Name: isolation of type i and type ii pericytes from mouse skeletal muscles
Uploaded: 2017-05-26T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Type I and Type II Pericytes from Mouse Skeletal Muscles at JoVE.com

This work was partially supported by a Fund-A-Fellow grant from the Myotonic Dystrophy Foundation (MDF-FF-2014-0013) and the Scientist Development Grant from the American Heart Association (16SDG29320001).

Wildtype and Nestin-GFP transgenic mice were housed in the animal facility at the University of Minnesota. All experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Minnesota and were in accordance with the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
1. Muscle Dissection and Single-cell Isolation
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	<li>Euthanize adult mice (6-10 weeks, both male and female) with tribromoethanol (250 mg/kg, i.p.) and sterilize their abdomen...

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	<li>Rennert, R. C., Sorkin, M., Garg, R. K., Gurtner, G. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem+cell+recruitment+after+injury:+lessons+for+regenerative+medicine.">Stem cell recruitment after injury: lessons for regenerative medicine.</a> Regenerative medicine. 7 (6), 833-850 (2012).</li><li>Sambasivan, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pax7-expressing+satellite+cells+are+indispensable+for+adult+skeletal+muscle+regeneration.">Pax7-expressing satellite cells are indispensable for adult skeletal muscle regeneration.</a> Development. 138 (17), 3647-3656 (2011).</li><li>Relaix, F., Zammit, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Satellite+cells+are+essential+for+skeletal+muscle+regeneration:+the+cell+on+the+edge+returns+centre+stage.">Satellite cells are essential for skeletal muscle regeneration: the cell on the edge returns centre stage.</a> Development. 139 (16), 2845-2856 (2012).</li><li>von Maltzahn, J., Jones, A. E., Parks, R. J., Rudnicki, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pax7+is+critical+for+the+normal+function+of+satellite+cells+in+adult+skeletal+muscle.">Pax7 is critical for the normal function of satellite cells in adult skeletal muscle.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 110 (41), 16474-16479 (2013).</li><li>Lepper, C., Partridge, T. A., Fan, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+absolute+requirement+for+Pax7-positive+satellite+cells+in+acute+injury-induced+skeletal+muscle+regeneration.">An absolute requirement for Pax7-positive satellite cells in acute injury-induced skeletal muscle regeneration.</a> Development. 138 (17), 3639-3646 (2011).</li><li>Kuang, S., Charge, S. B., Seale, P., Huh, M., Rudnicki, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+roles+for+Pax7+and+Pax3+in+adult+regenerative+myogenesis.">Distinct roles for Pax7 and Pax3 in adult regenerative myogenesis.</a> J Cell Biol. 172 (1), 103-113 (2006).</li><li>Murphy, M. M., Lawson, J. A., Mathew, S. J., Hutcheson, D. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myogenic+specification+of+side+population+cells+in+skeletal+muscle.">Myogenic specification of side population cells in skeletal muscle.</a> J Cell Biol. 159 (1), 123-134 (2002).</li><li>Tamaki, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skeletal+muscle-derived+CD34+/45-+and+CD34-/45-+stem+cells+are+situated+hierarchically+upstream+of+Pax7++cells.">Skeletal muscle-derived CD34+/45- and CD34-/45- stem cells are situated hierarchically upstream of Pax7+ cells.</a> Stem Cells Dev. 17 (4), 653-667 (2008).</li><li>Dellavalle, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pericytes+resident+in+postnatal+skeletal+muscle+differentiate+into+muscle+fibres+and+generate+satellite+cells.">Pericytes resident in postnatal skeletal muscle differentiate into muscle fibres and generate satellite cells.</a> Nat Commun. 2, 499 (2011).</li><li>Mitchell, K. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+characterization+of+a+non-satellite+cell+muscle+resident+progenitor+during+postnatal+development.">Identification and characterization of a non-satellite cell muscle resident progenitor during postnatal development.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 12 (3), 257-266 (2010).</li><li>Pannerec, A., Formicola, L., Besson, V., Marazzi, G., Sassoon, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defining+skeletal+muscle+resident+progenitors+and+their+cell+fate+potentials.">Defining skeletal muscle resident progenitors and their cell fate potentials.</a> Development. 140 (14), 2879-2891 (2013).</li><li>Dellavalle, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pericytes+of+human+skeletal+muscle+are+myogenic+precursors+distinct+from+satellite+cells.">Pericytes of human skeletal muscle are myogenic precursors distinct from satellite cells.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 9 (3), 255-267 (2007).</li><li>Kostallari, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pericytes+in+the+myovascular+niche+promote+post-natal+myofiber+growth+and+satellite+cell+quiescence.">Pericytes in the myovascular niche promote post-natal myofiber growth and satellite cell quiescence.</a> Development. 142 (7), 1242-1253 (2015).</li><li>Birbrair, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+pericytes+in+skeletal+muscle+regeneration+and+fat+accumulation.">Role of pericytes in skeletal muscle regeneration and fat accumulation.</a> Stem Cells Dev. 22 (16), 2298-2314 (2013).</li><li>Yao, Y., Norris, E. H., Mason, C. E., Strickland, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laminin+regulates+PDGFRbeta(+)+cell+stemness+and+muscle+development.">Laminin regulates PDGFRbeta(+) cell stemness and muscle development.</a> Nat Commun. 7, 11415 (2016).</li><li>Armulik, A., Genove, G., Betsholtz, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pericytes:+developmental,+physiological,+and+pathological+perspectives,+problems,+and+promises.">Pericytes: developmental, physiological, and pathological perspectives, problems, and promises.</a> Dev Cell. 21 (2), 193-215 (2011).</li><li>Dore-Duffy, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pericytes:+pluripotent+cells+of+the+blood+brain+barrier.">Pericytes: pluripotent cells of the blood brain barrier.</a> Curr Pharm Des. 14 (16), 1581-1593 (2008).</li><li>Dore-Duffy, P., Katychev, A., Wang, X., Van Buren, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CNS+microvascular+pericytes+exhibit+multipotential+stem+cell+activity.">CNS microvascular pericytes exhibit multipotential stem cell activity.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 26 (5), 613-624 (2006).</li><li>Birbrair, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skeletal+muscle+pericyte+subtypes+differ+in+their+differentiation+potential.">Skeletal muscle pericyte subtypes differ in their differentiation potential.</a> Stem Cell Res. 10 (1), 67-84 (2013).</li><li>Gautam, J., Nirwane, A., Yao, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laminin+differentially+regulates+the+stemness+of+type+I+and+type+II+pericytes.">Laminin differentially regulates the stemness of type I and type II pericytes.</a> Stem Cell Research &amp; Therapy. 8 (1), 28 (2017).</li><li>Birbrair, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pericytes:+multitasking+cells+in+the+regeneration+of+injured,+diseased,+and+aged+skeletal+muscle.">Pericytes: multitasking cells in the regeneration of injured, diseased, and aged skeletal muscle.</a> Front Aging Neurosci. 6, 245 (2014).</li></ol>

Pericytes are multipotent perivascular cells22,23 located on the abluminal surface of capillaries21,26. In skeletal muscles, pericytes are able to differentiate along the adipogenic and/or myogenic pathways19,20,24. Recent studies revealed two subpopulations of pericytes, with different marker expression and dist...

Muscular dystrophy is a muscle-degenerative disorder that has no effective treatments so far. The development of therapies that promote tissue regeneration has always been of great interest. Tissue regeneration and repair after damage depend on resident stem cells/progenitor cells1. Satellite cells are committed myogenic precursor cells that contribute to muscle regeneration2,3,4,5,6,7. Their clinical use, however, is hampered by their limited migration and low survival rate after injection, as well as by their decreased differentiation capability after in vitro amplification8,9,10,11. In addition to satellite cells, skeletal muscles also contain many other cell populations with myogenic potential12,13,14,15,16, such as platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta (PDGFR&#946;)-positive interstitial cells. There is evidence showing that muscle-derived PDGFR&#946;+ cells are able to differentiate into myogenic cells and improve muscle pathology and function14,17,18,19,20. PDGFR&#946; predominantly labels pericytes21, which are perivascular cells with pluripotency22,23. In addition to PDGFR&#946;, many other markers, including Neuron-Glial 2 (NG2) and CD146, are also used to identify pericytes21. It should be noted, however, that none of these markers is pericyte-specific21. Recent studies revealed two subtypes of muscle pericytes, called type I and type II, which express different molecular markers and carry out distinct functions19,24,25. Biochemically, type I pericytes are NG2+Nestin-, while type II pericytes are NG2+Nestin+19,24. Functionally, type I pericytes can undergo adipogenic differentiation, contributing to fat accumulation and/or fibrosis, whereas type II pericytes can differentiate along the myogenic pathway, contributing to muscle regeneration19,24,25. These results demonstrate that: (1) type I pericytes may be targeted in the treatment of fatty degenerative disorders/fibrosis, and (2) type II pericytes have great therapeutic potential for muscular dystrophy. Further investigation and characterization of these populations require an isolation protocol that enables the separation of type I and type II pericytes at a high level of purity.
Currently, the isolation of pericyte subpopulations relies on NG2-DsRed and Nestin-GFP double-transgenic mice19,24. The availability of NG2-DsRed mice and the quality of most NG2 antibodies limit the widespread use of this method. Given that all NG2+ pericytes also express PDGFR&#946; in skeletal muscles19,20,24, we hypothesize that NG2 can be replaced by PDGFR&#946; for the isolation of pericytes and their subpopulations. This work describes a FACS-based protocol that uses PDGFR&#946; staining and the Nestin-GFP signal. This method is less demanding for investigators because: (1) it does not require the NG2-DsRed background and (2) it uses commercially available PDGFR&#946; antibodies, which are well-characterized. In addition, it enables the simultaneous isolation of type I and type II pericytes at high purity, allowing for further investigation into the biology and therapeutic potential of these pericyte subpopulations. Following purification, these cells can be grown in culture, and their morphologies can be visualized. This work also shows that type I and type II pericytes isolated using this method, like those purified from double-transgenic mice, are adipogenic and myogenic, respectively.

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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">DMEM</td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">Pericyte Growth Medium</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">ScienCell</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">1201</td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">MSC Basal Medium (Mouse)</td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">16000</td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">Horse Serum</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">H1270</td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">Collagenase Type 2</td>
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			<td style="width:133px;">LS004176</td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">0.25% Trypsin/EDTA&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">25200</td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">15140</td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">PDGFR&#946;-PE Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">12-1402</td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">Perilipin Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">P1998</td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">S-Myosin Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">DSHB</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">MF-20</td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">Alexa 555-anti-rabbit antibody&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">A-31572</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">Alexa 555-anti-mouse antibody</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">A-31570</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">Mounting Medium with DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">H-1200</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">D1306</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">15630</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">BP120</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">A2058</td>
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			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:311px;">NH4Cl</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">A661</td>
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			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:311px;">KHCO3</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">P184</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">14190</td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">18G Needles</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">305196</td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:311px;">10ml Serological Pipette</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">357551</td>
			<td></td>
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isolation of type i and type ii pericytes from mouse skeletal muscles

Pericytes are perivascular multipotent cells that show heterogeneity in different organs or even within the same tissue. In skeletal muscles, there are at least two pericyte subpopulations (called type I and type II), which express different molecular markers and have distinct differentiation capabilities. Using NG2-DsRed and Nestin-GFP double-transgenic mice, type I (NG2-DsRed+Nestin-GFP-) and type II (NG2-DsRed+Nestin-GFP+) pericytes have been successfully isolated. However, the availability of these double-transgenic mice prevents the widespread use of this purification method. This work describes an alternative protocol that allows for the easy and simultaneous isolation of type I and type II pericytes from skeletal muscles. This protocol utilizes the fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) technique and targets PDGFR&#946;, rather than NG2, together with the Nestin-GFP signal. Following isolation, type I and type II pericytes show distinct morphologies. In addition, type I and type II pericytes isolated with this new method, like those isolated from the double-transgenic mice, are adipogenic and myogenic, respectively. These results suggest that this protocol can be used to isolate pericyte subpopulations from skeletal muscles and possibly from other tissues.

FACS parameters, including laser intensity and channel compensation, are corrected based on the results of unstained control and single-color controls. The PDGFR&#946;-PE-FMO control is used to set the gating for the PDGFR&#946;-PE+ population (Figure 1A). Among the PDGFR&#946;-PE- cells, two populations representing Nestin-GFP+ and Nestin-GFP- cells are clearly separated (Figure 1A). G...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Type I and Type II Pericytes from Mouse Skeletal Muscles at JoVE.com

Isolation of Type I and Type II Pericytes from Mouse Skeletal Muscles

This work describes a FACS-based protocol that allows for easy and simultaneous isolation of type I and type II pericytes from skeletal muscles.

Pericytes are perivascular multipotent cells that show heterogeneity in different organs or even within the same tissue. In skeletal muscles, there are at ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to isolate sub-populations of pericytes from skeletal muscles using FACS. This method can help answer chief questions in the field of pericyte biology, such as what is the biological difference between type I and type II pericytes? The main advantage of this protocol is that it allows simultaneous isolation of type I and type II pericytes without use of NG2 dsRED transgene.The applications of this protocol are not limited to skeletal muscles. It may also be used to isolate pericytes from other organs, such as the brain. To begin, first obtain the desired tissue from a nestin-GFP transgenic mouse, and then wash the tissue twice in ice-cold PBS containing antibiotics.Then transfer the samples to a sterile 10-centimeter plate. Next, using sterile scissors and blades, cut the muscles into fine pieces of one to two millimeters cubed. If needed, add a small amount of DMEM to prevent the tissue from drying out.Pipette the tissue up and down through a 10-millimeter serological pipette to disrupt it mechanically. Then, add fresh digestion solution, DMEM supplemented with 0.2%Type 2 collagenase, to the mixture, and incubate the sample at 37 degrees Celsius for two hours at 35 RPM. Following two hours of incubation, titrate the mixture with an 18-gauge needle and centrifuge the resulting suspension at 500 x g for five minutes.Then, re-suspend the pellet in 0.25%trypsin-EDTA and incubate the sample at 37 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes. Next, add 10 milliliters of DMEM supplemented with 20%FBS, and centrifuge the sample at 500 x g for five minutes. Once pelleted, re-suspend the cells in 10 milliliters of red blood cell lysis buffer and spin the suspension at 500 x g for five minutes.Discard the supernatant and re-suspend the pellet in 10 milliliters of sorting buffer. Then, filter the mixture through a 40-micrometer cell strainer, and centrifuge the obtained single-cell suspension at 500 x g for five minutes once more. Re-suspend the pelleted cells in one milliliter of sorting buffer, count them with the hemocytometer, and further dilute to obtain the suspension of five times 10 to the sixth cells per milliliter.Prior to cell sorting, prepare controls and stain the samples as described in the text protocol. Turn on the sorter and the software, and when asked, scan and insert a 100-micron sorting chip. Then, load automatic setup beads to perform an automatic setup.Once the automatic setup is completed, open the Experiment tab, and click on Blank Template. Next, in Measurement Settings, enter DAPI for FL1, Nestin-GFP for FL2, and PDGFR-beta for FL3, and uncheck the boxes for the remaining channels. Activate 405, 488, and 561 lasers, and click on Create New Experiment.Then, click on the Start Compensation Wizard option, and follow the Compensation Wizard software commands. After loading the unstained control, click on Start, and select Detector Threshold Settings to set the sensor gain of the FSC and BSC detectors, and to visualize the population on the scale. Adjust the gain levels of the fluorescence channels to position the negative population on the left side of the histogram, and record data by clicking the Record button.When asked by the software, load the single-color control, and record data by clicking Start and Record. Then, gate positive population in the histogram and click Next. To perform compensation, open Compensation tab, select Calculate Matrix, then open Calculate Compensation Settings panel and click Calculate.Once the calculation is completed, click Finish to close the Compensation Wizard. Now that the compensation has been performed, load the FMO control for PDGFR-beta staining. Click Start.In the All Events plot, double-click on Gate A to generate a daughter population plot. Then, assign y-axis of the daughter plot to DAPI, and draw Gate B comprising only viable cells. After creating another daughter plot, assign its x-axis to FSC-H, and y-axis to FSC-W, and draw Gate C around the population of single cells.For Gate C, generate a daughter plot of PDGFR-beta versus Nestin-GFP. Then, click the Record button to record data. Finally, load the sample, record the data, and then click on Pause to preserve the sample.Set the gating boundaries for PDGFR-beta positive and Nestin-GFP positive cells, and create gates for Type I and Type II pericytes populations. Here shows the gating boundaries for Type I and Type II pericytes in PDGFR-beta-PE-FMO Control. In the Sorting Method tab, select Two Way Tubes and assign type I and type II pericytes to the left and right collecting tubes.Place 15-milliliter collecting tubes pre-filled with five milliliters of sorting buffer on the collection stage, and click the Load Collection button. Click the Resume button to run the sample, and Start Sort to collect the cells. Once sorted, centrifuge the cells at 500 x g for five minutes.Re-suspend the resulting pellet in one milliliter of pericyte medium, and count the cells in a hemocytometer. Seed pericytes of both types in a 24-well plate containing coverslips pre-coated with poly-D-lysine at a density of approximately one times 10 to the fourth cells per centimeter squared. Culture the cells in 0.5 milliliters of pericyte medium for three days at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide.After 3 days of incubation, examine pericyte morphology, and, under a fluorescent microscope, assess their endogenous expression of nestin GFP. Then, replace the pericyte medium with 0.5 milliliters of adipogenic or myogenic medium to initiate cell differentiation. Change the medium every two to three days.After 14 days of differentiation, stain the pericytes to visualize perilipin and s-myosin and image the cells under the fluorescent microscope. Presented here are microscopic images of type I and type II pericytes that, following the isolation, were grown in pericyte medium for three days. Type I pericytes were characterized by the round cell bodies with short projections and lack of the endogenous GFP expression.Type II pericytes had small cell bodies with long and thin processes, and had shown endogenous GFP expression. When both cell types were cultured in a dipogenic medium, type I pericytes differentiated into adipocytes, as evidenced by the pronounced expression of an adipocyte marker, perilipin. On the contrary, Type II pericytes did not respond to a dipogenic differentiation.Finally, pericytes of both types revealed distinct responses to myogenic medium. Type I pericytes did not undergo differentiation into myocytes, while type II pericytes formed myotubes, as evidenced by s-myosin-positive staining, confirming their myogenic activity. While attempting this procedure, it's important to include FMO controls to determine the gating boundaries.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to isolate type I and type II pericytes from skeletal muscle by fluorescence-activated cell sorting.

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Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Isolation and Quantitative Immunocytochemical Characterization of Primary Myogenic Cells and Fibroblasts from Human Skeletal Muscle

The repair and regeneration of skeletal muscle requires the action of satellite cells, which are the resident muscle stem cells. These can be isolated from human muscle biopsy samples using enzymatic digestion and their myogenic properties studied in culture. Quantitatively, the two main adherent cell types obtained from enzymatic digestion are: (i) the satellite cells (termed myogenic cells or muscle precursor cells), identified initially as CD56+ and later as CD56+/desmin+ cells and (ii) muscle-derived fibroblasts, identified as CD56&#8211; and TE-7+. Fibroblasts proliferate very efficiently in culture and in mixed cell populations these cells may overrun myogenic cells to dominate the culture. The isolation and purification of different cell types from human muscle is thus an important methodological consideration when trying to investigate the innate behavior of either cell type in culture. Here we describe a system of sorting based on the gentle enzymatic digestion of cells using collagenase and dispase followed by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) which gives both a high purity (&#62;95% myogenic cells) and good yield (~2.8 x 106 &#177; 8.87 x 105 cells/g tissue after 7 days in vitro) for experiments in culture. This approach is based on incubating the mixed muscle-derived cell population with magnetic microbeads beads conjugated to an antibody against CD56 and then passing cells though a magnetic field. CD56+ cells bound to microbeads are retained by the field whereas CD56&#8211; cells pass unimpeded through the column. Cell suspensions from any stage of the sorting process can be plated and cultured. Following a given intervention, cell morphology, and the expression and localization of proteins including nuclear transcription factors can be quantified using immunofluorescent labeling with specific antibodies and an image processing and analysis package.

The main adherent cell types derived from human muscle are myogenic cells and fibroblasts. Here, cell populations are enriched using magnetic-activated cell sorting based on the CD56 antigen. Subsequent immunolabelling with specific antibodies and use of image analysis techniques allows quantification of cytoplasmic and nuclear characteristics in individual cells.

The repair and regeneration of skeletal muscle requires the action of satellite cells, which are the resident muscle stem cells. These can be isolated ...

Isolation and Characterization of Satellite Cells from Rat Head Branchiomeric Muscles

Fibrosis and defective muscle regeneration can hamper the functional recovery of the soft palate muscles after cleft palate repair. This causes persistent problems in speech, swallowing, and sucking. In vitro culture systems that allow the study of satellite cells (myogenic stem cells) from head muscles are crucial to develop new therapies based on tissue engineering to promote muscle regeneration after surgery. These systems will offer new perspectives for the treatment of cleft palate patients. A protocol for the isolation, culture and differentiation of satellite cells from head muscles is presented. The isolation is based on enzymatic digestion and trituration to release the satellite cells. In addition, this protocol comprises an innovative method using extracellular matrix gel coatings of millimeter size, which requires only low numbers of satellite cells for differentiation assays.

This protocol describes the isolation of satellite cells from branchiomeric head muscles of a 9 week-old rat. The muscles originate from different branchial arches. Subsequently, the satellite cells are cultured on a spot coating of millimeter size to study their differentiation. This approach avoids the expansion and passaging of satellite cells.

Fibrosis and defective muscle regeneration can hamper the functional recovery of the soft palate muscles after cleft palate repair. This causes persistent ...

Using Isolated Mitochondria from Minimal Quantities of Mouse Skeletal Muscle for High throughput Microplate Respiratory Measurements

Skeletal muscle mitochondria play a specific role in many disease pathologies. As such, the measurement of oxygen consumption as an indicator of mitochondrial function in this tissue has become more prevalent. Although many technologies and assays exist that measure mitochondrial respiratory pathways in a variety of cells, tissue and species, there is currently a void in the literature in regards to the compilation of these assays using isolated mitochondria from mouse skeletal muscle for use in microplate based technologies. Importantly, the use of microplate based respirometric assays is growing among mitochondrial biologists as it allows for high throughput measurements using minimal quantities of isolated mitochondria. Therefore, a collection of microplate based respirometric assays were developed that are able to assess mechanistic changes/adaptations in oxygen consumption in a commonly used animal model. The methods presented herein provide step-by-step instructions to perform these assays with an optimal amount of mitochondrial protein and reagents, and high precision as evidenced by the minimal variance across the dynamic range of each assay.

The methods presented provide step-by-step instructions for the performance of a collection of microplate based respirometric assays using isolated mitochondria from minimal quantities of mouse skeletal muscle. These assays are able to measure mechanistic changes/adaptations in mitochondrial oxygen consumption in a commonly used animal model.

Skeletal muscle mitochondria play a specific role in many disease pathologies. As such, the measurement of oxygen consumption as an indicator of ...

Effective Isolation of Functional Islets from Neonatal Mouse Pancreas

Perfusion-based islet-isolation protocols from large mammalian pancreata are well established. Such protocols are readily conducted in many laboratories due to the large size of the pancreatic duct that allows for ready collagenase injection and subsequent tissue perfusion. In contrast, islet isolation from small pancreata, like that of neonatal mice, is challenging because perfusion is not readily achievable in the small pancreata. Here we describe a detailed simple procedure that recovers substantial numbers of islets from newly born mice with visual assistance. Freshly dissected whole pancreata were digested with 0.5 mg/mL collagenase IV dissolved in Hanks&#39; Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) at 37 &#176;C, in microcentrifuge tubes. Tubes were tapped regularly to aid tissue dispersal. When most of the tissue was dispersed to small clusters around 1 mm, lysates were washed three to four times with culture media with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Islet clusters, devoid of recognizable acinar tissues, can then be recovered under dissecting stereoscope. This method recovers 20 - 80 small- to large-sized islets per pancreas of newly born mouse. These islets are suitable for most conceivable downstream assays, including insulin secretion, gene expression, and culture. An example of insulin secretion assay is presented to validate the isolation process. The genetic background and degree of digestion are the largest factors determining the yield. Freshly made collagenase solution with high activity is preferred, as it aids in endocrine-exocrine isolation. The presence of cations [calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+)] in all solutions and fetal bovine serum in the wash/picking media are necessary for good yield of islets with proper integrity. A dissecting scope with good contrast and magnification will also help.

We describe a protocol herein for isolating intact islets from neonatal mice. Pancreata were partially digested with collagenase, followed by washing and hand picking. 20 - 80 islet clusters can be obtained per pancreas from newly born mice, which are suitable for several islet studies.

Perfusion-based islet-isolation protocols from large mammalian pancreata are well established. Such protocols are readily conducted in many laboratories ...

Isolation and Enrichment of Liver Progenitor Subsets Identified by a Novel Surface Marker Combination

During chronic liver injuries, progenitor cells expand in a process called ductular reaction, which also entails the appearance of inflammatory cellular infiltrate and epithelial cell activation. The progenitor cell population during such inflammatory reactions has mostly been investigated using single surface markers, either by histological analysis or by flow cytometry-based techniques. However, novel surface markers identified various functionally distinct subsets within the liver progenitor/stem cell compartment. The method presented here describes the isolation and detailed flow cytometry analysis of progenitor subsets using novel surface marker combinations. Moreover, it demonstrates how the various progenitor cell subsets can be isolated with high purity using automated magnetic and FACS sorting-based methods. Importantly, novel and simplified enzymatic dissociation of the liver allows for the isolation of these rare cell populations with a high viability that is superior in comparison to other existing methods. This is especially relevant for further studying progenitor cells in vitro or for isolating high-quality RNA to analyze the gene expression profile.

Liver injuries are accompanied by progenitor cell expansion that represents a heterogeneous cell population. Novel classification of this cellular compartment allows for the distinguishing of multiple subsets. The method described here illustrates the flow cytometry analysis and high purity isolation of various subsets that can be used for further assays.

During chronic liver injuries, progenitor cells expand in a process called ductular reaction, which also entails the appearance of inflammatory cellular ...

Generation of Standardized and Reproducible Forebrain-type Cerebral Organoids from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The human cortex is highly expanded and exhibits a complex structure with specific functional areas, providing higher brain function, such as cognition. Efforts to study human cerebral cortex development have been limited by the availability of model systems. Translating results from rodent studies to the human system is restricted by species differences and studies on human primary tissues are hampered by a lack of tissue availability as well as ethical concerns. Recent development in human pluripotent stem cell (PSC) technology include the generation of three-dimensional (3D) self-organizing organotypic culture systems, which mimic to a certain extent human-specific brain development in vitro. Currently, various protocols are available for the generation of either whole brain or brain-region specific organoids. The method for the generation of homogeneous and reproducible forebrain-type organoids from induced PSC (iPSC), which we previously established and describe here, combines the intrinsic ability of PSC to self-organize with guided differentiation towards the anterior neuroectodermal lineage and matrix embedding to support the formation of a continuous neuroepithelium. More specifically, this protocol involves: (1) the generation of iPSC aggregates, including the conversion of iPSC colonies to a confluent monolayer culture; (2) the induction of anterior neuroectoderm; (3) the embedding of neuroectodermal aggregates in a matrix scaffold; (4) the generation of forebrain-type organoids from neuroectodermal aggregates; and (5) the fixation and validation of forebrain-type organoids. As such, this protocol provides an easily applicable system for the generation of standardized and reproducible iPSC-derived cortical tissue structures in vitro.

Cerebral organoids represent a new model system to investigate early human brain development in vitro. This article provides the detailed methodology to efficiently generate homogeneous dorsal forebrain-type organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells including critical characterization and validation steps.

The human cortex is highly expanded and exhibits a complex structure with specific functional areas, providing higher brain function, such as cognition. ...

Isolation, Culture, Characterization, and Differentiation of Human Muscle Progenitor Cells from the Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Procedure

The use of primary human tissue and cells is ideal for the investigation of biological and physiological processes such as the skeletal muscle regenerative process. There are recognized challenges to working with human primary adult stem cells, particularly human muscle progenitor cells (hMPCs) derived from skeletal muscle biopsies, including low cell yield from collected tissue and a large degree of donor heterogeneity of growth and death parameters among cultures. While incorporating heterogeneity into experimental design requires a larger sample size to detect significant effects, it also allows us to identify mechanisms that underlie variability in hMPC&#160;expansion capacity, and thus allows us to better understand heterogeneity in skeletal muscle regeneration. Novel mechanisms that distinguish the expansion capacity of cultures have the potential to lead to the development of therapies to improve skeletal muscle regeneration.

We present techniques for isolating, culturing, characterizing, and differentiating human primary muscle progenitor cells (hMPCs) obtained from skeletal muscle biopsy tissue. hMPCs obtained and characterized through these methods can be used to subsequently address research questions related to human myogenesis and skeletal muscle regeneration.

The use of primary human tissue and cells is ideal for the investigation of biological and physiological processes such as the skeletal muscle ...

Isolation and Differentiation of Primary Myoblasts from Mouse Skeletal Muscle Explants

Primary myoblasts are undifferentiated proliferating precursors of skeletal muscle. They can be cultured and studied as muscle precursors or induced to differentiate into later stages of muscle development. The protocol provided here describes a robust method for the isolation and culture of a highly proliferative population of myoblast cells from young adult mouse skeletal muscle explants. These cells are useful for the study of the metabolic properties of skeletal muscle of different mouse models, as well as in other downstream applications such as transfection with exogenous DNA or transduction with viral expression vectors. The level of differentiation and metabolic profile of these cells depends on the length of exposure, and composition of the media used to induce myoblast differentiation. These methods provide a robust system for the study of mouse muscle cell metabolism ex vivo. Importantly, unlike in vivo models, the methods described here provide a cell population that can be expanded and studied with high levels of reproducibility.

Myoblasts are proliferating precursor cells that differentiate to form polynucleated myotubes and eventually skeletal muscle myofibers. Here, we present a protocol for efficient isolation and culture of primary myoblasts from young adult mouse skeletal muscles. The method enables molecular, genetic, and metabolic studies of muscle cells in culture.

Primary myoblasts are undifferentiated proliferating precursors of skeletal muscle. They can be cultured and studied as muscle precursors or induced to ...

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification (TRAP) to Investigate Arabidopsis thaliana Root Development at a Cell Type-Specific Scale

In this article, we give hands-on instructions to obtain translatome data from different Arabidopsis thaliana root cell types via the translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) method and consecutive optimized low-input library preparation.
As starting material, we employ plant lines that express GFP-tagged ribosomal protein RPL18 in a cell type-specific manner by use of adequate promoters. Prior to immunopurification and RNA extraction, the tissue is snap frozen, which preserves tissue integrity and simultaneously allows execution of time series studies with high temporal resolution. Notably, cell wall structures remain intact, which is a major drawback in alternative procedures such as fluorescence-activated cell sorting-based approaches that rely on tissue protoplasting to isolate distinct cell populations. Additionally, no tissue fixation is necessary as in laser capture microdissection-based techniques, which allows high-quality RNA to be obtained.
However, sampling from subpopulations of cells and only isolating polysome-associated RNA severely limits RNA yields. It is, therefore, necessary to apply sufficiently sensitive library preparation methods for successful data acquisition by RNA-seq.
TRAP offers an ideal tool for plant research as many developmental processes involve cell wall-related and mechanical signaling pathways. The use of promoters to target specific cell populations is bridging the gap between organ and single-cell level that in turn suffer from little resolution or very high costs. Here, we apply TRAP to study cell-cell communication in lateral root formation.

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification TRAP to Investigate Arabidopsis thaliana Root Development at a Cell Type-Specific Scale

Translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) offers the possibility to dissect developmental programs with minimal processing of organs and tissues. The protocol yields high-quality RNA from cells targeted with a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled ribosomal subunit. Downstream analysis tools, such as qRT-PCR or RNA-seq, reveal tissue and cell type-specific expression profiles.

In this article, we give hands-on instructions to obtain translatome data from different Arabidopsis thaliana root cell types via the translating ribosome ...

Use of Trowell-Type Organ Culture to Study Regulation of Dental Stem Cells

Organ development, function, and regeneration depend on stem cells, which reside within discrete anatomical spaces called stem cell niches. The continuously growing mouse incisor provides an excellent model to study tissue-specific stem cells. The epithelial tissue-specific stem cells of the incisor are located at the proximal end of the tooth in a niche called the cervical loop. They provide a continuous influx of cells to counterbalance the constant abrasion of the self-sharpening tip of the tooth. Presented here is a detailed protocol for the isolation and culture of the proximal end of the mouse incisor that houses stem cells and their niche. This is a modified Trowell-type organ culture protocol that enables in vitro culture of tissue pieces (explants), as well as the thick tissue slices at the liquid/air interface on a filter supported by a metal grid. The organ culture protocol described here enables tissue manipulations not feasible in vivo, and when combined with the use of a fluorescent reporter(s), it provides a platform for the identification and tracking of discrete cell populations in live tissues over time, including stem cells. Various regulatory molecules and pharmacological compounds can be tested in this system for their effect on stem cells and their niches. This ultimately provides a valuable tool to study stem cell regulation and maintenance.

The Trowell-type organ culture method has been used to unravel complex signaling networks that govern tooth development and, more recently, for studying regulation involved in stem cells of the continuously growing mouse incisor. Fluorescent-reporter animal models and live-imaging methods facilitate in-depth analyses of dental stem cells and their specific niche microenvironment.