Un ringraziamento speciale a Kris Reddi presso la UCLA per la creazione di reagenti e versando gel e Erin Sanders presso la UCLA per l&#39;ispirazione, guida e sostegno e correzione del manoscritto. Vorrei anche ringraziare Giancarlo Costaguta e Gregory S. Payne per l&#39;alimentazione del DNA genomico lievito e primer per amplificare il gene GAL3. Vorrei anche ringraziare Shah Bhairav ​​per scattare le foto delle apparecchiature di laboratorio e reagenti usati per fare figure da 2 a 4. Il finanziamento per questo progetto è stato fornito dal HHMI (HHMI Grant No. 52006944).

<ol>
	<li>Albert, J., Fenyo, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+sensitive,+and+specific+detection+of+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1+in+clinical+specimens+by+polymerase+chain+reaction+with+nested+primers.">Simple sensitive, and specific detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in clinical specimens by polymerase chain reaction with nested primers.</a> J. Clin. Microbiol. 28, 1560-1564 (1990).</li><li>Baskaran, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Uniform+amplification+of+a+mixture+of+deoxyribonucleic+acids+with+varying+GC+content.">Uniform amplification of a mixture of deoxyribonucleic acids with varying GC content.</a> Genome Res. 6, 633-638 (1996).</li><li>Blanchard, M. 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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Diagnostics for the clinical laboration. , (2005).</li><li>D'Aquila, R. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maximizing+sensitivity+and+specificity+of+PCR+by+pre-amplification+heating.">Maximizing sensitivity and specificity of PCR by pre-amplification heating.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 3749 (1991).</li><li>Dieffenbach, C. W., Lowe, T. M., Dveksler, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=General+concepts+for+PCR+primer+design.">General concepts for PCR primer design.</a> PCR Methods Appl. 3, S30-S37 (1993).</li><li>Don, R. H., Cox, P. T., Wainwright, B. J., Baker, K., Mattick, J. 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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> PCR Protocols: A guide to methods and applications. , (1990).</li><li>King, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 630, (2010).</li><li>Kleppe, K., Ohtsuka, E., Kleppe, R., Molineux, I., Khorana, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+on+polynucleotides.+XCVI.+Repair+replications+of+short+synthetic+DNA's+as+catalyzed+by+DNA+polymerases.">Studies on polynucleotides. XCVI. Repair replications of short synthetic DNA's as catalyzed by DNA polymerases.</a> J. Mol. Biol. 56, 341-361 (1971).</li><li>Korbie, D. J., Mattick, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Touchdown+PCR+for+increased+specificity+and+sensitivity+in+PCR+amplification.">Touchdown PCR for increased specificity and sensitivity in PCR amplification.</a> Nat. Protoc. 3, 1452-1456 (2008).</li><li>Kramer, M. F., Coen, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enzymatic+amplification+of+DNA+by+PCR:+standard+procedures+and+optimization.">Enzymatic amplification of DNA by PCR: standard procedures and optimization.</a> Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. Appendix 3, 1-14 (2001).</li><li>Kramer, M. F., Coen, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+polymerase+chain+reaction.">The polymerase chain reaction.</a> Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. Appendix 4, Appendix 4J (2002).</li><li>Kreader, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relief+of+amplification+inhibition+in+PCR+with+bovine+serum+albumin+or+T4+gene+32+protein.">Relief of amplification inhibition in PCR with bovine serum albumin or T4 gene 32 protein.</a> Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 1102-1106 (1996).</li><li>Kwok, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+human+immunodeficiency+virus+sequences+by+using+in+vitro+enzymatic+amplification+and+oligomer+cleavage+detection.">Identification of human immunodeficiency virus sequences by using in vitro enzymatic amplification and oligomer cleavage detection.</a> J. Virol. 61, 1690-1694 (1987).</li><li>McConlogue, L., Brow, M. A., Innis, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure-independent+DNA+amplification+by+PCR+using+7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine.">Structure-independent DNA amplification by PCR using 7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 16, 9869 (1988).</li><li>Mullis, K. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+unusual+origin+of+the+polymerase+chain+reaction.">The unusual origin of the polymerase chain reaction.</a> Sci. Am. 262, 56-65 (1990).</li><li>Mullis, K. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Target+amplification+for+DNA+analysis+by+the+polymerase+chain+reaction.">Target amplification for DNA analysis by the polymerase chain reaction.</a> Ann. Biol. Clin. (Paris). 48, 579-582 (1990).</li><li>Mullis, K. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+polymerase+chain+reaction+in+an+anemic+mode:+how+to+avoid+cold+oligodeoxyribonuclear+fusion).">The polymerase chain reaction in an anemic mode: how to avoid cold oligodeoxyribonuclear fusion).</a> PCR Methods Appl. 1, 1-4 (1991).</li><li>Mullis, K. B., Faloona, F. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specific+synthesis+of+DNA+in+vitro+via+a+polymerase-catalyzed+chain+reaction.">Specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via a polymerase-catalyzed chain reaction.</a> Methods Enzymol. 155, 335-350 (1987).</li><li>Paabo, S., Gifford, J. A., Wilson, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+DNA+sequences+from+a+7000-year+old+brain.">Mitochondrial DNA sequences from a 7000-year old brain.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 16, 9775-9787 (1988).</li><li>Rees, W. A., Yager, T. D., Korte, J., von Hippel, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Betaine+can+eliminate+the+base+pair+composition+dependence+of+DNA+melting.">Betaine can eliminate the base pair composition dependence of DNA melting.</a> Biochemistry. 32, 137-144 (1993).</li><li>Roux, K. H., Hecker, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=One-step+optimization+using+touchdown+and+stepdown+PCR.">One-step optimization using touchdown and stepdown PCR.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 67, 39-45 (1997).</li><li>Rychlik, W., Spencer, W. J., Rhoads, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+the+annealing+temperature+for+DNA+amplification+in+vitro.">Optimization of the annealing temperature for DNA amplification in vitro.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 18, 6409-6412 (1990).</li><li>Saiki, R. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primer-directed+enzymatic+amplification+of+DNA+with+a+thermostable+DNA+polymerase.">Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase.</a> Science. 239, 487-491 (1988).</li><li>Saiki, R. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enzymatic+amplification+of+beta-globin+genomic+sequences+and+restriction+site+analysis+for+diagnosis+of+sickle+cell+anemia.">Enzymatic amplification of beta-globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia.</a> Science. 230, 1350-1354 (1985).</li><li>Sambrook, J. A. R., David, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual. 2, (2001).</li><li>Sarkar, G., Kapelner, S., Sommer, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formamide+can+dramatically+improve+the+specificity+of+PCR.">Formamide can dramatically improve the specificity of PCR.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 18, 7465 (1990).</li><li>Smit, V. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=KRAS+codon+12+mutations+occur+very+frequently+in+pancreatic+adenocarcinomas.">KRAS codon 12 mutations occur very frequently in pancreatic adenocarcinomas.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 16, 7773-7782 (1988).</li><li>Wilson, I. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+and+facilitation+of+nucleic+acid+amplification.">Inhibition and facilitation of nucleic acid amplification.</a> Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63, 3741-3751 (1997).</li><li>Wu, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 218, (1993).</li></ol>

Non ho nulla da rivelare.

PCR è diventato uno strumento indispensabile nell&#39;arsenale scienze biologiche. PCR ha alterato il corso della scienza che permette ai biologi di cedere il potere in genomi, e fare i geni ibridi caratterizzati da nuove funzioni, permettendo specifica e accurata sperimentazione clinica, ottenendo informazioni sui genomi e sulle diversità, così come geni semplicemente clonazione per ulteriori analisi biochimiche. Applicazione PCR è limitata solo dalla fantasia dello scienziato che esercita il suo potere. Ci sono molti libri e articoli che descrivono nuovi usi specializzati di PCR, e molti altri saranno sviluppati nel corso della prossima generazione di scienze biologiche. Tuttavia, a prescindere degli approcci previsti, il quadro fondamentale è rimasta la stessa. PCR, in tutta la sua grandezza, è un&#39;applicazione in vitro per generare grandi quantità di uno specifico segmento di DNA. Progettazione di un esperimento di PCR richiede pensiero e pazienza. I risultati mostrati nella Figura 3 esemplificano una delle principali challenges quando si progetta una strategia di ottimizzazione per la PCR. Cioè, come un parametro di PCR viene modificato, esso può influire altro. Ad esempio, se la prima PCR è stata effettuata a livello sub-ottimale temperatura di annealing (58 ° C) con un ottimale Mg 2 + concentrazione di 2,0 mM, allora il risultato produrrebbe una macchia, come visibile in figura 3c. Un tentativo di risolvere il striscio potrebbe comportare la creazione di condizioni di PCR con reazioni contenenti 2,0 mM MgCl 2 e la regolazione della temperatura di annealing a 61 ° C. Tuttavia, come si vede in figura 3a, ciò non produrrebbe alcun prodotto. Di conseguenza, è consigliabile per titolare reagenti, invece di aggiungere una concentrazione a una singola reazione, quando la risoluzione falsi risultati. Inoltre, le regolazioni più comuni che sono necessarie per ottimizzare un esperimento PCR sono per cambiare la concentrazione di Mg 2 + e di correggere le temperature di ricottura. Tuttavia, se tali modifiche non ridurre o abolire i risultati aberranti, la titolazione di additives e / o modificare i protocolli di ciclismo condizioni descritte nelle tabelle 2-6 può alleviare il problema. Se tutto il resto fallisce, ridisegnare i primer e provare, riprovare.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nome del reattivo </td><td> Azienda </td><td> Numero di catalogo </td><td> Comments </td></tr><tr><td> Taq Polymeras </td><td> Sigma </td><td> D4545-25UN </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> dNTPs </td><td> Qiagen </td><td> 201225 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 0,2 ml parete sottile Tubi tubi PCR </td><td> Bio Rad </td><td> 223-9469 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 0,2 ml sottili parete del tubo caps </td><td> Bio Rad </td><td> 223-9472 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> TE Buffer: </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> EDTA sale disodico diidrato </td><td> Sigma </td><td> E5134 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Trizma-HCl </td><td> Sigma </td><td> T-3253 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Phage Primer personalizzato </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td colspan="2"> 25441F_RL6_Contig2_68k TACTGCAACGCGATGTTGCG </td></tr><tr><td> Phage Primer personalizzato </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td colspan="2"> 26007R_RL6_ Contig2_68k TCACCATCAATCGTGGCGGT </td></tr><tr><td> Lievito Primer personalizzato </td><td> Integrated DNA Technologies </td><td colspan="2"> SacI-Gal3 (-256) ACCTGGAGCTCCTATTT TAACATGTGGATTTCTTGAAAGAATGAAATCG </td></tr><tr><td> Lievito Primer personalizzato </td><td> Integrated DNA Technologies </td><td colspan="2"> Gal3 (1848)-SacI CGGATGGAGCTCGCGT GAAGGTAATTTTTTTTTATGTCTCCG </td></tr><tr><td> Thermal Cycler </td><td> Bio Rad </td><td> 170-9703 </td><td> Il mio Cycler </td></tr><tr><td> Agarosio </td><td> ISC BioExpress </td><td> E-3120-500 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Gel elettroforesi </td><td> Hoeffer Scientific Instruments </td><td> Modello HE33 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 1 kb DNA Ladder </td><td> New England BioLabs </td><td> N3232S </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Bio Rad Power Pack </td><td> Bio Rad </td><td> 164-5050 </td><td> PowerPac di base </td></tr><tr><td> Gel Doc sistema </td><td> Fotodyne Incorporated </td><td colspan="2"> FOTO / Analyst Investigator FX Workstation </td></tr></tbody></table>

polymerase chain reaction: basic protocol plus troubleshooting and optimization strategies

Nelle scienze biologiche ci sono stati progressi tecnologici che catapulteranno la disciplina in età d&#39;oro della scoperta. Ad esempio, il campo della microbiologia è stato trasformato con l&#39;avvento di microscopio Anton van Leeuwenhoek, che ha permesso agli scienziati di visualizzare procarioti per la prima volta. Lo sviluppo della reazione a catena della polimerasi (PCR) è una di quelle innovazioni che hanno cambiato il corso della scienza molecolare con il suo impatto si estende innumerevoli sottodiscipline in biologia. Il processo teorico è stato delineato dal Keppe e collaboratori nel 1971, tuttavia, è stato altri 14 anni fino a quando la procedura completa PCR è stata descritta e sperimentale applicata da Kary Mullis mentre al Cetus Corporation nel 1985. Automazione e perfezionamento di questa tecnica progredito con l&#39;introduzione di un DNA polimerasi termica stabile dal Thermus aquaticus batterio, di conseguenza il nome DNA polimerasi Taq. PCR è un powetecnica di amplificazione rful che può generare un ampio rifornimento di uno specifico segmento di DNA (cioè, un amplicone) da solo una piccola quantità di materiale di partenza (cioè, DNA templato o sequenza bersaglio). Anche se semplice e generalmente senza problemi, ci sono delle trappole che complicano la reazione di produzione di falsi risultati. Quando PCR non si può portare a molti prodotti non specifici di DNA di varie dimensioni che appaiono come una scala o di striscio di bande su gel di agarosio. Talvolta sono prodotti formare affatto. Un altro potenziale problema si verifica quando le mutazioni vengono involontariamente introdotti negli ampliconi, risultante in una popolazione eterogenea di prodotti di PCR. Guasti di PCR può diventare frustrante se non la pazienza e la risoluzione dei problemi attenta sono impiegati per risolvere e risolvere il problema (s). Questo protocollo illustra i principi fondamentali della PCR, fornisce una metodologia che comporta l&#39;amplificazione di sequenze bersaglio maggior parte, e presenta le strategie per ottimizzare una reazione. Seguendo questa guida PCR, students dovrebbe essere in grado di: <ul><li> Impostare le reazioni e le condizioni termiche in bicicletta per un esperimento di PCR convenzionale </li><li> Comprendere la funzione dei vari componenti della reazione e il loro effetto complessivo su un esperimento di PCR </li><li> Progettare e ottimizzare un esperimento di PCR per qualsiasi modello di DNA </li><li> Risoluzione dei problemi falliti esperimenti di PCR </li></ul>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Polymerase Chain Reaction: Basic Protocol Plus Troubleshooting and Optimization Strategies at JoVE.com

Polymerase Chain Reaction: Basic Protocol Plus Troubleshooting and Optimization Strategies

PCR è emerso come una tecnica comune in molti laboratori di biologia molecolare. A condizione: ecco un breve resoconto di diversi protocolli convenzionali di PCR. Poiché ogni reazione è un esperimento unico, condizioni ottimali richiesti per generare un prodotto variare. Comprendere le variabili in una reazione permetterà di migliorare notevolmente l&#39;efficienza di risoluzione dei problemi, aumentando così la possibilità di ottenere il risultato desiderato.

Polymerase Chain Reaction: protocollo Basic Plus Strategies Risoluzione dei problemi e ottimizzazione

In the biological sciences there have been technological advances that catapult the discipline into golden ages of discovery. For example, the field of ...

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Biology

402.6K Views.  University of California, Los Angeles. PCR è emerso come una tecnica comune in molti laboratori di biologia molecolare. A condizione: ecco un breve resoconto di diversi protocolli convenzionali di PCR. Poiché ogni reazione è un esperimento unico, condizioni ottimali richiesti per generare un prodotto variare. Comprendere le variabili in una reazione permetterà di migliorare notevolmente l'efficienza di risoluzione dei problemi, aumentando così la possibilità di ottenere il risultato desiderato.

Video: Polymerase Chain Reaction: Basic Protocol Plus Troubleshooting and Optimization Strategies

Neutrophil Isolation Protocol

Neutrophil polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN) are the most abundant leukocytes in humans and among the first cells to arrive on the site of inflammatory immune response. Due to their key role in inflammation, neutrophil functions such as locomotion, cytokine production, phagocytosis, and tumor cell combat are extensively studied. To characterize the specific functions of neutrophils, a clean, fast, and reliable method of separating them from other blood cells is desirable for in vitro studies, especially since neutrophils are short-lived and should be used within 2-4 hours of collection. Here, we demonstrate a standard density gradient separation method to isolate human neutrophils from whole blood using commercially available separation media that is a mixture of sodium metrizoate and Dextran 500. The procedure consists of layering whole blood over the density gradient medium, centrifugation, separation of neutrophil layer, and lysis of residual erythrocytes. Cells are then washed, counted, and resuspended in buffer to desired concentration. When performed correctly, this method has been shown to yield samples of >95% neutrophils with >95% viability.

Neutrophils are among the first cells to arrive on the site of inflammatory immune response, and their functions and mechanisms have been studied extensively in vitro. We demonstrate a standard density gradient separation method to isolate human neutrophils from whole blood using commercially available separation media.

Neutrofili isolamento Protocollo

Neutrophil polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN) are the most abundant leukocytes in humans and among the first cells to arrive on the site of inflammatory ...

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Biologia

Optimization of the Ugi Reaction Using Parallel Synthesis and Automated Liquid Handling

The optimization of a Ugi reaction involving the mixing of furfurylamine, benzaldehyde, boc-glycine and t-butylisocyanide is described. Triplicate runs of 48 parallel experiments are reported, varying concentration, solvent and the excess of some of the reagents. The isolation of the product was achieved by a simple filtration and wash procedure. The highest yield obtained was 66% from 0.4 M methanol with 1.2 eq. of imine. This is significantly above the 49% yield obtained from the initial reaction under equimolar concentration at 0.4 M in methanol. Methanol solutions with reagent concentrations of 0.4M or 0.2M gave superior yields while all solvent systems at 0.07M performed poorly. At 0.2M, methanol and ethanol/methanol (60/40) mixtures were statistically equally good while THF/methanol (60/40) was poor and acetonitrile/methanol (60/40) was intermediate. Good reproducibility of the precipitate yields was obtained in these replicate experiments, allowing for subtle interaction effects to be positively identified.

The Ugi reaction has proved to be a convenient way to quickly create diverse libraries of compounds. It involves the reaction of an amine, an aldehyde, a carboxylic acid and an isonitrile typically in methanol at room temperature. In this video, we utilize a 48-slot Mettler-Toledo MiniBlock equipped with filtration tubes and a Mettler-Toledo MiniMapper automated liquid handler was used to deliver the reagents and solvent. The parameters of interest were the concentration, the solvent composition and the excess of some of the reagents.

Ottimizzazione della reazione Ugi Con Sintesi parallela e automatica Gestione liquidi

The optimization of a Ugi reaction involving the mixing of furfurylamine, benzaldehyde, boc-glycine and t-butylisocyanide is described.  Triplicate runs ...

Elevated Plus Maze for Mice

Although the mouse genome is now completely sequenced, the functions of most of the genes expressed in the brain are not known. The influence of a given gene on a specific behavior can be determined by behavioral analysis of mutant mice. If a target gene is expressed in the brain, behavioral phenotype of the mutant mice could elucidate the genetic mechanism of normal behaviors. The elevated plus maze test is one of the most widely used tests for measuring anxiety-like behavior. The test is based on the natural aversion of mice for open and elevated areas, as well as on their natural spontaneous exploratory behavior in novel environments. The apparatus consists of open arms and closed arms, crossed in the middle perpendicularly to each other, and a center area. Mice are given access to all of the arms and are allowed to move freely between them. The number of entries into the open arms and the time spent in the open arms are used as indices of open space-induced anxiety in mice. Unfortunately, the procedural differences that exist between laboratories make it difficult to duplicate and compare results among laboratories. Here, we present a detailed movie demonstrating our protocol for the elevated plus maze test. In our laboratory, we have assessed more than 90 strains of mutant mice using the protocol shown in the movie. These data will be disclosed as a part of a public database that we are now constructing.
Visualization of the protocol will promote better understanding of the details of the entire experimental procedure, allowing for standardization of the protocols used in different laboratories and comparisons of the behavioral phenotypes of various strains of mutant mice assessed using this test. 


The elevated plus maze test is one of the most widely used tests for measuring anxiety-like behavior in mice. Here, we present a movie showing the detailed procedures for conducting the test.

Elevata Maze Plus per topi

Although the mouse genome is now completely sequenced, the functions of most of the genes expressed in the brain are not known. The influence of a given ...

Noninvasive In Vivo Small Animal MRI and MRS: Basic Experimental Procedures

Small animal Magnetic Resonance (MR) research has emerged as an important element of modern biomedical research due to its non-invasive nature and the richness of biological information it provides. MR does not require any ionizing radiation and can noninvasively provide higher resolution and better signal-to-noise ratio in comparison to other tomographic or spectroscopic modalities. In this protocol, we will focus on small animal MR imaging and MR spectroscopy (MRI/MRS) to noninvasively acquire relaxation weighted 1H images of mouse and to obtain 31P spectra of mouse muscle. This work does not attempt to cover every aspect of small animal MRI/MRS but rather introduces basic procedures of mouse MRI/MRS experiments. The main goal of this work is to inform researchers of the basic procedures for in vivo MR experiments on small animals. The goal is to provide a better understanding of basic experimental procedures to allow researchers new to the MR field to better plan for non-MR components of their studies so that both MR and non-MR procedures are seamlessly integrated.

Noninvasive In Vivo Small Animal MRI and MRS: Basic Experimental Procedures

This work describes basic procedures of noninvasive small animal MRI and MRS in vivo.

Non invasiva In Vivo Piccoli Animali MRI e MRS: Basic procedure sperimentali

Small animal Magnetic Resonance (MR) research has emerged as an important element of modern biomedical research due to its non-invasive nature and the ...

Multiplexed Fluorometric ImmunoAssay Testing Methodology and Troubleshooting

To ensure the quality of animal models used in biomedical research we have developed a number of diagnostic testing strategies and methods to determine if animals have been exposed to adventitious infectious agents (viruses, mycoplasma, and other fastidious microorganisms). Infections of immunocompetent animals are generally transient, yet serum antibody responses to infection often can be detected within days to weeks and persist throughout the life of the host. Serology is the primary diagnostic methodology by which laboratory animals are monitored. Historically the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been the main screening method for serosurveillance. The ELISA is performed as a singleplex, in which one microbial antigen-antibody reaction is measured per well. In comparison the MFIA is performed as a multiplexed assay. Since the microspheres come in 100 distinct color sets, as many as 100 different assays can be performed simultaneously in a single microplate well. This innovation decreases the amount of serum, reagents and disposables required for routine testing while increasing the amount of information obtained from a single test well. In addition, we are able to incorporate multiple internal control beads to verify sample and system suitability and thereby assure the accuracy of results. These include tissue control and IgG anti-test serum species immunoglobulin (&alpha;Ig) coated bead sets to evaluate sample suitability. As in the ELISA and IFA, the tissue control detects non-specific binding of serum immunoglobulin. The &alpha;Ig control (Serum control) confirms that serum has been added and contains a sufficient immunoglobulin concentration while the IgG control bead (System Suitability control), coated with serum species immunoglobulin, demonstrates that the labeled reagents and Luminex reader are functioning properly.

Using Luminex Corporation&#x2019;s xMAP microsphere technology, we have developed the Multiplexed Fluorometric ImmunoAssay (MFIA) for serosurveillance of various laboratory animal species. The MFIA is a suspension microarray where antigen, tissue control or immunoglobulins are covalently linked to color-coded polystyrene microspheres. The MFIA testing method as well as various troubleshooting topics is addressed.

Multiplex fluorimetrico Metodologia di test immunoenzimatico e risoluzione dei problemi

To ensure the quality of animal models used in biomedical research we have developed a number of diagnostic testing strategies and methods to determine if ...

Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation

Research into the molecular and developmental biology of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was begun in the early seventies by Sydney Brenner and it has since been used extensively as a model organism 1. C. elegans possesses key attributes such as simplicity, transparency and short life cycle that have made it a suitable experimental system for fundamental biological studies for many years 2. Discoveries in this nematode have broad implications because many cellular and molecular processes that control animal development are evolutionary conserved 3.
C. elegans life cycle goes through an embryonic stage and four larval stages before animals reach adulthood. Development can take 2 to 4 days depending on the temperature. In each of the stages several characteristic traits can be observed. The knowledge of its complete cell lineage 4,5 together with the deep annotation of its genome turn this nematode into a great model in fields as diverse as the neurobiology 6, aging 7,8, stem cell biology 9 and germ line biology 10. 
An additional feature that makes C. elegans an attractive model to work with is the possibility of obtaining populations of worms synchronized at a specific stage through a relatively easy protocol. The ease of maintaining and propagating this nematode added to the possibility of synchronization provide a powerful tool to obtain large amounts of worms, which can be used for a wide variety of small or high-throughput experiments such as RNAi screens, microarrays, massive sequencing, immunoblot or in situ hybridization, among others. 
Because of its transparency, C. elegans structures can be distinguished under the microscope using Differential Interference Contrast microscopy, also known as Nomarski microscopy. The use of a fluorescent DNA binder, DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), for instance, can lead to the specific identification and localization of individual cells, as well as subcellular structures/defects associated to them.

Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation

The easiness of maintaining and propagating the nematode C. elegans make it a nice model organism to work with. The possibility of synchronizing worms allows the work with a significant amount of subjects at the same developmental stage, what facilitates the study of one particular process in many animals.

Di base<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em&gt; Metodi: sincronizzazione e di osservazione

Research into the molecular and developmental biology of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was begun in the early seventies by Sydney Brenner and it has ...

A Guide to Modern Quantitative Fluorescent Western Blotting with Troubleshooting Strategies

The late 1970s saw the first publicly reported use of the western blot, a technique for assessing the presence and relative abundance of specific proteins within complex biological samples. Since then, western blotting methodology has become a common component of the molecular biologists experimental repertoire. A cursory search of PubMed using the term &#8220;western blot&#8221; suggests that in excess of two hundred and twenty thousand published manuscripts have made use of this technique by the year 2014. Importantly, the last ten years have seen technical imaging advances coupled with the development of sensitive fluorescent labels which have improved sensitivity and yielded even greater ranges of linear detection. The result is a now truly Quantifiable Fluorescence based Western Blot (QFWB) that allows biologists to carry out comparative expression analysis with greater sensitivity and accuracy than ever before. Many &#8220;optimized&#8221; western blotting methodologies exist and are utilized in different laboratories. These often prove difficult to implement due to the requirement of subtle but undocumented procedural amendments. This protocol provides a comprehensive description of an established and robust QFWB method, complete with troubleshooting strategies.

The advancement of western blotting using fluorescence has allowed detection of subtle changes in protein expression enabling quantitative analyses. Here we describe a robust methodology for detection of a range of proteins across a variety of species and tissue types. A strategy to overcome common technical problems is also provided.

Una guida al moderno Quantitative Fluorescent Western Blotting con strategie di risoluzione dei problemi

The late 1970s saw the first publicly reported use of the western blot, a technique for assessing the presence and relative abundance of specific proteins ...

A Rapid Automated Protocol for Muscle Fiber Population Analysis in Rat Muscle Cross Sections Using Myosin Heavy Chain Immunohistochemistry

Quantification of muscle fiber populations provides a deeper insight into the effects of disease, trauma, and various other influences on skeletal muscle composition. Various time-consuming methods have traditionally been used to study fiber populations in many fields of research. However, recently developed immunohistochemical methods based on myosin heavy chain protein expression provide a quick alternative to identify multiple fiber types in a single section. Here, we present a rapid, reliable and reproducible protocol for improved staining quality, allowing automatic acquisition of whole cross sections and automatic quantification of fiber populations with ImageJ. For this purpose, embedded skeletal muscles are cut in cross sections, stained using myosin heavy chains antibodies with secondary fluorescent antibodies and DAPI for cell nuclei staining. Whole cross sections are then scanned automatically using a slide scanner to obtain high-resolution composite pictures of the entire specimen. Fiber population analyses are subsequently performed to quantify slow, intermediate and fast fibers using an automated macro for ImageJ. We have previously shown that this method can identify fiber populations reliably to a degree of &#177;4%. In addition, this method reduces inter-user variability and time per analyses significantly using the open source platform ImageJ.

Here, we present a protocol for rapid muscle fiber analyses, which allows improved staining quality, and thereby automatic acquisition and quantification of fiber populations using the freely available software ImageJ.

Un rapido protocollo automatizzato per Fibra muscolare Analisi Popolazione nel ratto muscolari sezioni trasversali utilizzando una catena pesante della miosina immunoistochimica

Quantification of muscle fiber populations provides a deeper insight into the effects of disease, trauma, and various other influences on skeletal muscle ...

Procedure and Key Optimization Strategies for an Automated Capillary Electrophoretic-based Immunoassay Method

New technologies that utilize capillary-based immunoassays promise faster and more quantitative protein assessment compared to traditional immunoassays. However, similar to other antibody-based protein assays, optimization of capillary-based immunoassay parameters, such as protein concentration, antibody dilution, and exposure time is an important prerequisite to the generation of meaningful and reliable data. Measurements must fall within the linear range of the assay where changes in signal are directly proportional to changes in lysate concentration. The process of choosing appropriate lysate concentrations, antibody dilutions, and exposure times in the human bronchial epithelial cell line, BEAS-2B, is demonstrated here. Assay linearity is shown over a range of whole cell extract protein concentrations with p53 and &#945;-tubulin antibodies. An example of signal burnout is seen at the highest concentrations with long exposure times, and an &#945;-tubulin antibody dilution curve is shown demonstrating saturation. In addition, example experimental results are reported for doxorubicin-treated cells using optimized parameters.

A capillary-based immunoassay using a commercial platform to measure target proteins from total protein preparations is demonstrated. In addition, assay parameters of exposure time, protein concentration, and antibody dilution are optimized for a cell culture model system.

Procedure e strategie di ottimizzazione chiave per un metodo automatizzato Immunoassay basati su elettroforetica capillare

New technologies that utilize capillary-based immunoassays promise faster and more quantitative protein assessment compared to traditional immunoassays. ...

Simultaneous Measurements of Intracellular Calcium and Membrane Potential in Freshly Isolated and Intact Mouse Cerebral Endothelium

Cerebral arteries and their respective microcirculation deliver oxygen and nutrients to the brain via blood flow regulation. Endothelial cells line the lumen of blood vessels and command changes in vascular diameter as needed to meet the metabolic demand of neurons. Primary endothelial-dependent signaling pathways of hyperpolarization of membrane potential (Vm) and nitric oxide typically operate in parallel to mediate vasodilation and thereby increase blood flow. Although integral to coordinating vasodilation over several millimeters of vascular length, components of endothelium-derived hyperpolarization (EDH) have been historically difficult to measure. These components of EDH entail intracellular Ca2+ [Ca2+]i increases and subsequent activation of small- and intermediate conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SKCa/IKCa) channels.
Here, we present a simplified illustration of the isolation of fresh endothelium from mouse cerebral arteries; simultaneous measurements of endothelial [Ca2+]i and Vm using Fura-2 photometry and intracellular sharp electrodes, respectively; and a continuous superfusion of salt solutions and pharmacological agents under physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 37 &#176;C). Posterior cerebral arteries from the Circle of Willis are removed free of the posterior communicating and the basilar arteries. Enzymatic digestion of cleaned posterior cerebral arterial segments and subsequent trituration facilitates removal of adventitia, perivascular nerves, and smooth muscle cells. Resulting posterior cerebral arterial endothelial &#34;tubes&#34; are then secured under a microscope and examined using a camera, photomultiplier tube, and one to two electrometers while under continuous superfusion. Collectively, this method can simultaneously measure changes in endothelial [Ca2+]i and Vm in discrete cellular locations, in addition to the spreading of EDH through gap junctions up to millimeter distances along the intact endothelium. This method is expected to yield a high-throughput analysis of the cerebral endothelial functions underlying mechanisms of blood flow regulation in the normal and diseased brain.

Demonstrated here are protocols for (1) freshly isolating intact cerebral endothelial "tubes" and (2) simultaneous measurements of endothelial calcium and membrane potential during endothelium-derived hyperpolarization. Further, these methods allow for pharmacological tuning of endothelial cell calcium and electrical signaling as individual or interactive experimental variables.

Misurazioni simultanee di calcio intracellulare e potenziale di membrana nell'endotelio cerebrale Mouse appena isolato ed intatto

Cerebral arteries and their respective microcirculation deliver oxygen and nutrients to the brain via blood flow regulation. Endothelial cells line the ...