לנו בשימוש שיגרתי לזווג כל תא הקלטות משני נוירונים פירמידה מחוברים synaptically 6-17. היתרון העיקרי של שיטה זו הוא כי רק אחד נוירון presynaptic מגורה באופן עקבי ואמין. זה גם מאפשר לא רק אפיון אלקטרו אלא גם מניפולציה תרופתית של נוירון presynaptic 6,18 &lt;/ Sup&gt;. עם זאת, ההסתברות של קישוריות הסינפטית בין תאי העצב היא נמוכה, מה שהופך את זוגות מחוברים קשה להשיג 19. השימוש בתרבויות פרוסה מוח organotypic עוקפת את המכשול הזה כקישוריות הסינפטית יכול להקים מחדש במבחנה ויותר מכך את טבעו של הקישוריות וכתוצאה מכך הוא דומה לזה ברקמת מוח ילידי 20. בנוסף, תרבויות organotypic להביע LTP, בע&quot;מ 7-10,12-15,21 וצורות נוספות של פלסטיות הסינפטית לטווח קצר כולל הנחיית לזווג דופק (PPF) ודיכאון (PPD) 6,22,23, המאפשרים למנגנוני פלסטיות ל יילמד בזוגות של תאי עצב. כאן אנו מתארים את המתודולוגיה מפורטת הכרוכה בהשגת הצלחת הקלטות לזווג במערכת זו במבחנה. מידע זה בקלות יכול להיות מותאם למערכות ניסיוניות אחרות, כוללים פרוסות חריפות ואזורים אחרים במוח.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="686">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:256px;">Organotypic cultures</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:255px;"></td>
			<td style="width:64px;">Paired recordings</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Minimum Essential Medium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Stable motorized micromanipulators&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin solution&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Shallow tissue bath</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HEPES buffer solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>DIC camera</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1M Tris stock solution&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Amplifier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hank&#8217;s Balanced Salt Solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Computer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Horse Serum&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Vibration isolation table</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">plastic-coated miniature spatulas&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Upright microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">soft paintbrush&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Data acquistion and analysis software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">manual tissue chopper</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Electrode puller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">#2 filter paper</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Faraday cage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">#5&#160; forceps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Membrane inserts</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">CO2 incubator&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dissection hood</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Class II hood</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

paired whole cell recordings in organotypic hippocampal slices

Pair recordings involve simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling not only direct electrophysiological characterization of the synaptic connections between individual neurons, but also pharmacological manipulation of either the presynaptic or the postsynaptic neuron. When carried out in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures, the probability that two neurons are synaptically connected is significantly increased. This preparation readily enables identification of cell types, and the neurons maintain their morphology and properties of synaptic function similar to that in native brain tissue. A major advantage of paired whole cell recordings is the highly precise information it can provide on the properties of synaptic transmission and plasticity that are not possible with other more crude techniques utilizing extracellular axonal stimulation. Paired whole cell recordings are often perceived as too challenging to perform. While there are challenging aspects to this technique, paired recordings can be performed by anyone trained in whole cell patch clamping provided specific hardware and methodological criteria are followed. The probability of attaining synaptically connected paired recordings significantly increases with healthy organotypic slices and stable micromanipulation allowing independent attainment of pre- and postsynaptic whole cell recordings. While CA3-CA3 pyramidal cell pairs are most widely used in the organotypic slice hippocampal preparation, this technique has also been successful in CA3-CA1 pairs and can be adapted to any neurons that are synaptically connected in the same slice preparation. In this manuscript we provide the detailed methodology and requirements for establishing this technique in any laboratory equipped for electrophysiology.

קישוריות הסינפטית ניכרה על ידי גירוי תא עצב presynaptic לירות פוטנציאל פעולה על ידי העברת דופק depolarizing נוכחי (בדרך כלל 20-50 הרשות הפלסטינית ל20 אלפית שני) באמצעות אלקטרודה ההקלטה. העקבות הנוכחיות postsynaptic לאחר מכן נבדקו לנוכחות של EPSC monosynaptic עוררו ב( &lt;אלפיות 5) קצרים, וזמן התגוב?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Paired Whole Cell Recordings in Organotypic Hippocampal Slices at JoVE.com

Paired Whole Cell Recordings in Organotypic Hippocampal Slices

Pair recordings are simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling precise electrophysiological and pharmacological characterization of the synapses between individual neurons. Here we describe the detailed methodology and requirements for establishing this technique in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures in any laboratory equipped for electrophysiology.

הקלטות תא כל לזווג בפרוסות בהיפוקמפוס Organotypic

Pair recordings involve simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling not only direct ...

paired-whole-cell-recordings-in-organotypic-hippocampal-slices

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

14.6K Views.  University of Auckland. Pair recordings are simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling precise electrophysiological and pharmacological characterization of the synapses between individual neurons. Here we describe the detailed methodology and requirements for establishing this technique in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures in any laboratory equipped for electrophysiology.

Video: Paired Whole Cell Recordings in Organotypic Hippocampal Slices

Paired Patch Clamp Recordings from Motor-neuron and Target Skeletal Muscle in Zebrafish

Larval zebrafish represent the first vertebrate model system to allow simultaneous patch clamp recording from a spinal motor-neuron and target muscle. This is a direct consequence of the accessibility to both cell types and ability to visually distinguish the single segmental CaP motor-neuron on the basis of morphology and location. This video demonstrates the microscopic methods used to identify a CaP motor-neuron and target muscle cells as well as the methodologies for recording from each cell type. Identification of the CaP motor-neuron type is confirmed by either dye filling or by the biophysical features such as action potential waveform and cell input resistance. Motor-neuron recordings routinely last for one hour permitting long-term recordings from multiple different target muscle cells. Control over the motor-neuron firing pattern enables measurements of the frequency-dependence of synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction. Owing to a large quantal size and the low noise provided by whole cell voltage clamp, all of the unitary events can be resolved in muscle. This feature permits study of basic synaptic properties such as release properties, vesicle recycling, as well as synaptic depression and facilitation. The advantages offered by this in vivo preparation eclipse previous neuromuscular model systems studied wherein the motor-neurons are usually stimulated by extracellular electrodes and the muscles are too large for whole cell patch clamp. The zebrafish preparation is amenable to combining electrophysiological analysis with a wide range of approaches including transgenic lines, morpholino knockdown, pharmacological intervention and in vivo imaging. These approaches, coupled with the growing number of neuromuscular disease models provided by mutant lines of zebrafish, open the door for new understanding of human neuromuscular disorders.

Larval zebrafish represent the first vertebrate model system to allow simultaneous patch clamp recording from a spinal motor-neuron and target skeletal muscle. This video demonstrates the microscopic methods used to identify a segmental CaP motor-neuron and target muscle cells as well as the methodologies for recording from each cell type.

מותאמים הצמד תיקון הקלטות מ-מוטור נוירון שרירים יעד השלד דג הזברה

Larval zebrafish represent the first vertebrate model system to allow simultaneous patch clamp recording from a spinal motor-neuron and target muscle.  ...

Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures

The hippocampus, a component of the limbic system, plays important roles in long-term memory and spatial navigation 1. Hippocampal neurons can modify the strength of their connections after brief periods of strong activation. This phenomenon, known as long-term potentiation (LTP) can last for hours or days and has become the best candidate mechanism for learning and memory 2. In addition, the well defined anatomy and connectivity of the hippocampus 3 has made it a classical model system to study synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity4.
As our understanding of the physiology of hippocampal synapses grew and molecular players became identified, a need to manipulate synaptic proteins became imperative. Organotypic hippocampal cultures offer the possibility for easy gene manipulation and precise pharmacological intervention but maintain synaptic organization that is critical to understanding synapse function in a more naturalistic context than routine culture dissociated neurons methods.
Here we present a method to prepare and culture hippocampal slices that can be easily adapted to other brain regions. This method allows easy access to the slices for genetic manipulation using different approaches like viral infection 5,6 or biolistics 7. In addition, slices can be easily recovered for biochemical assays 8, or transferred to microscopes for imaging 9 or electrophysiological experiments 10.

We describe a method to prepare organotypic hippocampal slices that can be easily adapted to other brain regions. Brain slices are laid on porous membranes and culture media is allowed to form an interface. This method preserves the gross architecture of the hippocampus for up to 2 weeks in culture.

Organotypic Slice תרבויות בהיפוקמפוס

The hippocampus, a component of the limbic system, plays important roles in long-term memory and spatial navigation 1. Hippocampal neurons can modify the ...

Whole Cell Recording from an Organotypic Slice Preparation of Neocortex

We have been studying the expression and functional roles of voltage-gated potassium channels in pyramidal neurons from rat neocortex. Because of the lack of specific pharmacological agents for these channels, we have taken a genetic approach to manipulating channel expression. We use an organotypic culture preparation (16) in order to maintain cell morphology and the laminar pattern of cortex. We typically isolate acute neocortical slices at postnatal days 8-10 and maintain the slices in culture for 3-7 days. This allows us to study neurons at a similar age to those in our work with acute slices and minimizes the development of exuberant excitatory connections in the slice. We record from visually-identified pyramidal neurons in layers II/III or V using infrared illumination (IR-) and differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC) with whole cell patch clamp in current- or voltage-clamp. We use biolistic (Gene gun) transfection of wild type or mutant potassium channel DNA to manipulate expression of the channels to study their function. The transfected cells are easily identified by epifluorescence microscopy after co-transfection with cDNA for green fluorescent protein (GFP). We compare recordings of transfected cells to adjacent, untransfected neurons in the same layer from the same slice.

This is a protocol to prepare and maintain a neocortical slice preparation in organotypic culture for the purpose of making electrical recordings from pyramidal neurons.

הקלטה נייד שלמים מן ההכנה פורסים Organotypic של הניאוקורטקס

We have been studying the expression and functional roles of voltage-gated potassium channels in pyramidal neurons from rat neocortex.  Because of the ...

Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Neuronal Avalanches in Organotypic Cultures

The cortex is spontaneously active, even in the absence of any particular input or motor output. During development, this activity is important for the migration and differentiation of cortex cell types and the formation of neuronal connections1. In the mature animal, ongoing activity reflects the past and the present state of an animal into which sensory stimuli are seamlessly integrated to compute future actions. Thus, a clear understanding of the organization of ongoing i.e. spontaneous activity is a prerequisite to understand cortex function. 
Numerous recording techniques revealed that ongoing activity in cortex is comprised of many neurons whose individual activities transiently sum to larger events that can be detected in the local field potential (LFP) with extracellular microelectrodes, or in the electroencephalogram (EEG), the magnetoencephalogram (MEG), and the BOLD signal from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The LFP is currently the method of choice when studying neuronal population activity with high temporal and spatial resolution at the mesoscopic scale (several thousands of neurons). At the extracellular microelectrode, locally synchronized activities of spatially neighbored neurons result in rapid deflections in the LFP up to several hundreds of microvolts. When using an array of microelectrodes, the organizations of such deflections can be conveniently monitored in space and time. 
Neuronal avalanches describe the scale-invariant spatiotemporal organization of ongoing neuronal activity in the brain2,3. They are specific to the superficial layers of cortex as established in vitro4,5, in vivo in the anesthetized rat 6, and in the awake monkey7. Importantly, both theoretical and empirical studies2,8-10 suggest that neuronal avalanches indicate an exquisitely balanced critical state dynamics of cortex that optimizes information transfer and information processing.
In order to study the mechanisms of neuronal avalanche development, maintenance, and regulation, in vitro preparations are highly beneficial, as they allow for stable recordings of avalanche activity under precisely controlled conditions. The current protocol describes how to study neuronal avalanches in vitro by taking advantage of superficial layer development in organotypic cortex cultures, i.e. slice cultures, grown on planar, integrated microelectrode arrays (MEA; see also 11-14).

A robust way to study neuronal avalanches, i.e. scale-invariant spatio-temporal activity bursts, indicative of critical state dynamics in cortex. Avalanches emerge spontaneously in developing superficial layers of cultured cortex which allows for long-term measurements of the activity with planar integrated multi-electrode arrays (MEA) under precisely controlled conditions.

Multi-אלקטרודה מערך הקלטות של מפולות העצבית תרבויות Organotypic

The cortex is spontaneously active, even in the absence of any particular input or motor output.  During development, this activity is important for the ...

Dual Electrophysiological Recordings of Synaptically-evoked Astroglial and Neuronal Responses in Acute Hippocampal Slices

Astrocytes form together with neurons tripartite synapses, where they integrate and modulate neuronal activity. Indeed, astrocytes sense neuronal inputs through activation of their ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors, and process information in part through activity-dependent release of gliotransmitters. Furthermore, astrocytes constitute the main uptake system for glutamate, contribute to potassium spatial buffering, as well as to GABA clearance. These cells therefore constantly monitor synaptic activity, and are thereby sensitive indicators for alterations in synaptically-released glutamate, GABA and extracellular potassium levels. Additionally, alterations in astroglial uptake activity or buffering capacity can have severe effects on neuronal functions, and might be overlooked when characterizing physiopathological situations or knockout mice. Dual recording of neuronal and astroglial activities is therefore an important method to study alterations in synaptic strength associated to concomitant changes in astroglial uptake and buffering capacities. Here we describe how to prepare hippocampal slices, how to identify stratum radiatum astrocytes, and how to record simultaneously neuronal and astroglial electrophysiological responses. Furthermore, we describe how to isolate pharmacologically the synaptically-evoked astroglial currents.

The preparation of acute brain slices from isolated hippocampi, as well as the simultaneous electrophysiological recordings of astrocytes and neurons in stratum radiatum during stimulation of schaffer collaterals is described. The pharmacological isolation of astroglial potassium and glutamate transporter currents is demonstrated.

קלטות אלקטרו כפולות של תגובות Astroglial ועצביות עוררו-synaptically בפרוסות ביפוקמפוס חריפות

Astrocytes form together with neurons tripartite synapses, where they integrate and modulate neuronal activity. Indeed, astrocytes sense neuronal inputs ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings from Morphologically- and Neurochemically-identified Hippocampal Interneurons

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons play a central role within neuronal circuits of the brain. Interneurons comprise a small subset of the neuronal population (10-20%), but show a high level of physiological, morphological, and neurochemical heterogeneity, reflecting their diverse functions. Therefore, investigation of interneurons provides important insights into the organization principles and function of neuronal circuits. This, however, requires an integrated physiological and neuroanatomical approach for the selection and identification of individual interneuron types. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording from acute brain slices of transgenic animals, expressing fluorescent proteins under the promoters of interneuron-specific markers, provides an efficient method to target and electrophysiologically characterize intrinsic and synaptic properties of specific interneuron types. Combined with intracellular dye labeling, this approach can be extended with post-hoc morphological and immunocytochemical analysis, enabling systematic identification of recorded neurons. These methods can be tailored to suit a broad range of scientific questions regarding functional properties of diverse types of cortical neurons.

Cortical networks are controlled by a small, but diverse set of inhibitory interneurons. Functional investigation of interneurons therefore requires targeted recording and rigorous identification. Described here is a combined approach involving whole-cell recordings from single or synaptically-coupled pairs of neurons with intracellular labeling, post-hoc morphological and immunocytochemical analysis.

הקלטות תיקון מהדק כל התא מMorphologically- וinterneurons היפוקמפוס זיהה Neurochemically

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons play a central role within neuronal circuits of the brain. Interneurons comprise a small subset of the neuronal ...

Electrophysiological and Morphological Characterization of Neuronal Microcircuits in Acute Brain Slices Using Paired Patch-Clamp Recordings

The combination of patch clamp recordings from two (or more) synaptically coupled neurons (paired recordings) in acute brain slice preparations with simultaneous intracellular biocytin filling allows a correlated analysis of their structural and functional properties. With this method it is possible to identify and characterize both pre- and postsynaptic neurons by their morphology and electrophysiological response pattern. Paired recordings allow studying the connectivity patterns between these neurons as well as the properties of both chemical and electrical synaptic transmission. Here, we give a step-by-step description of the procedures required to obtain reliable paired recordings together with an optimal recovery of the neuron morphology. We will describe how pairs of neurons connected via chemical synapses or gap junctions are identified in brain slice preparations. We will outline how neurons are reconstructed to obtain their 3D morphology of the dendritic and axonal domain and how synaptic contacts are identified and localized. We will also discuss the caveats and limitations of the paired recording technique, in particular those associated with dendritic and axonal truncations during the preparation of brain slices because these strongly affect connectivity estimates. However, because of the versatility of the paired recording approach it will remain a valuable tool in characterizing different aspects of synaptic transmission at identified neuronal microcircuits in the brain.

Patch-clamp recordings and simultaneous intracellular biocytin filling of synaptically coupled neurons in acute brain slices allow a correlated analysis of their structural and functional properties. The aim of this protocol is to describe the essential technical steps of electrophysiological recording from neuronal microcircuits and their subsequent morphological analysis.

אלקטרו ומורפולוגי אפיון של שבבים עצביים במוח חריף Slices שימוש מותאם Patch-קלאמפ הקלטות

The combination of patch clamp recordings from two (or more) synaptically coupled neurons (paired recordings) in acute brain slice preparations with ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the neuron. In this configuration, the micropipette is in tight contact with the cell membrane, which prevents current leakage and thereby provides more accurate ionic current measurements than the previously used intracellular sharp electrode recording method. Classically, whole-cell recording can be performed on neurons in various types of preparations, including cell culture models, dissociated neurons, neurons in brain slices, and in intact anesthetized or awake animals. In summary, this technique has immensely contributed to the understanding of passive and active biophysical properties of excitable cells. A major advantage of this technique is that it provides information on how specific manipulations (e.g., pharmacological, experimenter-induced plasticity) may alter specific neuronal functions or channels in real-time. Additionally, significant opening of the plasma membrane allows the internal pipette solution to freely diffuse into the cytoplasm, providing means for introducing drugs, e.g., agonists or antagonists of specific intracellular proteins, and manipulating these targets without altering their functions in neighboring cells. This article will focus on whole-cell recording performed on neurons in brain slices,&#160;a preparation that has the advantage of recording neurons in relatively well preserved brain circuits, i.e., in a physiologically relevant context. In particular,&#160;when combined with appropriate pharmacology, this technique is a powerful tool allowing identification of specific neuroadaptations that occurred following any type of experiences, such as learning, exposure to drugs of abuse, and stress. In summary, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in brain slices provide means to measure in ex vivo preparation long-lasting changes in neuronal functions that have developed in intact awake animals.

This protocol describes basic procedural steps for performing whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. This technique allows the study of&#160;the electrical behavior of neurons, and when performed in brain slices, allows the assessment of various neuronal functions from neurons that are still integrated in relatively well preserved brain circuits.

הקלטות תיקון מהדק כל תא פרוסות המוח

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the ...

Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures As a Model to Study Neuroprotection and Invasiveness of Tumor Cells

In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC), the morphological and functional characteristics of both neurons and glial cells are well preserved. This model is suitable for addressing different research questions that involve studies on neuroprotection, electrophysiological experiments on neurons, neuronal networks or tumor invasion. The hippocampal architecture and neuronal activity in multisynaptic circuits are well conserved in OHSC, even though the slicing procedure itself initially lesions and leads to formation of a glial scar. The scar formation alters presumably the mechanical properties and diffusive behavior of small molecules, etc. Slices allow the monitoring of time dependent processes after brain injury without animal surgery, and studies on interactions between various brain-derived cell types, namely astrocytes, microglia and neurons under both physiological and pathological conditions. An ambivalent aspect of this model is the absence of blood flow and immune blood cells. During the progression of the neuronal injury, migrating immune cells from the blood play an important role. As those cells are missing in slices, the intrinsic processes in the culture may be observed without external interference. Moreover, in OHSC the composition of the medium-external environment is precisely controlled. A further advantage of this method is the lower number of sacrificed animals compared to standard preparations. Several OHSC can be obtained from one animal making simultaneous studies with multiple treatments in one animal possible. For these reasons, OHSC are well suited to analyze the effects of new protective therapeutics after tissue damage or during tumor invasion. 
The protocol presented here describes a preparation method of OHSC that allows generating highly reproducible, well preserved slices that can be used for a variety of experimental research, like neuroprotection or tumor invasion studies.

Organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC) represent an in vitro model that simulates the in vivo situation very well. Here we describe a vibratome-based improved slicing protocol to obtain high quality slices for use in assessing the neuroprotective potential of novel substances or the biological behavior of tumor cells.

Organotypic תרבויות פרוסה בהיפוקמפוס כמודל מחקר Neuroprotection, Invasiveness של תאים סרטניים

In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC), the morphological and functional characteristics of both neurons and glial cells are well preserved. ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings for Electrophysiological Determination of Ion Selectivity in Channelrhodopsins

Over the past decade, channelrhodopsins became indispensable in neuroscientific research where they are used as tools to non-invasively manipulate electrical processes in target cells. In this context, ion selectivity of a channelrhodopsin is of particular importance. This article describes the investigation of chloride selectivity for a recently identified anion-conducting channelrhodopsin of Proteomonas sulcata via electrophysiological patch-clamp recordings on HEK293 cells. The experimental procedure for measuring light-gated photocurrents demands a fast switchable &#8211; ideally monochromatic &#8211; light source coupled into the microscope of an otherwise conventional patch-clamp setup. Preparative procedures prior to the experiment are outlined involving preparation of buffered solutions, considerations on liquid junction potentials, seeding and transfection of cells, and pulling of patch pipettes. The actual recording of current-voltage relations to determine the reversal potentials for different chloride concentrations takes place 24 h to 48 h after transfection. Finally, electrophysiological data are analyzed with respect to theoretical considerations of chloride conduction.

This article describes how the ion selectivity of channelrhodopsin is determined with electrophysiological whole-cell patch-clamp recordings using HEK293 cells. Here, the experimental procedure for investigating chloride selectivity of an anion-selective channelrhodopsin is demonstrated. However, the procedure is transferable to other channelrhodopsins of distinct selectivity.