Questo studio è stato sostenuto dal Seoul National University Research di Grant (800-20140542), il Programma Pioneer Research di NRF / MEST (2012-0009544), e la Bio-Signal Analysis Tecnologia Programma Innovazione NRF / MEST (2009-0090895), e la concessione di NRF / MEST (2015M3A9E6028949).

Tutti gli esperimenti sugli animali sono stati eseguiti in conformità con l&#39;Associazione per la Ricerca e la Visione e Oftalmologia Dichiarazione per l&#39;uso di animali in Oftalmica e Vision Research, e le linee guida e regolamenti stabiliti dalla cura degli animali dell&#39;Università Istituzionale e Usa Comitato Nazionale di Seul e Seoul National University Hospital Comitato Biosicurezza. 1. Preparazione Kit iniezione e vettori virali <ol><li> Preparare la siringa microlitro dotata di un ago smussato 33 G sterilizzato con ossido di etilene. Diluire i vettori virali in PBS per il titolo adeguata nel tubicino (cioè, 1 x 10 6 TU / ml). Lavare la siringa più volte con vettori virali per rimuovere qualsiasi spazio morto nella siringa. </li></ol> 2. Iniezione sottoretinico di vettori virali <ol><li> Anestetizzare i topi adulti (cioè, 6 - 8 settimane) con una iniezione intraperitoneale di miscela di tiletamine e zolazepam (1: 1, 2,25 mg / kg di peso corporeo) e xilazina cloridrato (0,7 mg / kg di peso corporeo) o un regime di anestesia valida alternativa. </li><li> Dilatare gli alunni con un collirio di fenilefrina 0,5% e tropicamide 0,5%. </li><li> Preparare la siringa microlitro caricando con 1,5 - 2 ml di vettori virali. </li><li> Aprire la palpebra e l&#39;occhio sporgente per esporre l&#39;equatore per l&#39;iniezione comoda e mettere a fuoco sotto il microscopio operatorio. Mantenere la posizione dell&#39;occhio sporgeva fino a terminare l&#39;iniezione, o spostamento dell&#39;ago può verificarsi durante l&#39;iniezione. Per mantenere il bulbo oculare con fermezza, posizionare le dita al di fuori del cerchio orbitale. </li><li> Applicare una goccia di soluzione viscoelastica oftalmica alla superficie corneale. </li><li> Inserire un coperchietto scorrevole rotonda sulla parte superiore della cornea per visualizzare la retina. </li><li> Puntura un piccolo foro in lieve posteriormente al limbus usando una sterile 30 G 1/2 ago per l&#39;ulteriore iniezione sottoretinica. Effettuare il foro inferiore for l&#39;occhio destro e superiore per l&#39;occhio sinistro per la comodità. NOTA: Se il foro viene effettuata a temporali o nasale, è difficile da coprire con la palpebra dopo l&#39;iniezione. Foratura iniziale sia reso leggermente posteriormente al limbus per evitare i vasi limbal che corrono lungo il limbus e facilmente riconoscibili. Fare attenzione a non colpire l&#39;obiettivo con ago rendendo la foratura iniziale. Non inserire l&#39;intera smussatura dell&#39;ago per evitare lente foratura. </li><li> Posizionare l&#39;ago senza punta 33 G della siringa microlitro attraverso il foro pre-forata e avvicinare l&#39;ago nello spazio sottoretinico fino al punto in cui la resistenza mite si fa sentire. NOTA: Per l&#39;iniezione sottoretinica, il miglior angolo di attacco dell&#39;ago è di circa 45 gradi contro piano iris, e l&#39;ago smussato deve essere inserito posteriormente verso zona peripapillare. Piazza tratteggiata indica il percorso dell&#39;ago suggerito attraverso la cavità vitrea per la injectio sottoretinicon in figura 1. NOTA: Non ci sarà alcuna resistenza provato quando penetrante (o scomparsa) degli strati retinici in quanto sono molto morbidi. Così, la prima sensazione di resistenza lieve indica che l&#39;ago ha già accennato strato RPE e l&#39;inserimento dell&#39;ago deve essere fermato. Fare attenzione a non penetrare il tessuto sclerale con eccessiva pressione perché l&#39;ago deve essere posto in potenziale spazio sottoretinico. Se l&#39;ago perfora il tessuto sclerale dal potere eccessivo, entra negli spazi orbitali estrinseci senza caratteristiche di resistenza. (Questo passaggio è fondamentale) </li></ol><img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53030/53030fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1. Schema di iniezione sottoretinica. H &amp; E sezione macchiato dell&#39;occhio del mouse raffigurante le strutture con un percorso ago per l&#39;iniezione sottoretinica marcato (un quadrato tratteggiato). Ingrandimento: 40X, bar Scala:<html> 500 micron. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53030/53030fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Cliccate qui per vedere una versione più grande di questa figura.</a> <ol start="9"><li> Iniettare i vettori virali (ad esempio, 1 x 10 6 TU / mL) delicatamente nello spazio sottoretinico, senza tremori per evitare danni ai tessuti indesiderate e ritirare l&#39;ago delicatamente. Tenere il bulbo oculare saldamente durante l&#39;iniezione, come descritto al punto 2.4. </li><li> Osservare la formazione di bozza sottoretinico dopo l&#39;iniezione sotto microscopio operatorio per assicurarsi che non vi è alcun sanguinamento della retina. </li></ol><img alt="Figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53030/53030fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2. sottoretinico Belb Formazione senza retina emorragia. Vista al microscopio di belb sottoretinico dopo l&#39;iniezione sottoretinica al microscopio operatorio mostra formazione bozza successo senza emorragia retinica.m / files / ftp_upload / 53030 / 53030fig2large.jpg &quot;target =&quot; _ blank &quot;&gt; Clicca qui per vedere una versione più grande di questa figura. <ol start="11"><li> Chiudere delicatamente la palpebra per coprire il sito di iniezione per l&#39;auto-sigillatura. Riportare i topi per gabbia a casa e mantenere viva fino alla valutazione. Nota: Dopo che i ricercatori abituarsi alle procedure, si possono ottenere i risultati ripetibili con procedure rapide saltando questi passaggi (2,5, 6, e 10) </li></ol> 3. Valutazione della efficacia di consegna Gene in epitelio pigmentato retinico <ol start="1"><li> Sacrificare i topi nella camera di CO 2. Enucleate gli occhi con le forbici. </li><li> Fissare gli occhi nella soluzione di paraformaldeide al 4% a 4 ° C per almeno 1 ora a qualche giorno. </li><li> Afferra la cornea con una pinza sottile e forare la cornea con micro-forbici. Rimuovere la cornea dopo forbice lungo il limbus. Rimuovere l&#39;obiettivo con una pinza. </li><li> Tagliare il corpo ciliare con mICRO-forbici permettendo il distacco della retina. Tirare delicatamente tutta la retina dal / coroide complesso RPE / sclera. Tagliare il RPE / coroide / complesso sclerale radialmente dalla periferia al centro vicino ottica nervose diverse volte per assicurarsi 4-8 foglie per il montaggio piatto. </li><li> Capovolgere il RPE / coroide / complesso sclerale per rendere lato RPE giù, e tagliare tutti gli altri tessuti a lato sclerale compresi i muscoli, congiuntiva e nervo ottico. Questo passaggio è importante fare un piano RPE / coroide / complesso sclerale perché qualsiasi tessuto rimanente rende il complesso irregolare. </li><li> Incubare il complesso con l&#39;anticorpo primario e secondario per gli scopi di ricerca specifici (optional, vedere i riferimenti per i dettagli sui metodi). Flat-montare le RPE / coroide / complessi sclerali sul vetrino e assorbire il PBS con una spugna assorbente. </li><li> Aggiungere 30 ml di soluzione di montaggio e mettere il vetrino di copertura. Osservare il campione per l&#39;efficacia della consegna vettore sotto il microscopio fluoresceina. Conservare i campioni infrigorifero per ulteriori osservazioni. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Maguire, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Safety+and+efficacy+of+gene+transfer+for+Leber's+congenital+amaurosis.">Safety and efficacy of gene transfer for Leber's congenital amaurosis.</a> N Engl J Med. 358 (21), 2240-2248 (2008).</li><li>Jacobson, S. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+therapy+for+leber+congenital+amaurosis+caused+by+RPE65+mutations:+safety+and+efficacy+in+15+children+and+adults+followed+up+to+3+years.">Gene therapy for leber congenital amaurosis caused by RPE65 mutations: safety and efficacy in 15 children and adults followed up to 3 years.</a> Arch Ophthalmol. 130 (1), 9-24 (2012).</li><li>Conlon, T. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preclinical+potency+and+safety+studies+of+an+AAV2-mediated+gene+therapy+vector+for+the+treatment+of+MERTK+associated+retinitis+pigmentosa.">Preclinical potency and safety studies of an AAV2-mediated gene therapy vector for the treatment of MERTK associated retinitis pigmentosa.</a> Hum Gene Ther Clin Dev. 24 (1), 23-28 (2013).</li><li>MacLaren, R. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+gene+therapy+in+patients+with+choroideremia:+initial+findings+from+a+phase+1/2+clinical+trial.">Retinal gene therapy in patients with choroideremia: initial findings from a phase 1/2 clinical trial.</a> Lancet. 383 (9923), 1129-1137 (2014).</li><li>Trapani, I., Puppo, A., Auricchio, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vector+platforms+for+gene+therapy+of+inherited+retinopathies.">Vector platforms for gene therapy of inherited retinopathies.</a> Prog Retin Eye Res. 43, 108-128 (2014).</li><li>Liang, F. Q., Anand, V., Maguire, A. M., Bennett, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intraocular+delivery+of+recombinant+virus.">Intraocular delivery of recombinant virus.</a> Methods Mol Med. 47, 125-139 (2001).</li><li>Peyman, G. A., Lad, E. M., Moshfeghi, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravitreal+injection+of+therapeutic+agents.">Intravitreal injection of therapeutic agents.</a> Retina. 29 (7), 875-912 (2009).</li><li>Matsumoto, H., Miller, J. W., Vavvas, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+detachment+model+in+rodents+by+subretinal+injection+of+sodium+hyaluronate.">Retinal detachment model in rodents by subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate.</a> J Vis Exp. (79), (2013).</li><li>Wert, K. J., Skeie, J. M., Davis, R. J., Tsang, S. H., Mahajan, V. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subretinal+injection+of+gene+therapy+vectors+and+stem+cells+in+the+perinatal+mouse+eye.">Subretinal injection of gene therapy vectors and stem cells in the perinatal mouse eye.</a> J Vis Exp. (69), (2012).</li><li>Eberle, D., Santos-Ferreira, T., Grahl, S., Ader, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subretinal+transplantation+of+MACS+purified+photoreceptor+precursor+cells+into+the+adult+mouse+retina.">Subretinal transplantation of MACS purified photoreceptor precursor cells into the adult mouse retina.</a> J Vis Exp. (84), e50932 (2014).</li><li>Sahel, J. A., Roska, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+therapy+for+blindness.">Gene therapy for blindness.</a> Annu Rev Neurosci. 36, 467-488 (2013).</li><li>Allocca, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+adeno-associated+virus+serotypes+efficiently+transduce+murine+photoreceptors.">Novel adeno-associated virus serotypes efficiently transduce murine photoreceptors.</a> J Virol. 81 (20), 11372-11380 (2007).</li><li>Takahashi, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sustained+transduction+of+ocular+cells+with+a+bovine+immunodeficiency+viral+vector.">Sustained transduction of ocular cells with a bovine immunodeficiency viral vector.</a> Hum Gene Ther. 13 (11), 1305-1316 (2002).</li><li>Rolling, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+therapeutic+prospects+in+early+onset+of+severe+retinal+dystrophy:+restoration+of+vision+in+RPE65+Briard+dogs+using+an+AAV+serotype+4+vector+that+specifically+targets+the+retinal+pigmented+epithelium.">Gene therapeutic prospects in early onset of severe retinal dystrophy: restoration of vision in RPE65 Briard dogs using an AAV serotype 4 vector that specifically targets the retinal pigmented epithelium.</a> Bull Mem Acad R Med Belg. 161 (10-12), 497-508 (2006).</li><li>Le Meur, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Restoration+of+vision+in+RPE65-deficient+Briard+dogs+using+an+AAV+serotype+4+vector+that+specifically+targets+the+retinal+pigmented+epithelium.">Restoration of vision in RPE65-deficient Briard dogs using an AAV serotype 4 vector that specifically targets the retinal pigmented epithelium.</a> Gene Ther. 14 (4), 292-303 (2007).</li><li>Alexander, J. J., Hauswirth, W. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adeno-associated+viral+vectors+and+the+retina.">Adeno-associated viral vectors and the retina.</a> Adv Exp Med Biol. 613, 121-128 (2008).</li><li>Puche, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+and+environmental+factors+associated+with+reticular+pseudodrusen+in+age-related+macular+degeneration.">Genetic and environmental factors associated with reticular pseudodrusen in age-related macular degeneration.</a> Retina. 33 (5), 998-1004 (2013).</li><li>Campochiaro, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+transfer+for+neovascular+age-related+macular+degeneration.">Gene transfer for neovascular age-related macular degeneration.</a> Hum Gene Ther. 22 (5), 523-529 (2011).</li><li>Park, S. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracellular+amyloid+beta+alters+the+tight+junction+of+retinal+pigment+epithelium+in+5XFAD+mice.">Intracellular amyloid beta alters the tight junction of retinal pigment epithelium in 5XFAD mice.</a> Neurobiol Aging. 35 (9), 2013-2020 (2014).</li><li>Shin, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracellular+cleavage+of+amyloid+beta+by+a+viral+protease+NIa+prevents+amyloid+beta-mediated+cytotoxicity.">Intracellular cleavage of amyloid beta by a viral protease NIa prevents amyloid beta-mediated cytotoxicity.</a> PLoS One. 9 (6), e98650 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

In questo articolo il video, abbiamo descritto il limbare approccio tecnica di iniezione sottoretinica in dettaglio con risultati rappresentativi di RPE / coroide / sclerale flat-mount. Questa è una tecnica facile e conveniente per l&#39;iniezione sottoretinica di vettori virali in RPE. La visualizzazione diretta della formazione di bozza durante l&#39;iniezione è un passo importante per la consegna accurata per i principianti. Ci sono alcune tecniche di iniezione subretiniche introdotte nel Journal of Experiments Vis...

In oftalmologia, la terapia genica è emerso come la modalità di trattamento di retinopatie ereditarie monogeniche. Ci sono retinopatie ereditarie associate a geni in epitelio pigmentato retinico (RPE) compresi Leber amurosis congenita 1,2, retinite pigmentosa 3, e Coroideremia 4. Il campo di ricerca della terapia genica si sta espandendo in entrambi gli studi preclinici e sperimentazioni cliniche utilizzando vettori virali come il virus adeno -associated (AAV), lentivirus (LV) e adenovirus (Ad) 5. Vettori virali differenti hanno tropismo differente nella retina. Per una terapia genica efficace e sicuro, vettori virali devono essere attentamente selezionati secondo le cellule bersaglio e geni bersaglio. Il percorso di consegna del gene è importante anche per il trasferimento genico efficace per cellule bersaglio, quindi, deve essere scelta con attenzione pure. I due metodi più comuni per la consegna intraoculare di vettori virali sono subretiniezione inale e iniezione intravitreale 6. Quest&#39;ultimo, iniezione intravitreale, è stato ampiamente utilizzato per la somministrazione di farmaci per il trattamento di neovascolarizzazione coroidale bagnato degenerazione maculare legata all&#39;età (AMD) ed edema maculare nella retinopatia diabetica 7. Route intravitreale prevede l&#39;esposizione di vettori virali per vitreo e retina interna, ma la diffusione dei vettori di retina esterna è limitata. D&#39;altra parte, il percorso sottoretinico fornisce consegna diretta di vettori virali per lo spazio potenziale tra retina e RPE, inducendo una bozza localizzata. Pertanto, l&#39;iniezione sottoretinica attualmente è considerato un percorso più efficiente per il targeting cellule visive e RPE. In termini di approccio chirurgico, pars plana viene scelto come una zona sicura per l&#39;iniezione intravitreale per evitare danni alla retina in pazienti umani. Con la semplice modifica di questo approccio a topi, potremmo iniettare vettori virali subretinally o intravireally via approccio limbare. In questo videoarticolo, abbiamo dimostrato un metodo facile e conveniente di iniezione sottoretinica di vettori virali in topi RPE. Dopo singola puntura di posteriormente al limbus con 30 G 1/2 ago, un 33 ago G smussato siringa microlitro attrezzato si inserisce nello spazio sottoretinico attraverso il sito di puntura limbare. I vettori virali di 1,5-2 volumi microlitri vengono iniettati nello spazio potenziale tra retina e RPE indurre blebs subretiniche. Questa procedura può essere eseguita sotto visualizzazione diretta con microscopio chirurgico. Pratica ripetuta garantirà risultati replicabili anche senza la visualizzazione diretta della formazione bozza. Questo aiuterà i ricercatori a condurre esperimenti accurati e risparmio di tempo per la consegna del gene nei topi sottoretinico RPE.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>TWEEZERS DUMONT #5 11cm DUMOSTAR 0.1 x 0.06 mm TIPS</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>500233</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VANNAS Scissors S/S, 105mm</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>555583S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>33G Blunt needle</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>NF33BL-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NanoFil Syringe, 10 microliter&#160;</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>NANOFIL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPE-KIT</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>RPE-KIT</td>
			<td>For easy one hand injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30Gx1/2 (0.3mmx 13mm) BD PrecisionGlideTM Needle</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>305107</td>
			<td>Initial puncture for subretinal injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope Cover Glasses (No. 1 3 mm diameter)</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>64-0720&#160; (CS-3R)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica operating microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>LM M80</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluoresecein microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclipse 80i</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lentivirus</td>
			<td>Thermo scientific</td>
			<td>TMO.LV-Ctr</td>
			<td>Used to dilute vectors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10010-015</td>
			<td>Used to dilute vectors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Troperin (Phenylephrin 0.5%-Tropicamide 0.5%)</td>
			<td>Hanmi</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For dilation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proparacaine Hydrochloride Ophthalmic Solution USP, 0.5% (Sterile)</td>
			<td>Bausch&#38;Lomb</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For topical anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Healon GV OVD</td>
			<td>Abbott Medical Optics Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zoletil 50 (tiletamine hypochloride and zolazepam hypochloride)</td>
			<td>Virbac</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For general anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rompun&#174; injection (Xylazine HCl)</td>
			<td>Bayer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For general anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

limbal approach-subretinal injection of viral vectors for gene therapy in mice retinal pigment epithelium

The eye is a small and enclosed organ which makes it an ideal target for gene therapy. Recently various strategies have been applied to gene therapy in retinopathies using non-viral and viral gene delivery to the retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Subretinal injection is the best approach to deliver viral vectors directly to RPE cells. Before the clinical trial of a gene therapy, it is inevitable to validate the efficacy of the therapy in animal models of various retinopathies. Thus, subretinal injection in mice becomes a fundamental technique for an ocular gene therapy. In this protocol, we provide the easy and replicable technique for subretinal injection of viral vectors to experimental mice. This technique is modified from the intravitreal injection, which is widely used technique in ophthalmology clinics. The representative results of RPE/choroid/scleral complex flat-mount will help to understand the efficacy of this technique and adjust the volume and titer of viral vectors for the extent of gene transduction.

Per valutare l&#39;efficacia dell&#39;iniezione sottoretinica sulla trasduzione genica virale da questo protocollo, abbiamo utilizzato in commercio vettori LV con CMV promoter esprime sia GFP e RFP per l&#39;indicatore. Gli occhi sono stati enucleato dopo il periodo di tempo appropriato in base allo scopo di ricerca. Per i risultati rappresentativi, gli occhi sono stati enucleati 10 settimane e 20 settimane dopo l&#39;iniezione sottoretinica. Dopo la rimozione completa della retina con il metodo sopra descritto, l&#39;a...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Limbal Approach-Subretinal Injection of Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy in Mice Retinal Pigment Epithelium at JoVE.com

Limbal Approach-Subretinal Injection of Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy in Mice Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Subretinal injection is a surgical technique for effective gene delivery to retinal pigment epithelium in the mouse eye. Here we describe an easy and replicable method for subretinal injection of viral vectors to retinal pigment epithelium in experimental mice.

Limbare Approccio-sottoretinico iniezione di vettori virali per la terapia genica nei topi retina epitelio pigmentato

The eye is a small and enclosed organ which makes it an ideal target for gene therapy. Recently various strategies have been applied to gene therapy in ...

limbal-approach-subretinal-injection-viral-vectors-for-gene-therapy

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

20.9K Views.  Seoul National University College of Medicine. Subretinal injection is a surgical technique for effective gene delivery to retinal pigment epithelium in the mouse eye. Here we describe an easy and replicable method for subretinal injection of viral vectors to retinal pigment epithelium in experimental mice.

Video: Limbal Approach-Subretinal Injection of Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy in Mice Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Experimental Models for Study of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Physiology and Pathophysiology

We have developed a cell culture procedure that can produce large quantities of confluent monolayers of primary human fetal retinal pigment epithelium (hfRPE) cultures with morphological, physiological and genetic characteristics of native human RPE. These hfRPE cell cultures exhibit heavy pigmentation, and electron microscopy show extensive apical membrane microvilli. The junctional complexes were identified with immunofluorescence labeling of various tight junction proteins. Epithelial polarity and function of these easily reproducible primary cultures closely resemble previously studied mammalian models of native RPE, including human. These results were extended by the development of therapeutic interventions in several animal models of human eye disease. We have focused on strategies for the removal of abnormal fluid accumulation in the retina or subretinal space. The extracellular subretinal space separates the photoreceptor outer segments and the apical membrane of the RPE and is critical for maintenance of retinal attachments and a whole host of RPE/retina interactions.

We provide a reproducible method for culturing confluent monolayers of human fetal retinal pigment epithelial cells (hfRPE) cells that exhibit morphology, physiology, polarity, and protein and gene expression patterns of adult native tissue. This work has been extended to an animal model of several eye diseases.

Modelli sperimentali per lo Studio di Fisiologia dell&#39;epitelio pigmentato retinico e fisiopatologia

We have developed a cell culture procedure that can produce large quantities of confluent monolayers of primary human fetal retinal pigment epithelium ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

Intracranial Injection of Adeno-associated Viral Vectors

Intracranial injection of viral vectors engineered to express a fluorescent protein is a versatile labeling technique for visualization of specific subsets of cells in different brain regions both in vivo and in brain sections. Unlike the injection of fluorescent dyes, viral labeling offers targeting of individual cell types and is less expensive and time consuming than establishing transgenic mouse lines. In this technique, an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector is injected intracranially using stereotaxic coordinates, a micropipette and an automated pump for precise delivery of AAV to the desired area with minimal damage to the surrounding tissue. Injection parameters can be tailored to individual experiments by adjusting the animal age at injection, injection location, volume of injection, rate of injection, AAV serotype and the promoter driving gene expression. Depending on the conditions chosen, virally-induced transgene expression can allow visualization of groups of cells, individual cells or fine cellular processes, down to the level of dendritic spines. The experiment shown here depicts an injection of double-stranded AAV expressing green fluorescent protein for the labeling of neurons and glia in the mouse primary visual cortex.

Here we present the intracranial injection of AAV vectors for fluorescent labeling of neurons and glia in the visual cortex.

Iniezione intracranica di adeno-associato vettori virali

Intracranial injection of viral vectors engineered to express a fluorescent protein is a versatile labeling technique for visualization of specific ...

Dissection of a Mouse Eye for a Whole Mount of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lies at the back of the mammalian eye, just under the neural retina, which contains the photoreceptors (rods and cones). The RPE is a monolayer of pigmented cuboidal cells and associates closely with the neural retina just above it. This association makes the RPE of great interest to researchers studying retinal diseases. The RPE is also the site of an in vivo assay of homology-directed DNA repair, the pun assay. The mouse eye is particularly difficult to dissect due to its small size (about 3.5mm in diameter) and its spherical shape. This article demonstrates in detail a procedure for dissection of the eye resulting in a whole mount of the RPE. In this procedure, we show how to work with, rather than against, the spherical structure of the eye. Briefly, the connective tissue, muscle, and optic nerve are removed from the back of the eye. Then, the cornea and lens are removed. Next, strategic cuts are made that result in significant flattening of the remaining tissue. Finally, the neural retina is gently lifted off, revealing an intact RPE, which is still attached to the underlying choroid and sclera. This whole mount can be used to perform the pun assay or for immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescent assessment of the RPE tissue.

A formal demonstration of the dissection of a mouse eye, resulting in a whole mount of the retinal pigment epithelium.

Dissezione di un occhio mouse per un monte intero di dell&#39;epitelio pigmentato retinico

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lies at the back of the mammalian eye, just under the neural retina, which contains the photoreceptors (rods and ...

Stereotaxic Injection of a Viral Vector for Conditional Gene Manipulation in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Intraparenchymal injection of a viral vector enables conditional gene manipulation in distinct populations of neurons or particular regions of the central nervous system. We demonstrate a stereotaxic injection technique that allows targeted gene expression or silencing in the dorsal horn of the mouse spinal cord. The surgical procedure is brief. It requires laminectomy of a single vertebra, providing for quick recovery of the animal and unimpaired motility of the spine. Controlled injection of a small vector suspension volume at low speed and use of a microsyringe with beveled glass cannula minimize the tissue lesion. The local immune response to the vector depends on the intrinsic properties of the virus employed; in our experience, it is minor and short-lived when a recombinant adeno-associated virus is used. A reporter gene such as enhanced green fluorescent protein facilitates monitoring spatial distribution of the vector, and the efficacy and cellular specificity of the transfection.

Viral vectors allow for targeted gene manipulation. We demonstrate a method for conditional gene expression or ablation in the mouse spinal cord, using stereotaxic injection of a viral vector into the dorsal horn, a prominent site of synaptic contact between primary somatosensory afferents and neurons of the central nervous system.

Iniezione stereotassica di un vettore virale per la manipolazione del gene condizionale nel midollo spinale del mouse

Intraparenchymal injection of a viral vector enables conditional gene manipulation in distinct populations of neurons or particular regions of the central ...

Intracerebroventricular Viral Injection of the Neonatal Mouse Brain for Persistent and Widespread Neuronal Transduction

With the pace of scientific advancement accelerating rapidly, new methods are needed for experimental neuroscience to quickly and easily manipulate gene expression in the mouse brain. Here we describe a technique first introduced by Passini and Wolfe for direct intracranial delivery of virally-encoded transgenes into the neonatal mouse brain. In its most basic form, the procedure requires only an ice bucket and a microliter syringe. However, the protocol can also be adapted for use with stereotaxic frames to improve consistency for researchers new to the technique. The method relies on the ability of adeno-associated virus (AAV) to move freely from the cerebral ventricles into the brain parenchyma while the ependymal lining is still immature during the first 12-24 hr after birth. Intraventricular injection of AAV at this age results in widespread transduction of neurons throughout the brain. Expression begins within days of injection and persists for the lifetime of the animal. Viral titer can be adjusted to control the density of transduced neurons, while co-expression of a fluorescent protein provides a vital label of transduced cells. With the rising availability of viral core facilities to provide both off-the-shelf, pre-packaged reagents and custom viral preparation, this approach offers a timely method for manipulating gene expression in the mouse brain that is fast, easy, and far less expensive than traditional germline engineering.

Here we demonstrate a technique for widespread neuronal transduction by intraventricular injection of adeno-associated virus into the neonatal mouse brain. This method provides a rapid and easy way to attain lifelong expression of virally-delivered transgenes.

Intracerebroventricular Iniezione virale del cervello neonatale mouse per persistente e diffusa trasduzione neuronale

With the pace of scientific advancement accelerating rapidly, new methods are needed for experimental neuroscience to quickly and easily manipulate gene ...

A Protocol for Transcranial Photobiomodulation Therapy in Mice

Transcranial photobiomodulation is a potential innovative noninvasive therapeutic approach for improving brain bioenergetics, brain function in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, and memory enhancement in age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. We describe a laboratory protocol for transcranial photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in mice. Aged BALB/c mice (18 months old) are treated with a 660 nm laser transcranially, once daily for 2 weeks. Laser transmittance data shows that approximately 1% of the incident red light on the scalp reaches a 1 mm depth from the cortical surface, penetrating the dorsal hippocampus. Treatment outcomes are assessed by two methods: a Barnes maze test, which is a hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory task evaluation, and measuring hippocampal ATP levels, which is used as a bioenergetics index. The results from the Barnes task show an enhancement of the spatial memory in laser-treated aged mice when compared with age-matched controls. Biochemical analysis after laser treatment indicates increased hippocampal ATP levels. We postulate that the enhancement of memory performance is potentially due to an improvement in hippocampal energy metabolism induced by the red laser treatment. The observations in mice could be extended to other animal models since this protocol could potentially be adapted to other species frequently used in translational neuroscience, such as rabbit, cat, dog, or monkey. Transcranial photobiomodulation is a safe and cost-effective modality which may be a promising therapeutic approach in age-related cognitive impairment.

Photobiomodulation therapy is an innovative noninvasive modality for the treatment of a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders and can also improve healthy brain function. This protocol includes a step-by-step guide to performing brain photobiomodulation in mice by transcranial light delivery, which can be adapted for use in other laboratory rodents.

Un protocollo per la terapia di fotobiomodulazione Transcranial in topi

Transcranial photobiomodulation is a potential innovative noninvasive therapeutic approach for improving brain bioenergetics, brain function in a wide ...

In Vivo Direct Reprogramming of Resident Glial Cells into Interneurons by Intracerebral Injection of Viral Vectors

Converting resident glia in the brain into functional and subtype-specific neurons in vivo provides a step forward towards the development of alternative cell replacement therapies while also creating tools to study cell fate in situ. To date, it has been possible to obtain neurons via in vivo reprogramming, but the precise phenotype of these neurons or how they mature has not been analyzed in detail. In this protocol, we describe a more efficient conversion and cell-specific identification of the in vivo reprogrammed neurons, using an AAV-based viral vector system. We also provide a protocol for functional assessment of the reprogrammed cells&#8217; neuronal maturation. By injecting flip-excision (FLEX) vectors, containing the reprogramming and synapsin-driven reporter genes&#160;to specific cell types in the brain that serve as the target for cell reprogramming. This technique allows for the easy identification of newly reprogrammed neurons. Results show that the obtained reprogrammed neurons functionally mature over time, receive synaptic contacts and show electrophysiological properties of different types of interneurons. Using the transcription factors Ascl1, Lmx1a and Nurr1, the majority of the reprogrammed cells have properties of fast-spiking, parvalbumin-containing interneurons.

This protocol aims at generating directly reprogrammed interneurons in vivo, using an AAV-based viral system in the brain and a FLEX synapsin-driven GFP reporter, which allows for cell identification and further analysis in vivo.

Riprogrammazione diretta in vivo delle cellule gliali residenti negli interneuroni mediante iniezione intracerebrale di vettori virali

Converting resident glia in the brain into functional and subtype-specific neurons in vivo provides a step forward towards the development of alternative ...

Long-Term, Serum-Free Cultivation of Organotypic Mouse Retina Explants with Intact Retinal Pigment Epithelium

In ophthalmic research, there is a strong need for in vitro models of the neuroretina. Here, we present a detailed protocol for organotypic culturing of the mouse neuroretina&#160;with intact retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Depending on the research question, retinas can be isolated from wild-type animals or from disease models, to study, for instance, diabetic retinopathy or hereditary retinal degeneration. Eyes from early postnatal day 2&#8211;9 animals are enucleated under aseptic conditions. They are partially digested in proteinase K to allow for a detachment of the choroid from the RPE. Under the stereoscope, a small incision is made in the cornea creating two edges from where the choroid and sclera can be gently peeled off from the RPE and neuroretina. The lens is then removed, and the eyecup is cut in four points to give it a four-wedged shape resembling a clover leaf. The tissue is finally transferred in a hanging drop into a cell culture insert holding a polycarbonate culturing membrane. The cultures are then maintained in R16 medium, without serum or antibiotics, under entirely defined conditions, with a medium change every second day.
The procedure described enables the isolation of the retina and the preservation of its normal physiological and histotypic context for culturing periods of at least 2 weeks. These features make organotypic retinal explant cultures an excellent model with high predictive value, for studies into retinal development, disease mechanisms, and electrophysiology, while also enabling pharmacological screening.

The protocol describes organotypic explants of mouse neuroretina, cultivated together with its retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), in R16 defined medium, free of serum and antibiotics. This method is relatively simple to perform, less expensive, and time-consuming when compared to in vivo experiments, and can be adapted to numerous experimental applications.

Coltivazione a lungo termine e priva di siero di estipe di retina di topo organotipico con epitelio pigmentato retinico intatto

In ophthalmic research, there is a strong need for in vitro models of the neuroretina. Here, we present a detailed protocol for organotypic culturing of ...

Viral Construct (AAV) Injection in Mouse Superior Colliculus for Calcium Imaging

Begin by securing the anesthetized mouse onto a stereotaxic frame with ear bars. Apply ophthalmic ointment on the mouse's eyes to prevent drying, and maintain the body temperature of the mouse at 37 degrees Celsius with a thermostatic heating pad. After shaving the fur and sterilizing the surgical site, inject lidocaine, tilidine, and meloxicam.Once the skin over the SC is removed, clean the skull with a cotton swab. Adjust the stereotaxic frame until the skull surface is flat. Using a drill, create a whole 0.5 millimeter lateral, and 0.42 millimeter anterior to the lambda, until the dura is exposed.Inject an adeno-associated virus, or AAV, expressing GCaMP6m, at depths of one millimeter and 1.6 millimeters from the Lambda using a beveled glass micro-pipette. After the injection, slowly withdraw the injector and proceed with the implantation of the head plate.

Iniezione di costrutto virale (AAV) nel collicolo superiore del topo per l'imaging del calcio

Somministrazione di AAV9 con puntura lombare in ratti giovani per la terapia genica del SNC

Intrathecal Vector Delivery in Juvenile Rats via Lumbar Cistern Injection

Gene therapy is a powerful technology to deliver new genes to a patient for the treatment of disease, be it to introduce a functional gene, inactivate a toxic gene, or provide a gene whose product can modulate the biology of the disease. The delivery method for the therapeutic vector can take many forms, ranging from intravenous infusion for systemic delivery to direct injection into the target tissue. For neurodegenerative disorders, it is often desirable to skew transduction towards the brain and/or spinal cord. The least invasive approach to target the entire central nervous system involves injection into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), allowing the therapeutic to reach a large fraction of the central nervous system. The safest approach to deliver a vector into the CSF is the lumbar intrathecal injection, where a needle is introduced into the lumbar cistern of the spinal cord. This technique, also known as a lumbar puncture, has been widely used in neonatal and adult rodents and in large animal models. While the technique is similar across species and developmental stages, subtle differences in size, structure, and elasticity of tissues surrounding the intrathecal space require accommodations in the approach. This article describes a method for performing lumbar puncture in juvenile rats to deliver an adeno-associated serotype 9 vector. Here, 25-35 &#181;L of vector were injected into the lumbar cistern, and a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter was used to evaluate the transduction profile resulting from each injection. The benefits and challenges of this approach are discussed.

Autore in primo piano: Valutazione dell'efficacia della terapia genica intratecale nei ratti giovani

A surgical procedure is described to perform injections into the lumbar cistern of the juvenile rat. This approach has been used for the intrathecal delivery of gene therapy vectors, but it is anticipated that this approach can be used for a variety of therapeutics, including cells and drugs.

Somministrazione intratecale di vettori in ratti giovani tramite iniezione nella cisterna lombare

Gene therapy is a powerful technology to deliver new genes to a patient for the treatment of disease, be it to introduce a functional gene, inactivate a ...