Questa ricerca è stata finanziata dal fondo di avvio della Simon Fraser University.

1. Harvest Membrane <ol><li> Aggiungere tampone ipotonico (10 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM KCl, 1,5 mM MgCl 2, pH 8,0) con cocktail inibitore di proteasi su un pellet di cellule (~ 10 8 cellule) e incubare per 15-30 min in ghiaccio. Lisare le cellule di passare il campione attraverso aghi da siringa (5-10 passaggi) o omogeneizzare il campione da un omogeneizzatore Dounce (15-30 colpi). Utilizzare un emocitometro e trypan colorazione blu per controllare l&#39;efficienza della lisi. </li><li> Ottenere la frazione microsomiale da una centrifugazione differenziale del lisato a 3.000 gx 15 min e poi a 100.000 gx 2 hr. La prima centrifugazione ottiene un pellet che è la frazione nucleare, e la successiva centrifugazione del supernatante genera una seconda pellet, che è la frazione microsomiale che contiene la membrana plasmatica e membrana organelli 8. Il supernatante finale è la frazione citosolica. Conservare le frazioni microsomiali a -80 ° C freezer per ulteriori analysè come di seguito indicato. </li></ol> 2. Sciogliere, Denaturare, e digerire proteine ​​di membrana <ol><li> Sciogliere la frazione microsomiale nel buffer di denaturazione (Tris 40 mM, EDTA 10 mM, TCEP 10 mM, 0,5% Rapigest, pH 8) e poi incubare la soluzione a 100 ° C per 10 min. </li><li> Raffreddare la soluzione riscaldata a temperatura ambiente, aggiungere ultra-elevata purezza urea polvere nella soluzione 8 M concentrazione finale e incubare il campione a 37 ° C per 30 min. </li><li> Aggiungere iodoacetamide soluzione madre al campione di 15 mM concentrazione finale, e incubare la soluzione al buio per 30 minuti a temperatura ambiente per alchilare i tioli liberi nel campione. Aggiungere soluzione madre DTT al campione a una concentrazione finale 10 mM e incubare la soluzione per altri 10 min a temperatura ambiente per estinguere l&#39;eccessiva iodoacetamide. </li><li> Diluire la soluzione 10x ottenuto con tampone Tris 40 mM a pH 8, e successivamente aggiungere tripsina al campione con un rapporto 1:20 trypsin di proteine ​​totali. Mantenere la reazione di digestione a 37 ° C per una notte forno per garantire la reazione è completa. </li><li> Terminare la digestione acidificando la soluzione del campione a pH 1 con HCl, una condizione che rompe anche il detersivo, cioè Rapigest. Degradare la Rapigest a 37 ° C per 1 ora, e rimuovere la precipitazione sviluppato da centrifugazione. </li><li> Pulire il surnatante contenente peptidi campione da una cartuccia di estrazione C-18 in fase solida (SPE) e asciugare il campione ottenuto da speedvac. </li><li> Effettuare una analisi SDS-PAGE di campioni prima e dopo digestione con tripsina per confermare l&#39;efficienza digestione. </li></ol> 3. Glycopeptide Capture <ol><li> Sciogliere i peptidi puliti nel buffer di accoppiamento (acetato di sodio 100 mM, pH 5,5). Aggiungere periodato di sodio nella soluzione peptide ad una concentrazione finale di 10 mM per 30 minuti al buio, a temperatura ambiente. Questo si ossida i gruppi cis-diolo nei glicani ad aldeidi, Che permettono ai glicani ad accoppiarsi con la resina attraverso la chimica idrazide. Quench l&#39;eccessiva periodato da solfito di sodio ad una concentrazione finale di 20 mM e pH 5 per 10 min a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Introdurre resina idrazide derivatizzato nella soluzione peptide ad un rapporto di 1:4 (resina di soluzione) per accoppiare glicopeptidi alla resina. Incubare la reazione a 37 ° C per 1-2 giorni con rotazione end-to-end per l&#39;accoppiamento completo. </li><li> Rimuovere i peptidi non legati mediante lavaggio della resina due volte con 1 ml di ciascuno dei seguenti: acqua deionizzata, 1,5 M NaCl, metanolo e 80% acetonitrile. Infine, lavare la resina con 3x 1 ml di 100 mM NH 4 HCO 3 a pH 8 per scambiare il buffer del sistema a 100 mM NH 4 HCO 3. <ol><li> Raccogliere il surnatante e lavaggi per l&#39;analisi dei peptidi non legati (opzionale). </li></ol></li><li> Rilasciare N-glicopeptidi dalla resina mediante PNGase F in una notte di incubazione a 37 ° C con unn end-to-end di rotazione. Raccogliere i peptidi rilasciati da centrifugazione e lavaggio acetonitrile 80%. Essiccare la soluzione ottenuta nello speedvac per l&#39;analisi LC-MS. </li></ol> 4. Ulteriore frazionamento (facoltativo) Per semplificare ulteriormente la complessità dei campioni, frazionare N-glicopeptidi ottenuti. Ad esempio, i peptidi ridisciogliere secchi in 10 mM ammonio formiato, pH 3 con 20% acetonitrile e utilizzare forte scambio cationico (SCX) cromatografia di frazionare i peptidi. Essiccare il eluente ottenuto, e quindi analizzare le frazioni peptidiche ottenute dalla fase inversa LC-MS 8,17,18. 5. Pulizia di N-glicopeptidi Rilasciato (facoltativo) Se preoccupazioni aumentano per il potenziale contaminazione dei peptidi, scioglierla peptidi secchi in 0,1% di acido formico e utilizzare una colonna MCX SPE per pulire ulteriormente i peptidi prima fase inversa analisi LC-MS. <strong&gt; Nota: parametri di ricerca del database. Durante la scissione selettiva di N-glicopeptidi largo della resina, PNGase F converte l&#39;asparagina collegato N-glicani di un acido aspartico. Pertanto, vi è una massa 0,9840 Da spostamento dei liberate N-glicopeptidi. Per identificare accuratamente questi peptidi, questa modifica deve essere aggiunto ai parametri di ricerca insieme con modifiche comuni come il carbamidometilazione della cisteina e ossidazione della metionina.

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Gli autori dichiarano di non avere interessi finanziari in competizione.

Qui vi presentiamo una strategia glicopeptide-capture per il profiling di proteine ​​della superficie cellulare. Il metodo può essere applicato per studiare le proteine ​​secrete, come quelle presenti nel sangue, così come in altri fluidi corporei o in cellule di coltura. Il successo del metodo si basa sulla digestione completa di campioni; Pertanto, una caratterizzazione SDS-PAGE dell&#39;efficienza digestione è necessario, in particolare per l&#39;analisi prima volta di un campi...

Proteine ​​di superficie cellulare interagiscono con l&#39;ambiente extracellulare e trasmettere i segnali dall&#39;esterno verso l&#39;interno di una cella. Così, queste proteine, incluse le proteine ​​della matrice extracellulare, giocano ruoli critici in tutti gli aspetti della biologia e fisiologia vanno dalla proliferazione, crescita, migrazione, differenziazione all&#39;invecchiamento e così via cellulare. Proteine ​​di superficie funzionano interagendo con altre cellule, proteine ​​e piccole molecole 1-3. Caratterizzazione molecolare di proteine ​​della superficie cellulare è di grande interesse non solo per i biologi ma anche per le aziende farmaceutiche, come più del 60% dei farmaci sono mirati alle proteine ​​della superficie cellulare 4. Spettrometria di massa tandem (MS), con la sua straordinaria sensibilità, precisione e velocità per l&#39;identificazione di proteine ​​e peptidi, è stato un potente strumento per studi di proteomica globali 5,6. Eppure, proteine ​​di superficie pongono sfide significative proteomica basati su MS, comeesistono maggior parte delle proteine ​​di superficie in piccole quantità e con modifiche pesanti. Le regioni membrane-spanning delle proteine ​​di superficie li rende idrofobo; questo è particolarmente il caso per le proteine ​​transmembrana multipass. Perciò è difficile da sciogliere proteine ​​di membrana in soluzione acquosa senza l&#39;aiuto di un detersivo; tuttavia l&#39;uso di detergenti generalmente sopprime le prestazioni di HPLC e MS 1,7,8 nella identificazione delle proteine. Pertanto, proteine ​​di membrana sono stati mal caratterizzato proteomica diretti basati LC-MS. La glicosilazione è una delle più importanti e abbondanti modificazioni post-traduzionali che avvengono nelle proteine ​​della superficie cellulare 9. L&#39;enorme complessità e l&#39;eterogeneità dei glicani ostacolano segnale peptidi &#39;MS 10. Tuttavia, diversi metodi di proteomica hanno utilizzato questa modifica unica per arricchire proteine ​​di superficie e per rimuovere le frazioni di zucchero da proteine ​​prima analisi LC-MS. Questi metodos comprendono basato lectina affinità cattura 11 e acido borico-based o basati hydrazide-capture chimica 12 così come separazioni cromatografiche idrofili 8,13. La rimozione di glicani trasforma proteine ​​di membrana alle proteine ​​regolari e semplifica drasticamente la caratterizzazione MS. Poiché glicosilazione avviene anche in proteine ​​secrete che hanno elevata solubilità in contrasto con proteine ​​di membrana, molti metodi glicoproteomica sono ottimizzati per le proteine ​​solubili, e tendono ad avere minore selettività glicopeptidi e sensibilità quando viene distribuito proteine ​​di membrana 8,14. Esistono anche altri metodi per arricchire, in particolare, le proteine ​​di superficie cellulare, come quelli che usano ultracentrifugazione 15 e strategie di etichettatura 16. Un confronto dettagliato tra il nostro metodo e altri metodi esistenti per la caratterizzazione di proteine ​​di membrana è stata condotta recentemente 17, ei risultati hanno indicato che il metodo può eseguire altrettanto bene, se nonmeglio, di tutti i metodi rispetto proteomica membrana, ma con una maggiore semplicità. Per aiutare i ricercatori utilizzano questo metodo, i dettagli qui un protocollo generale. Questo metodo integra diversi vantaggi di strategie glycoproteomics esistenti ed è stato ideato specificamente per glicoproteine ​​di membrana, ma il metodo funziona ugualmente bene per proteine ​​secrete. Le caratteristiche di questo metodo includono: 1) una completa solubilizzazione delle proteine ​​di membrana, 2) un arricchimento di glicopeptidi invece di glicoproteine ​​per eliminare il potenziale sterico quando si usa un substrato solido cattura, 3) l&#39;uso della chimica idrazide per formare legami covalenti tra glicopeptidi e il substrato di cattura, in modo che i glicopeptidi legati possono tollerare lavaggi stringenti per alta glycoselectivity, e 4) la capacità di condurre l&#39;intera procedura di cattura in una provetta per la perdita di campione ridotto e durata procedura abbreviata. Dopo aver implementato questo metodo per studiare una variabileety di campioni biologici comprese le cellule e tessuti, abbiamo osservato una selettività elevata (&gt; 90%) di glicoproteine ​​8,17,18.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="701">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DTT</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">646563</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">TCEP</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">646547</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Iodoacetamide</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A3221</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Rapigest SF</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Waters</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">186001860</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium periodate</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">311448</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PNGase F</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">New England Biolabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P0704S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Affi-Gel Hz Hydrazide gel</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">153-6047</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Trypsin</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Worthington Biomedical</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LS02115</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sep-Pak C-18 cartridge</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Waters</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">WAT054955</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Oasis MCX cartridge</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Waters</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">186000252</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Protease inhibitor coctail</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P8340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Urea</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Amersco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">568</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium sulphite</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Caledon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">8360-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Invertase</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">I0408</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Alpha-1 trypsin</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F2006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ribonulease B</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R7884</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Avidin</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A9275</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ovalbumin</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A5503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Conalbumin</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C0755</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

glycopeptide capture for cell surface proteomics

Proteine ​​di superficie delle cellule, tra cui proteine ​​della matrice extracellulare, partecipano a tutti i principali processi e le funzioni cellulari, come la crescita, la differenziazione e la proliferazione. Una caratterizzazione completa di queste proteine ​​fornisce informazioni ricche per la scoperta di biomarcatori, identificazione del tipo cellulare, e la selezione della droga-obiettivo, oltre a contribuire ad avanzare la nostra comprensione della biologia e fisiologia cellulare. Proteine ​​di superficie, tuttavia, presentano notevoli difficoltà analitiche, a causa della loro intrinsecamente bassa abbondanza, elevata idrofobicità e pesanti modificazioni post-traduzionali. Approfittando della glicosilazione prevalente sulle proteine ​​di superficie, vi presentiamo qui un approccio glicopeptide-capture high-throughput che integra i vantaggi di diversi esistenti mediante N-glycoproteomics. Il nostro metodo può arricchire i glicopeptidi derivati ​​da proteine ​​di superficie e rimuovere i loro glicani per proteomica facili con LC-MS. La N-glycoproteome risolto comprende le informazione di identità proteine ​​e quantità nonché i loro siti di glicosilazione. Questo metodo è stato applicato a una serie di studi in settori quali cancro, cellule staminali, e tossicità da farmaci. La limitazione del metodo risiede nella scarsa abbondanza di proteine ​​di membrana di superficie, tale da richiedere una relativamente grande quantità di campioni per questa analisi rispetto agli studi centrati sulle proteine ​​citosoliche.

Un diagramma di flusso rappresentante della procedura sperimentale è riassunto nella Figura 1. L&#39;etichettatura e ulteriori fasi di frazionamento sono opzionali e dettagli sono descritti in una recente pubblicazione 18. Un&#39;altra opzione è quella di analizzare i peptidi modificati, che non reagiscono con la resina. I vantaggi di analisi dei peptidi modificati includono una possibile identificazione di peptidi e proteine ​​non glicosilati, come claudine in giunzioni strette; Un ult...

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Glycopeptide Capture for Cell Surface Proteomics

Proteine ​​di superficie cellulare sono biologicamente importante e ampiamente glicosilata. Vi presentiamo qui un approccio glicopeptide-capture per solubilizzare, arricchire, e deglycosylate queste proteine ​​per facili analisi proteomica basati LC-MS.

Glicopeptide Capture per Proteomica cellulari di superficie

Cell surface proteins, including extracellular matrix proteins, participate in all major cellular processes and functions, such as growth, ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.2K Views.  Simon Fraser University.  Proteine ​​di superficie cellulare sono biologicamente importante e ampiamente glicosilata. Vi presentiamo qui un approccio glicopeptide-capture per solubilizzare, arricchire, e deglycosylate queste proteine ​​per facili analisi proteomica basati LC-MS. 

Video: Glycopeptide Capture for Cell Surface Proteomics

Cell Capture Using a Microfluidic Device

Cattura cellula Utilizzando un dispositivo a microfluidi

Ricerca

Biologia

Avidity-based Extracellular Interaction Screening (AVEXIS) for the Scalable Detection of Low-affinity Extracellular Receptor-Ligand Interactions

Extracellular protein:protein interactions between secreted or membrane-tethered proteins are critical for both initiating intercellular communication and ensuring cohesion within multicellular organisms. Proteins predicted to form extracellular interactions are encoded by approximately a quarter of human genes1, but despite their importance and abundance, the majority of these proteins have no documented binding partner. Primarily, this is due to their biochemical intractability: membrane-embedded proteins are difficult to solubilise in their native conformation and contain structurally-important posttranslational modifications. Also, the interaction affinities between receptor proteins are often characterised by extremely low interaction strengths (half-lives &lt; 1 second) precluding their detection with many commonly-used high throughput methods2. 
Here, we describe an assay, AVEXIS (AVidity-based EXtracellular Interaction Screen) that overcomes these technical challenges enabling the detection of very weak protein interactions (t1/2 &le; 0.1 sec) with a low false positive rate3. The assay is usually implemented in a high throughput format to enable the systematic screening of many thousands of interactions in a convenient microtitre plate format (Fig. 1). It relies on the production of soluble recombinant protein libraries that contain the ectodomain fragments of cell surface receptors or secreted proteins within which to screen for interactions; therefore, this approach is suitable for type I, type II, GPI-linked cell surface receptors and secreted proteins but not for multipass membrane proteins such as ion channels or transporters.
The recombinant protein libraries are produced using a convenient and high-level mammalian expression system4, to ensure that important posttranslational modifications such as glycosylation and disulphide bonds are added. Expressed recombinant proteins are secreted into the medium and produced in two forms: a biotinylated bait which can be captured on a streptavidin-coated solid phase suitable for screening, and a pentamerised enzyme-tagged (&beta;-lactamase) prey. The bait and prey proteins are presented to each other in a binary fashion to detect direct interactions between them, similar to a conventional ELISA (Fig. 1). The pentamerisation of the proteins in the prey is achieved through a peptide sequence from the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) and increases the local concentration of the ectodomains thereby providing significant avidity gains to enable even very transient interactions to be detected. By normalising the activities of both the bait and prey to predetermined levels prior to screening, we have shown that interactions having monomeric half-lives of 0.1 sec can be detected with low false positive rates3.

Avidity-based Extracellular Interaction Screening AVEXIS for the Scalable Detection of Low-affinity Extracellular Receptor-Ligand Interactions

AVEXIS is a high throughput protein interaction assay developed to systematically screen for novel extracellular receptor-ligand pairs involved in cellular recognition processes. It is specifically designed to detect transient protein interactions that are difficult to identify using other high throughput approaches.

Avidità-based Screening Interaction extracellulare (AVEXIS) per il rilevamento scalabile di bassa affinità extracellulare del recettore-ligando interazioni

Extracellular protein:protein interactions between secreted or membrane-tethered proteins are critical for both initiating intercellular communication and ...

Metabolic Labeling and Membrane Fractionation for Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Suspension Cell Cultures

Plasma membrane microdomains are features based on the physical properties of the lipid and sterol environment and have particular roles in signaling processes. Extracting sterol-enriched membrane microdomains from plant cells for proteomic analysis is a difficult task mainly due to multiple preparation steps and sources for contaminations from other cellular compartments. The plasma membrane constitutes only about 5-20% of all the membranes in a plant cell, and therefore isolation of highly purified plasma membrane fraction is challenging. A frequently used method involves aqueous two-phase partitioning in polyethylene glycol and dextran, which yields plasma membrane vesicles with a purity of 95% 1. Sterol-rich membrane microdomains within the plasma membrane are insoluble upon treatment with cold nonionic detergents at alkaline pH. This detergent-resistant membrane fraction can be separated from the bulk plasma membrane by ultracentrifugation in a sucrose gradient 2. Subsequently, proteins can be extracted from the low density band of the sucrose gradient by methanol/chloroform precipitation. Extracted protein will then be trypsin digested, desalted and finally analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Our extraction protocol for sterol-rich microdomains is optimized for the preparation of clean detergent-resistant membrane fractions from Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures.
We use full metabolic labeling of Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cell cultures with K15NO3 as the only nitrogen source for quantitative comparative proteomic studies following biological treatment of interest 3. By mixing equal ratios of labeled and unlabeled cell cultures for joint protein extraction the influence of preparation steps on final quantitative result is kept at a minimum. Also loss of material during extraction will affect both control and treatment samples in the same way, and therefore the ratio of light and heave peptide will remain constant. In the proposed method either labeled or unlabeled cell culture undergoes a biological treatment, while the other serves as control 4.

Metabolic Labeling and Membrane Fractionation for Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Suspension Cell Cultures

Here we describe a robust method for the fractionation of plant plasma membranes into detergent resistant and detergent soluble membranes based on a mixture of unlabeled and in vivo fully 15N labeled Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures. The procedure is applied for comparative proteomic studies to understand signaling processes.

Metabolic Etichettatura e con membrana frazionamento per proteomica comparativa Analisi del<em&gt; Arabidopsis thaliana</em&gt; Culture sospensione cellulare

Plasma membrane microdomains are features based on the physical properties of the lipid and sterol environment and have particular roles in signaling ...

Proteomic Sample Preparation from Formalin Fixed and Paraffin Embedded Tissue

Preserved clinical material is a unique source for proteomic investigation of human disorders. Here we describe an optimized protocol allowing large scale quantitative analysis of formalin fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue. The procedure comprises four distinct steps. The first one is the preparation of sections from the FFPE material and microdissection of cells of interest. In the second step the isolated cells are lysed and processed using 'filter aided sample preparation' (FASP) technique. In this step, proteins are depleted from reagents used for the sample lysis and are digested in two-steps using endoproteinase LysC and trypsin. 
After each digestion, the peptides are collected in separate fractions and their content is determined using a highly sensitive fluorescence measurement. Finally, the peptides are fractionated on 'pipette-tip' microcolumns. The LysC-peptides are separated into 4 fractions whereas the tryptic peptides are separated into 2 fractions. In this way prepared samples allow analysis of proteomes from minute amounts of material to a depth of 10,000 proteins. Thus, the described workflow is a powerful technique for studying diseases in a system-wide-fashion as well as for identification of potential biomarkers and drug targets.

Archival formalin fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) clinical samples are valuable material for investigation of diseases. Here we demonstrate a sample preparation workflow allowing in-depth proteomic analysis of microdissected FFPE tissue.

Preparazione del campione proteomica dalla fissati in formalina e incluso in paraffina Tissue

Preserved clinical material is a unique source for proteomic investigation of human disorders. Here we describe an optimized protocol allowing large scale ...

Capture Compound Mass Spectrometry - A Powerful Tool to Identify Novel c-di-GMP Effector Proteins

Considerable progress has been made during the last decade towards the identification and characterization of enzymes involved in the synthesis (diguanylate cyclases) and degradation (phosphodiesterases) of the second messenger c-di-GMP. In contrast, little information is available regarding the molecular mechanisms and cellular components through which this signaling molecule regulates a diverse range of cellular processes. Most of the known effector proteins belong to the PilZ family or are degenerated diguanylate cyclases or phosphodiesterases that have given up on catalysis and have adopted effector function. Thus, to better define the cellular c-di-GMP network in a wide range of bacteria experimental methods are required to identify and validate novel effectors for which reliable in silico predictions fail.
We have recently developed a novel Capture Compound Mass Spectrometry (CCMS) based technology as a powerful tool to biochemically identify and characterize c-di-GMP binding proteins. This technique has previously been reported to be applicable to a wide range of organisms1. Here we give a detailed description of the protocol that we utilize to probe such signaling components. As an example, we use Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen in which c-di-GMP plays a critical role in virulence and biofilm control. CCMS identified 74% (38/51) of the known or predicted components of the c-di-GMP network. This study explains the CCMS procedure in detail, and establishes it as a powerful and versatile tool to identify novel components involved in small molecule signaling.

The ubiquitous second messenger c-di-GMP controls growth and behavior of many bacteria. We have developed a novel Capture Compound Mass Spectrometry based technology to biochemically identify and characterize c-di-GMP binding proteins in virtually any bacterial species.

Capture spettrometria di massa Compound - un potente strumento per identificare nuovi c-di-GMP effettori Proteine

Considerable progress has been made during the last decade towards the identification and characterization of enzymes involved in the synthesis ...

Non-enzymatic, Serum-free Tissue Culture of Pre-invasive Breast Lesions for Spontaneous Generation of Mammospheres

Breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), by definition, is proliferation of neoplastic epithelial cells within the confines of the breast duct, without breaching the collagenous basement membrane. While DCIS is a non-obligate precursor to invasive breast cancers, the molecular mechanisms and cell populations that permit progression to invasive cancer are not fully known. To determine if progenitor cells capable of invasion existed within the DCIS cell population, we developed a methodology for collecting and culturing sterile human breast tissue at the time of surgery, without enzymatic disruption of tissue.
Sterile breast tissue containing ductal segments is harvested from surgically excised breast tissue following routine pathological examination. Tissue containing DCIS is placed in nutrient rich, antibiotic-containing, serum free medium, and transported to the tissue culture laboratory. The breast tissue is further dissected to isolate the calcified areas. Multiple breast tissue pieces (organoids) are placed in a minimal volume of serum free medium in a flask with a removable lid and cultured in a humidified CO2 incubator. Epithelial and fibroblast cell populations emerge from the organoid after 10 - 14 days. Mammospheres spontaneously form on and around the epithelial cell monolayer. Specific cell populations can be harvested directly from the flask without disrupting neighboring cells. Our non-enzymatic tissue culture system reliably reveals cytogenetically abnormal, invasive progenitor cells from fresh human DCIS lesions.

Primary cell culture using intact tissue organoids provides a model system that mimics the multi-cellular in vivo microenvironment. We developed a serum-free primary breast epithelium tissue culture model that perpetuates mixed cell culture lineages and exhibits differentiated morphology, without enzymatic tissue disruption. Breast organoids remain viable for &#62;6 months.

Non enzimatica, siero-libero Tissue Culture delle lesioni mammarie pre-invasive per la generazione spontanea di mammospheres

Breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), by definition, is proliferation of neoplastic epithelial cells within the confines of the breast duct, without ...

Selected Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry for Absolute Protein Quantification

Absolute quantification of target proteins within complex biological samples is critical to a wide range of research and clinical applications. This protocol provides step-by-step instructions for the development and application of quantitative assays using selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mass spectrometry (MS). First, likely quantotypic target peptides are identified based on numerous criteria. This includes identifying proteotypic peptides, avoiding sites of posttranslational modification, and analyzing the uniqueness of the target peptide to the target protein. Next, crude external peptide standards are synthesized and used to develop SRM assays, and the resulting assays are used to perform qualitative analyses of the biological samples. Finally, purified, quantified, heavy isotope labeled internal peptide standards are prepared and used to perform isotope dilution series SRM assays. Analysis of all of the resulting MS data is presented. This protocol was used to accurately assay the absolute abundance of proteins of the chemotaxis signaling pathway within RAW 264.7 cells (a mouse monocyte/macrophage cell line). The quantification of Gi2 (a heterotrimeric G-protein &#945;-subunit) is described in detail.

This protocol describes how to perform absolute quantification assays of target proteins within complex biological samples using selected reaction monitoring. It was used to accurately quantify proteins of the mouse macrophage chemotaxis signaling pathway. Target peptide selection, assay development, and qualitative and quantitative assays are described in detail.

Reazione selezionato Monitoraggio spettrometria di massa per Absolute Protein Quantificazione

Absolute quantification of target proteins within complex biological samples is critical to a wide range of research and clinical applications. This ...

Enrichment of Extracellular Matrix Proteins from Tissues and Digestion into Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex meshwork of cross-linked proteins that provides biophysical and biochemical cues that are major regulators of cell proliferation, survival, migration, etc. The ECM plays important roles in development and in diverse pathologies including cardio-vascular and musculo-skeletal diseases, fibrosis, and cancer. Thus, characterizing the composition of ECMs of normal and diseased tissues could lead to the identification of novel prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers and potential novel therapeutic targets. However, the very nature of ECM proteins (large in size, cross-linked and covalently bound, heavily glycosylated) has rendered biochemical analyses of ECMs challenging. To overcome this challenge, we developed a method to enrich ECMs from fresh or frozen tissues and tumors that takes advantage of the insolubility of ECM proteins. We describe here in detail the decellularization procedure that consists of sequential incubations in buffers of different pH and salt and detergent concentrations and that results in 1) the extraction of intracellular (cytosolic, nuclear, membrane and cytoskeletal) proteins and 2) the enrichment of ECM proteins. We then describe how to deglycosylate and digest ECM-enriched protein preparations into peptides for subsequent analysis by mass spectrometry.

This protocol describes a procedure for enriching ECM proteins from tissues or tumors and deglycosylating and digesting the ECM-enriched preparations into peptides to analyze their protein composition by mass spectrometry.

Arricchimento della matrice extracellulare proteine ​​da tessuti e digestione in Peptidi per l&#39;analisi Spettrometria di Massa

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex meshwork of cross-linked proteins that provides biophysical and biochemical cues that are major regulators of ...

Surface Spreading and Immunostaining of Yeast Chromosomes

The small size of nuclei of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae limits the utility of light microscopy for analysis of the subnuclear distribution of chromatin-bound proteins. Surface spreading of yeast nuclei results in expansion of chromatin without loss of bound proteins. A method for surface spreading balances fixation of DNA bound proteins with detergent treatment. The method demonstrated is slightly modified from that described by Josef Loidl and Franz Klein1,2. The method has been used to characterize the localization of many chromatin-bound proteins at various stages of the mitotic cell cycle, but is especially useful for the study of meiotic chromosome structures such as meiotic recombinosomes and the synaptonemal complex. We also describe a modification that does not require use of Lipsol, a proprietary detergent, which was called for in the original procedure, but no longer commercially available. An immunostaining protocol that is compatible with the chromosome spreading method is also described.

A method for surface-spreading chromosomes from budding yeast is presented. This method is derived from a method previously described by Loidl and Klein. In addition, we demonstrate a procedure for immunostaining of spread chromosomes.

Diffondere superfici e Immunostaining di cromosomi del lievito

The small size of nuclei of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae limits the utility of light microscopy for analysis of the subnuclear distribution ...

Analyzing Cell Surface Adhesion Remodeling in Response to Mechanical Tension Using Magnetic Beads

Mechanosensitive cell surface adhesion complexes allow cells to sense the mechanical properties of their surroundings. Recent studies have identified both force-sensing molecules at adhesion sites, and force-dependent transcription factors that regulate lineage-specific gene expression and drive phenotypic outputs. However, the signaling networks converting mechanical tension into biochemical pathways have remained elusive. To explore the signaling pathways engaged upon mechanical tension applied to cell surface receptor, superparamagnetic microbeads can be used. Here we present a protocol for using magnetic beads to apply forces to cell surface adhesion proteins. Using this approach, it is possible to investigate not only force-dependent cytoplasmic signaling pathways by various biochemical approaches, but also adhesion remodeling by magnetic isolation of adhesion complexes attached to the ligand-coated beads. This protocol includes the preparation of ligand-coated superparamagnetic beads, and the application of define tensile forces followed by biochemical analyses. Additionally, we provide a representative sample of data demonstrating that tension applied to integrin-based adhesion triggers adhesion remodeling and alters protein tyrosine phosphorylation.

Cell surface adhesions are central in mechanotransduction, as they transmit mechanical tension and initiate the signaling pathways involved in tissue homeostasis and development. Here, we present a protocol for dissecting the biochemical pathways that are activated in response to tension, using ligand-coated magnetic microbeads and force application to adhesion receptors.

Analizzando cellulare superficie di adesione ritocca in risposta alla tensione meccanica utilizzando biglie magnetiche

Mechanosensitive cell surface adhesion complexes allow cells to sense the mechanical properties of their surroundings. Recent studies have identified both ...

Methods Article

Glicopeptide Capture per Proteomica cellulari di superficie