Questo studio è stato parzialmente finanziato dalla Fondazione BrightFocus (ad DS).

Procedure che coinvolgono soggetti animali sono state approvate dal istituzionale Animal Care e uso Committee (IACUC) all'Università di Pittsburgh
1. preparare soluzioni
<ol><li>Preparare il medium di crescita di complemento Dulbecco per volta Eagle Medium (DMEM), alto glucosio con 10% siero bovino fetale (FBS), 1% di penicillina/streptomicina, 2,5 mM L-Glutammina e aminoacidi 1 x MEM non essenziali. Pre-riscaldare i media in incubatore a 37 ° C prima dell'uso.</li>
	<li>Preparare la soluzione di lavoro di 2% (wt/vol) dispase II:<ol>
<li>Preparare una soluzione stock di dispase 100mg/mL II sciogliendo 30 mg di dispase II in soluzione di 300 µ l tampone HEPES (50 mM HEPES/KOH a pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl). Questo volume è per 3-4 topi, può essere scalato o giù basato sul numero di topi per l'esperimento). Questo stock possa essere conservato per almeno 1 settimana a 4 ° C.</li>
		<li>Preparare la soluzione di lavoro di 2% dispase aggiungendo 300 µ l di 100 mg/mL brodo di II di dispase a 1,2 mL di DMEM sterile, alto glucosio e filtrare la soluzione attraverso un filtro di 0,22 µm. Questo passaggio deve essere eseguito nel flusso laminare mobile in condizioni sterili. Pre-riscaldare il preparato dispase II in incubatore a 37 ° C prima dell'uso.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. come ottenere gli occhi di topo
<ol><li>Eutanasia il mouse utilizzando qualsiasi metodo approvato e posizionarlo su un tampone assorbente.</li>
	<li>Indossando guanti, mettere il pollice e l'indice intorno all'occhio e spingere delicatamente la pelle per proptose il bulbo oculare.</li>
	<li>Inserire la punta delle forbici angolate tra la pelle e il bulbo oculare e tagliare con l'occhio. Per evitare contaminazioni, immergere brevemente l'occhio in etanolo al 70%.</li>
	<li>Posizionare immediatamente l'occhio nel tampone fosfato salino (PBS) in una capsula di Petri.</li>
	<li>Ripetere i passaggi da 2.2-2.4 per rimuovere il secondo occhio.</li>
</ol>3. dissezione di occhio
<ol><li>Rimuovere attentamente l'occhio al microscopio per dissezione del tessuto connettivo. Questo può essere fatto in PBS o sul piatto Petri asciutto.<ol>
<li>Utilizzare sutura forcipe per sollevare il tessuto connettivo dal bulbo oculare e tagliarli fuori usando le forbici Allerød. Non tagliare la sclera perché è praticamente impossibile ottenere dei paraocchi posteriori intatti se la sclera è tagliata.</li>
		<li>Dopo la pulizia del tessuto connettivo, mantenere i bulbi oculari risultanti in PBS per la successiva fase di lavaggio. Nota: Tutti i passaggi seguenti dovrebbero essere eseguiti nel flusso laminare in condizioni sterili.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Lavare gli occhi due volte in pre-riscaldato 37 ° C DMEM (alto glucosio). Trasferire con cautela i bulbi oculari nel pre-riscaldato a 37 ° C DMEM (alto glucosio) usando il forcipe. Aspirare i bulbi oculari medium e trasferimento a mezzo fresco in un piatto nuovo.</li>
	<li>Aspirare il medio DMEM (alto glucosio) e incubare gli occhi nella soluzione preriscaldata 2% (wt/vol) dispase II lavoro per 45 min nell'incubatore 37 ° C. Nota: In tutti i passaggi seguenti, inserire e manipolare gli occhi o oculari nel mezzo di crescita, che proteggono il tessuto e fornirà un buon mezzo per la dissezione.</li>
	<li>Rimuovere la soluzione II dispase e lavare gli occhi due volte in crescita medio aspirando il vecchio mezzo e aggiungendo il nuovo mezzo di crescita pre-riscaldato 37 ° C (Figura 1a). Nota: Dopo la dissociazione di dispase II, i bulbi oculari diventano molli.</li>
	<li>Tenere l'occhio con il forcipe e fare un'incisione intorno l'ora serrata di ogni occhio usando le forbici di Allerød sotto il microscopio per dissezione nel flusso laminare pensile.<ol>
<li>Mantenendo il bulbo oculare nella soluzione, rimuovere con cautela la cornea anteriore estendendo il taglio lungo la circonferenza di ora serrata e allontanando la cornea anteriore dopo il taglio è stato completo.</li>
		<li>Rimuovere la capsula di obiettivo e l'epitelio pigmentato associati di iride delicatamente tirando fuori l'oculare con una pinza dentata (Figura 1b, 1C).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Incubare i paraocchi posteriori risultanti nel terreno di crescita per 20 min a 37 ° C per facilitare la separazione della retina neurale da RPE.</li>
	<li>Tagliare i paraocchi posteriori a 4 petali sotto il microscopio per dissezione nel flusso laminare pensile. I tagli dovrebbero essere abbastanza a lungo per appiattire il paraocchi, ma abbastanza breve per mantenere i petali collegati (Figura 1D).<ol>
<li>Appiattire il paraocchi e rimuovere la retina neurale tirandola molto delicatamente con il forcipe tenendo il restante complesso RPE-coroide-sclera con un'altra pinza (Figura 1e). Inizia a tirare dai bordi piuttosto che dal centro.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Trasferire tutti i tessuti quarti in una nuova piastra di coltura sterile riempita con il mezzo di crescita pre-riscaldato 37 ° C.</li>
</ol>4. isolamento di cellule RPE primarie
<ol><li>La holding un petalo del complesso RPE-coroide-sclera squartato con super fine forcipe, staccare delicatamente i fogli intatti di RPE da sottostante membrana basale (membrana di Bruch) utilizzando un coltello mezzaluna microsurgical sotto il microscopio per dissezione inserito nel flusso laminare mobile (Figura 1f).<ol>
<li>Trasferire i fogli RPE nella nuova piastra di coltura sterile contenente terreno di coltura utilizzando una micropipetta P200. Quando si trasferiscono fogli RPE, bagnato le punte di pipetta con crescita medio pipettando diverse volte per impedire attaccare all'interno della punta di tessuto. RPE sarà chiaramente distinguibile dalla coroide: RPE sembra più brunastro, mentre coroide è più scuro e sembra appiccicoso e soffici.</li>
		<li>In alternativa, utilizzare digestione enzimatica e dissociazione dolce senza pinze per staccare il RPE dalla coroide14.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Lavare le lenzuola RPE 2 - 3 volte usando pre-riscaldato 37 ° C medio di crescita nella piastra di coltura sterile. Dopo ogni lavaggio, raccogliere con cura i fogli RPE, evitando altri tessuti quali i detriti retina e coroide. Alla fine dell'ultimo lavaggio raccogliere i fogli RPE con una micropipetta P200 e inserirli in un nuovo tubo per microcentrifuga da 1,5 mL. Nota: Non esiste nessuna necessità di centrifugare i fogli RPE: lo faranno sedimento per gravità all'interno di 1 min.</li>
	<li>Rimuovere il mezzo di crescita supplementare utilizzando una micropipetta P200. Risospendere le cellule in coltura pre-riscaldato fresco e delicatamente triturare mediante una micropipetta P200. Evitare la formazione di bolle. Una sospensione unicellulare è ideale, ma anche evitare troppo triturazione, altrimenti le cellule RPE non sono in grado di sopravvivere. Molto delicatamente si consiglia di triturazione per 40 - 50 volte.</li>
</ol>5. coltura delle cellule RPE
<ol><li>Piastra le cellule su una piastra di coltura.<ol>
<li>Se le applicazioni a valle delle cellule RPE richiedono il fissaggio della loro polarità, piastra RPE celle 2 topi in un inserto di membrana in poliestere 12 mm pre-caricati in piastre di coltura 12-pozzetti. Le cellule ad alta densità di placcatura è voluta perché in tal caso le cellule RPE sono in grado di mantenere le proprietà originali, quale forma esagonale e la pigmentazione.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Non spostare la piastra o cambiare il mezzo di crescita per le prime 72 ore di coltura. Dopo 3 giorni, è possibile sostituire il vecchio mezzo con il mezzo di crescita pre-riscaldato fresco. Dopo di che cambiare il terreno di coltura ogni altro giorno. Una volta che le cellule RPE confluenza, ridurre i FB nel mezzo di crescita al 2%. Nota: Le celle possono essere suddiviso utilizzando 0,25% tripsina. Tuttavia, dopo aver diviso le cellule possono perdono la loro forma esagonale e la pigmentazione nei passaggi successivi. Si consiglia di non spaccare le cellule, ma se è richiesta dalle applicazioni a valle della cultura, tenere a mente che le cellule primarie non possono essere attraversate a tempo indeterminato: essi sono noti per-differenziare dopo 5-7 passaggi.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Mart&#237;nez-Morales, J. R., Rodrigo, I., Bovolenta, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eye+development:+a+view+from+the+retina+pigmented+epithelium.">Eye development: a view from the retina pigmented epithelium.</a> Bioessays. 26, 766-777 (2004).</li><li>Lehmann, G. L., Benedicto, I., Philp, N. J., Rodriguez-Boulan, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasma+membrane+protein+polarity+and+trafficking+in+RPE+cells:+past,+present+and+future.">Plasma membrane protein polarity and trafficking in RPE cells: past, present and future.</a> Exp Eye Res. 126, 5-15 (2014).</li><li>Fronk, A. H., Vargis, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+for+culturing+retinal+pigment+epithelial+cells:+a+review+of+current+protocols+and+future+recommendations.">Methods for culturing retinal pigment epithelial cells: a review of current protocols and future recommendations.</a> J Tissue Eng. 7, (2016).</li><li>Rizzolo, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Barrier+properties+of+cultured+retinal+pigment+epithelium.">Barrier properties of cultured retinal pigment epithelium.</a> Exp Eye Res. 126, 16-26 (2014).</li><li>Lu, F., Yan, D., Zhou, X., Hu, D. N., Qu, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+melanin-related+genes+in+cultured+adult+human+retinal+pigment+epithelium+and+uveal+melanoma+cells.">Expression of melanin-related genes in cultured adult human retinal pigment epithelium and uveal melanoma cells.</a> Mol Vis. 13, 2066-2072 (2007).</li><li>Boulton, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studying+melanin+and+lipofuscin+in+RPE+cell+culture+models.">Studying melanin and lipofuscin in RPE cell culture models.</a> Exp Eye Res. 126, 61-67 (2014).</li><li>Saini, J. S., Temple, S., Stern, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+Retinal+Pigment+Epithelium+Stem+Cell+(RPESC).">Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Stem Cell (RPESC).</a> Adv Exp Med Biol. 854, 557-562 (2016).</li><li>Akrami, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+pigment+epithelium+culture;a+potential+source+of+retinal+stem+cells.">Retinal pigment epithelium culture;a potential source of retinal stem cells.</a> J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 4, 134-141 (2009).</li><li>Hu, J., Bok, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+cultured+human+fetal+retinal+pigment+epithelium+in+studies+of+the+classical+retinoid+visual+cycle+and+retinoid-based+disease+processes.">The use of cultured human fetal retinal pigment epithelium in studies of the classical retinoid visual cycle and retinoid-based disease processes.</a> Exp Eye Res. , 46-50 (2014).</li><li>Mazzoni, F., Safa, H., Finnemann, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+photoreceptor+outer+segment+phagocytosis:+use+and+utility+of+RPE+cells+in+culture.">Understanding photoreceptor outer segment phagocytosis: use and utility of RPE cells in culture.</a> Exp Eye Res. 126, 51-60 (2014).</li><li>Reichhart, N., Strauss, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ion+channels+and+transporters+of+the+retinal+pigment+epithelium.">Ion channels and transporters of the retinal pigment epithelium.</a> Exp Eye Res. 126, 27-37 (2014).</li><li>Valapala, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lysosomal-mediated+waste+clearance+in+retinal+pigment+epithelial+cells+is+regulated+by+CRYBA1/&#946;A3/A1-crystallin+via+V-ATPase-MTORC1+signaling.">Lysosomal-mediated waste clearance in retinal pigment epithelial cells is regulated by CRYBA1/&#946;A3/A1-crystallin via V-ATPase-MTORC1 signaling.</a> Autophagy. 10, 480-496 (2014).</li><li>Shang, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+amino+acid+transporter+SLC36A4+regulates+the+amino+acid+pool+in+retinal+pigmented+epithelial+cells+and+mediates+the+mechanistic+target+of+rapamycin,+complex+1+signaling.">The amino acid transporter SLC36A4 regulates the amino acid pool in retinal pigmented epithelial cells and mediates the mechanistic target of rapamycin, complex 1 signaling.</a> Aging Cell. , (2017).</li><li>Fernandez-Godino, R., Garland, D. L., Pierce, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation,+culture+and+characterization+of+primary+mouse+RPE+cells.">Isolation, culture and characterization of primary mouse RPE cells.</a> Nat Protoc. 11, 1206-1218 (2016).</li><li>Pfeffer, B. A., Philp, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+culture+of+retinal+pigment+epithelium:+Special+Issue.">Cell culture of retinal pigment epithelium: Special Issue.</a> Exp Eye Res. 126, 1-4 (2014).</li><li>Singh, S., Woerly, S., McLaughlin, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Natural+and+artificial+substrates+for+retinal+pigment+epithelial+monolayer+transplantation.">Natural and artificial substrates for retinal pigment epithelial monolayer transplantation.</a> Biomaterials. 22, 3337-3343 (2001).</li><li>Sonoda, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+protocol+for+the+culture+and+differentiation+of+highly+polarized+human+retinal+pigment+epithelial+cells.">A protocol for the culture and differentiation of highly polarized human retinal pigment epithelial cells.</a> Nat Protoc. 4, 662-673 (2009).</li><li>Ho, T. C., Del Priore, L. V., Kaplan, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+culture+of+retinal+pigment+epithelium+following+isolation+with+a+gelatin+matrix+technique.">Tissue culture of retinal pigment epithelium following isolation with a gelatin matrix technique.</a> Experimental eye research. 64, 133-139 (1997).</li><li>Toops, K. A., Tan, L. X., Lakkaraju, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+detailed+three-step+protocol+for+live+imaging+of+intracellular+traffic+in+polarized+primary+porcine+RPE+monolayers.">A detailed three-step protocol for live imaging of intracellular traffic in polarized primary porcine RPE monolayers.</a> Exp Eye Res. , 74-85 (2014).</li><li>Gibbs, D., Kitamoto, J., Williams, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Abnormal+phagocytosis+by+retinal+pigmented+epithelium+that+lacks+myosin+VIIa,+the+Usher+syndrome+1B+protein.">Abnormal phagocytosis by retinal pigmented epithelium that lacks myosin VIIa, the Usher syndrome 1B protein.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 100, 6481-6486 (2003).</li><li>Gibbs, D., Williams, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+culture+of+primary+mouse+retinal+pigmented+epithelial+cells.">Isolation and culture of primary mouse retinal pigmented epithelial cells.</a> Adv Exp Med Biol. 533, 347-352 (2003).</li><li>Pitk&#228;nen, L., Ranta, V. P., Moilanen, H., Urtti, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Permeability+of+retinal+pigment+epithelium:+effects+of+permeant+molecular+weight+and+lipophilicity.">Permeability of retinal pigment epithelium: effects of permeant molecular weight and lipophilicity.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 46, 641-646 (2005).</li><li>Mao, Y., Finnemann, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+photoreceptor+outer+segment+phagocytosis+by+RPE+cells+in+culture.">Analysis of photoreceptor outer segment phagocytosis by RPE cells in culture.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 935, 285-295 (2013).</li></ol>

DS ha ricevuto finanziamenti da Bayer HealthCare, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Germania e Svizzera per la ricerca. Gli autori restanti non dichiarano concorrenti interessi finanziari. Questo lavoro è supportato da ricerche per prevenire la cecità (sovvenzioni senza restrizioni per la Wilmer Eye Institute e l'Università di Pittsburgh).  Questo lavoro è anche supportato da fondi di Start-up al DS da Oftalmologia, Università di Pittsburgh.

Il protocollo dettagliato presentato consente affidabile istituzione di colture primarie di RPE mouse che raggiungono la confluenza dopo 1 settimana e presentare le principali caratteristiche RPE quale forma esagonale e la pigmentazione dopo 2 settimane. Le cellule RPE ottenute possono essere utilizzate per un certo numero di applicazioni a valle come vitamina A metabolismo9, fagocitosi dei segmenti esterni del fotoricettore10 e ione trasporto11, del...

L'epitelio pigmentato retinico (RPE) è un singolo strato di cellule epiteliali polarizzate che si trova tra la retina neurale e la coroide dell'occhio. La funzionalità delle cellule RPE e l'integrità dello strato monomolecolare del RPE sono fondamentali per la visione perché RPE svolge un ruolo importante in più processi come mantenere la barriera emato-retinica esterna, trasporto di acqua e ioni tra la retina e la assorbimento di coroidico, luce, protezione da stress ossidativo, controllo del metabolismo di retinoide e fagocitosi dei segmenti esterni dei fotorecettori1,2. La posizione del RPE nella parte posteriore dell'occhio, come pure la sua funzione di barriera evitando farmaci somministrati per via sistemica dal passare dal sangue all'umor vitreo, rendono difficile studiare la complessità del RPE funzione in vivo. Così, c'è un grande bisogno per la creazione di colture di cellule RPE per studiare le cellule RPE in un ambiente flessibile e controllato3,4.
Esiste un numero di linee di cellule RPE stabiliti, fornendo un modo facile e conveniente di ottenere e di conservazione delle cellule; Tuttavia, le cellule secondarie hanno alcuni svantaggi rispetto a cellule primarie2,3,4. In primo luogo, sono spesso caratterizzati da cambiamenti nella morfologia delle cellule. Ad esempio, nessuno delle linee cellulari esistenti sono stati trovati per essere adatto per uno studio affidabile delle proprietà barriera RPE a causa della perdita del fenotipo di polarità delle cellule e parziale scomparsa di giunzioni strette4. Oltre alla perdita della polarità e collegamenti adeguati cellula--cellula, le linee di cellule RPE perdono rapidamente la loro pigmentazione a causa dell'assenza degli enzimi chiave melanogenesis in adulto RPE5. La pigmentazione può essere ripristinata, ma l'analisi completa del meccanismo di ri-pigmentazione che dovrebbe includere una combinazione di microscopia elettronica di trasmissione, saggi di espressione genica in analisi e chimica per confermare la presenza di melanina non ha mai stata eseguita6. Una limitazione di più è che le linee di cellule RPE hanno vita estesa delle cellule (a volte - immortalità) e in determinate condizioni possono trasformare in autorinnovabile cellule staminali multipotenti che si staccano dal substrato e modulo mobile colonie7, 8. questa limitazione rende impossibile utilizzare linee cellulari per esperimenti di trapianto3.
Considerando gli svantaggi delle varietà di cellula stabilita RPE, colture primarie di cellule RPE ottenuti da tessuti freschi potrebbero servire come un modello più biologicamente rilevante per lo studio di RPE. Cellule primarie di RPE sono state utilizzate non solo per studiare funzioni RPE-specifiche come la vitamina A metabolismo9, fagocitosi del fotorecettore segmenti esterni10 e ione trasporto11, ma anche di studiare biologia cellulare base come epiteliale cella polarità2 , omeostasi lisosomiale e autofagia12,13.
Nell'ultimo paio di anni ci sono stati una serie di pubblicazioni sull'istituzione di colture primarie di RPE, che indica un crescente interesse in quest'area di ricerca3,14,15. Numerosi protocolli per cellule RPE umane e cellule RPE non umani quali le cellule RPE di bovini e suine sono stati pubblicati16,17,18,19. Tuttavia, è più difficile da gestire di cellule RPE topo a causa delle loro dimensioni molto più piccole. Anche se un certo numero di pubblicazioni hanno descritto protocolli per isolare le cellule RPE dal mouse14,20,21, ci sono ancora molti ricercatori lottando per isolare le cellule RPE senza contaminazione di cellule coroide o cellule da detriti di retina neurale. Qui presentiamo il protocollo per l'istituzione del mouse primario coltura delle cellule RPE, incluso l'ottenere gli occhi dal mouse, la dissezione degli occhi e l'isolamento dei fogli RPE per produrre le cellule per la coltura. Questo video protocollo sarebbe particolarmente utile per i ricercatori che stanno iniziando a lavorare con colture primarie di RPE mouse e bisogno di una guida sulle tecniche di dissezione.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="980">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:347px;">animals</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:388px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:347px;">2~3-week old wildtype mice</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:347px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:347px;">reagents</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:347px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle&#39;s Medium (DMEM), high glucose</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">GIBCO</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">11965092</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:347px;">Dispase II</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">D4693</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:347px;">Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">F4135</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:347px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">GIBCO</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:347px;">MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solution (100X)</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">GIBCO</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">11140050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:347px;">Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 1X, pH 7.4</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">GIBCO</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">10010023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:347px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Cellgro</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">61-034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">KOH</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">1310-58-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Ambion</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">AM9759</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">L-Glutamine (200 mM)</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">GIBCO</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">25030-081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Ethyl Alcohol</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">111000200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:38px;width:347px;">RPE65 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A gift from Dr. Michael Redmond</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Fluorescein Phalloidin&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">F432</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L), Alexa Flour 568&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A11011&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Goat serum</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">G9023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">D1306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Polysciences, Inc</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">00380</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:38px;width:347px;">ZO-1 Polyclonal Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">40-2200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:347px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">instruments and equipments</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:347px;">Laminar flow cabinet</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Baker</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">SterilGARD SG403A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:347px;">Dissecting microscope (Zoom stereomicroscope)</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">SMZ1500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:347px;">CO2 incubator with hot air sterilization</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Binder</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">C150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:347px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">5702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:347px;">Petri dishes</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">0875712</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:347px;">12 mm Polyester Membrane Inserts Pre-Loaded in 12-Well Culture Plates, Pore Size: 0.4 &#181;m, Sterile</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Corning Incorporated</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">COR-3460</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:347px;">Westcott tenotomy scissors, std blades, sharp</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">STEPHENS instruments</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">S7-1320</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:347px;">Castroviejo suturing forceps 0.12mm</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Stroz Ophthalmic Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">E1796</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:347px;">Crescent straight knife</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Beaver-Visitec International</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">373808</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:347px;">Dumont Tweezers #5, 11 cm, Straight, 0.1x0.06 mm Tips, Dumostar</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">500233</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:347px;">Vannas Scissors, 8 cm, 45&#176; Angle, Standard</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">500260</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:347px;">Millex-GS Syringe Filter Unit, 0.22 &#181;m</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">SLGL0250S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:347px;">Syringe, 5 mL</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">309632</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:347px;">Inverted Laboratory Microscope&#160;Leica DM IL LED</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">&#160;Leica&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Pipette</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Barrier and non-filtered pipette tips</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

primary cell cultures from the mouse retinal pigment epithelium

L'epitelio pigmentato retinico (RPE) è un epitelio altamente polarizzato multi-funzionale che si trova tra la retina neurale e la coroide dell'occhio. È un singolo foglio di cellule pigmentate che sono hexagonally pranzo e collegate da giunzioni strette. Le funzioni principali del RPE comprendono l'assorbimento della luce, fagocitosi dei segmenti esterni del fotoricettore di capannone, buffering spaziale degli ioni, trasporto di nutrienti, ioni e acqua, nonché al coinvolgimento attivo nel ciclo di visual. Con tali funzioni importanti e diversità, è criticamente importante studiare la biologia delle cellule RPE. Un numero di linee di cellule RPE è stato stabilito; Tuttavia, cellule immortalizzate e secondarie sono noti per perdere rapidamente alcune delle caratteristiche morfologiche e fisiologiche delle cellule RPE naturali. Così, le cellule primarie sono più adatte per lo studio di diversi aspetti della biologia delle cellule RPE e funzione. Coltura di cellule RPE primario del mouse è molto utile ai ricercatori poiché modelli murini sono ampiamente utilizzati in studi biologici, tuttavia raccogliendo RPE cellule di topo è anche molto impegnativo a causa del loro di piccola dimensione. Qui, presentiamo un protocollo per stabilire colture di cellule RPE mouse primario che comprende enucleazione e dissezione degli occhi e l'isolamento dei fogli RPE per produrre le cellule per la coltura. Questo metodo consente un recupero efficiente delle cellule. Le cellule RPE ottenute da due topi possono raggiungere confluency su un inserto di membrana in poliestere 12 mm pre-caricato nella piastra di coltura dopo una settimana di cultura e visualizzare alcune delle proprietà originali di buona fede RPE cellule quale forma esagonale e la pigmentazione dopo due settimane della cultura.

La coltura del mouse primaria RPE stabilita da 2 topi in 12 mm poliestere membrana inserto raggiunge confluency di 90-95% dopo 1 settimana nella cultura. Dopo 2 settimane di cultura, le cellule raggiunto confluency di 100% e ha iniziato a formare un mosaico di cellule esagonali, pigmentate e bi-nucleate. Da 3 settimane di coltura, le cellule hanno continuate a formare la forma e la pigmentazione, tuttavia, dopo 4 settimane una porzione delle cellule ha ottenuto hyperpigmented (<strong cla...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Primary Cell Cultures from the Mouse Retinal Pigment Epithelium at JoVE.com

Primary Cell Cultures from the Mouse Retinal Pigment Epithelium

L'epitelio pigmentato retinico (RPE) è un multi-funzionale dell'epitelio dell'occhio. Qui presentiamo un protocollo standard per stabilire colture cellulari primarie derivate da RPE murino.

Colture cellulari primarie dall'epitelio retinico del pigmento del Mouse

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a highly polarized multi-functional epithelium that is located between the neural retina and the choroid of the ...

primary-cell-cultures-from-the-mouse-retinal-pigment-epithelium

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

20.9K Views.  University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. L'epitelio pigmentato retinico (RPE) è un multi-funzionale dell'epitelio dell'occhio. Qui presentiamo un protocollo standard per stabilire colture cellulari primarie derivate da RPE murino.

Video: Primary Cell Cultures from the Mouse Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Primary Neuronal Cultures from the Brains of Late Stage Drosophila Pupae

In this video, we demonstrate the preparation of primary neuronal cultures from the brains of late stage Drosophila pupae. The procedure begins with the removal of brains from animals at 70-78 hrs after puparium formation. The isolated brains are shown after brief incubation in papain followed by several washes in serum-free growth medium. The process of mechanical dissociation of each brain in a 5 ul drop of media on a coverslip is illustrated. The axons and dendrites of the post-mitotic neurons are sheered off near the soma during dissociation but the neurons begin to regenerate processes within a few hours of plating. Images show live cultures at 2 days. Neurons continue to elaborate processes during the first week in culture. Specific neuronal populations can be identified in culture using GAL4 lines to drive tissue specific expression of fluorescent markers such as  GFP or RFP. Whole cell recordings have demonstrated the cultured neurons form functional, spontaneously active cholinergic and GABAergic synapses. A short video segment illustrates calcium dynamics in the cultured neurons using Fura-2 as a calcium indicator dye to monitor spontaneous calcium transients and nicotine evoked calcium responses in a dish of cultured neurons. These pupal brain cultures are a useful model system in which genetic and pharmacological tools can be used to identify intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence formation and function of central synapses.

This video demonstrates the preparation of primary neuronal cultures from the brains of late stage Drosophila pupae. Views of live cultures show neurite outgrowth and imaging of calcium levels using Fura-2.

Culture primarie neuronale dal cervello di tardo fase Drosophila Pupae

In this video, we demonstrate the preparation of primary neuronal cultures from the brains of late stage Drosophila pupae. The procedure begins with the ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Primary Dissociated Midbrain Dopamine Cell Cultures from Rodent Neonates

The ability to create primary cell cultures of dopamine neurons allows for the study of the presynaptic characteristics of dopamine neurons in isolation from systemic input from elsewhere in the brain. In our lab, we use these neurons to assess dopamine release kinetics using carbon fiber amperometry, as well as expression levels of dopamine related genes and proteins using quantitative PCR and immunocytochemistry. In this video, we show you how we generate these cultures from rodent neonates.
The process involves several steps, including the plating of cortical glial astrocytes, the conditioning of neuronal cell culture media by the glial substrate, the dissection of the midbrain in neonates, the digestion, extraction and plating of dopamine neurons and the addition of neurotrophic factors to ensure cell survival.
The applications suitable for such a preparation include electrophysiology, immunocytochemistry, quantitative PCR, video microscopy (i.e., of real-time vesicular fusion with the plasma membrane), cell viability assays and other toxicological screens.

Primary dissociated midbrain dopamine cell cultures allow for the study of presynaptic characteristics of dopamine neurons. They can be used to monitor real-time dopamine release kinetics and protein/mRNA levels of regulators of dopamine exocytosis. Here, we show you how to generate these cultures from rodent neonates.

Primaria dissociato mesencefalo colture cellulari dopamina da roditori neonati

The ability to create primary cell cultures of dopamine neurons allows for the study of the presynaptic characteristics of dopamine neurons in isolation ...

The Preparation of Primary Hematopoietic Cell Cultures From Murine Bone Marrow for Electroporation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell  electroporation system and Gene Pulser  electroporation buffer were specifically developed to transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells.This video demonstrates how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow, and then prepare them for electroporation in the MXcell system. We begin by isolating femur and tibia. Bone marrow from both femur and tibia are then harvested and cultures are established. Cultured bone marrow cells are then transfected and analyzed.

This procedure describes how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow and is followed by transfection using the Gene Pulser MXCell electroporation system.

La preparazione di colture primarie di cellule emopoietiche dal midollo osseo murino per elettroporazione

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

Primary Cell Cultures from Drosophila Gastrula Embryos

Here we describe a method for preparing and culturing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila gastrula embryos. In brief, a large amount of staged embryos from young and healthy flies are collected, sterilized, and then physically dissociated into a single cell suspension using a glass homogenizer. After being plated on culture plates or chamber slides at an appropriate density in culture medium, these cells can further differentiate into several morphologically-distinct cell types, which can be identified by their specific cell markers. Furthermore, we present conditions for treating these cells with double stranded (ds) RNAs to elicit gene knockdown. Efficient RNAi in Drosophila primary cells is accomplished by simply bathing the cells in dsRNA-containing culture medium. The ability to carry out effective RNAi perturbation, together with other molecular, biochemical, cell imaging analyses, will allow a variety of questions to be answered in Drosophila primary cells, especially those related to differentiated muscle and neuronal cells.

Primary Cell Cultures from Drosophila Gastrula Embryos

We provide a detailed protocol for preparing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila embryos. The ability to carry out the effective RNAi perturbation, together with other molecular, biochemical and cell imaging methods will allow a variety of questions to be addressed in Drosophila primary cells.

Colture cellulari primarie da Drosophila Gastrula embrioni

Here we describe a method for preparing and culturing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila gastrula embryos.   In brief, a large amount of staged ...

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also produce a source of patient-matched cells for regenerative therapies. iPSCs may be generated using multiple protocols and derived from multiple cell sources. Once generated, iPSCs are tested using a variety of assays including immunostaining for pluripotency markers, generation of three germ layers in embryoid bodies and teratomas, comparisons of gene expression with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and production of chimeric mice with or without germline contribution2. Importantly, iPSC lines that pass these tests still vary in their capacity to produce different differentiated cell types2. This has made it difficult to establish which iPSC derivation protocols, donor cell sources or selection methods are most useful for different applications.
The most stringent test of whether a stem cell line has sufficient developmental potential to generate all tissues required for survival of an organism (termed full pluripotency) is tetraploid embryo complementation (TEC)3-5. Technically, TEC involves electrofusion of two-cell embryos to generate tetraploid (4n) one-cell embryos that can be cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage6. Diploid (2n) pluripotent stem cells (e.g. ESCs or iPSCs) are then injected into the blastocoel cavity of the tetraploid blastocyst and transferred to a recipient female for gestation (see Figure 1). The tetraploid component of the complemented embryo contributes almost exclusively to the extraembryonic tissues (placenta, yolk sac), whereas the diploid cells constitute the embryo proper, resulting in a fetus derived entirely from the injected stem cell line.
Recently, we reported the derivation of iPSC lines that reproducibly generate adult mice via TEC1. These iPSC lines give rise to viable pups with efficiencies of 5-13%, which is comparable to ESCs3,4,7 and higher than that reported for most other iPSC lines8-12. These reports show that direct reprogramming can produce fully pluripotent iPSCs that match ESCs in their developmental potential and efficiency of generating pups in TEC tests. At present, it is not clear what distinguishes between fully pluripotent iPSCs and less potent lines13-15. Nor is it clear which reprogramming methods will produce these lines with the highest efficiency. Here we describe one method that produces fully pluripotent iPSCs and "all- iPSC" mice, which may be helpful for investigators wishing to compare the pluripotency of iPSC lines or establish the equivalence of different reprogramming methods.

Generating induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines produces lines of differing developmental potential even when they pass standard tests for pluripotency. Here we describe a protocol to produce mice derived entirely from iPSCs, which defines the iPSC lines as possessing full pluripotency1.

Generazione di topi derivati ​​da cellule staminali pluripotenti indotte

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

MicroRNA Expression Profiles of Human iPS Cells, Retinal Pigment Epithelium Derived From iPS, and Fetal Retinal Pigment Epithelium

The objective of this report is to describe the protocols for comparing the microRNA (miRNA) profiles of human induced-pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) derived from human iPS cells (iPS-RPE), and fetal RPE. The protocols include collection of RNA for analysis by microarray, and the analysis of microarray data to identify miRNAs that are differentially expressed among three cell types. The methods for culture of iPS cells and fetal RPE are explained. The protocol used for differentiation of RPE from human iPS is also described. The RNA extraction technique we describe was selected to allow maximal recovery of very small RNA for use in a miRNA microarray. Finally, cellular pathway and network analysis of microarray data is explained. These techniques will facilitate the comparison of the miRNA profiles of three different cell types.

The microRNA (miRNA) profiles of human induced-pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) derived from human induced-pluripotent stem (iPS) cells (iPS-RPE), and fetal RPE, were compared.

MicroRNA Expression Profili di cellule iPS umane, dell&#39;epitelio pigmentato retinico derivate da iPS, e fetale dell&#39;epitelio pigmentato retinico

The objective of this report is to describe the protocols for comparing the microRNA (miRNA) profiles of human induced-pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, ...

Efficient Dissection and Culture of Primary Mouse Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

Eye disorders affect millions of people worldwide, but the limited availability of human tissues hinders their study. Mouse models are powerful tools to understand the pathophysiology of ocular diseases because of their similarities with human anatomy and physiology. Alterations in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), including changes in morphology and function, are common features shared by many ocular disorders. However, successful isolation and culture of primary mouse RPE cells is very challenging. This paper is an updated audiovisual version of the protocol previously published by Fernandez-Godino et al. in 2016 to efficiently isolate and culture primary mouse RPE cells. This method is highly reproducible and results in robust cultures of highly polarized and pigmented RPE monolayers that can be maintained for several weeks on Transwells. This model opens new avenues for the study of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying eye diseases. Moreover, it provides a platform to test therapeutic approaches that can be used to treat important eye diseases with unmet medical needs, including inherited retinal disorders and macular degenerations.

This protocol, which was originally reported by Fernandez-Godino et al. in 20161, describes a method to efficiently isolate and culture mouse RPE cells, which form a functional and polarized RPE monolayer within one week on Transwell plates. The procedure takes approximately 3 hours.

Dissezione e coltura efficienti delle cellule epiteliali del pigmento retino del topo primario

Eye disorders affect millions of people worldwide, but the limited availability of human tissues hinders their study. Mouse models are powerful tools to ...

Nitroreductase/Metronidazole-Mediated Ablation and a MATLAB Platform (RpEGEN) for Studying Regeneration of the Zebrafish Retinal Pigment Epithelium

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) resides at the back of the eye and performs functions essential for maintaining the health and integrity of adjacent retinal and vascular tissues. At present, the limited reparative capacity of mammalian RPE, which is restricted to small injuries, has hindered progress to understanding in vivo RPE regenerative processes. Here, a detailed methodology is provided to facilitate the study of in vivo RPE repair utilizing the zebrafish, a&#160;vertebrate model capable of robust tissue regeneration. This protocol describes a transgenic nitroreductase/metronidazole (NTR/MTZ)-mediated injury paradigm (rpe65a:nfsB-eGFP), which results in ablation of the central two-thirds of the RPE after 24 h treatment with MTZ, with subsequent tissue recovery. Focus is placed on RPE ablations in larval zebrafish and methods for testing the effects of pharmacological compounds on RPE regeneration are also outlined. Generation and validation of RpEGEN, a MATLAB script created to automate quantification of RPE regeneration based on pigmentation, is also discussed. Beyond active RPE repair mechanisms, this protocol can be expanded to studies of RPE degeneration and injury responses as well as the effects of RPE damage on adjacent retinal and vascular tissues, among other cellular and molecular processes. This zebrafish system holds significant promise in identifying genes, networks, and processes that drive RPE regeneration and RPE disease-related mechanisms, with the long-term goal of applying this knowledge to mammalian systems and, ultimately, toward therapeutic development.

Nitroreductase/Metronidazole-Mediated Ablation and a MATLAB Platform RpEGEN for Studying Regeneration of the Zebrafish Retinal Pigment Epithelium

This protocol describes the methodology to genetically ablate the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) using a transgenic zebrafish model. Adapting the protocol to incorporate signaling pathway modulation using pharmacological compounds is extensively detailed. A MATLAB platform for quantifying RPE regeneration based on pigmentation was developed and is presented and discussed.

Ablazione mediata da nitrorefuttasi/metronidazolo e una piattaforma MATLAB (RpEGEN) per lo studio della rigenerazione dell'epitelio pigmentato retinico zebrafish

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) resides at the back of the eye and performs functions essential for maintaining the health and integrity of adjacent ...

Primary Culture of Porcine Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a monolayer of polarized pigmented epithelial cells, located between the choroid and neuroretina in the retina. Multiple functions, including phagocytosis, nutrient/metabolite transportation, vitamin A metabolism, etc., are conducted by the RPE on a daily basis. RPE cells are terminally differentiated epithelial cells with little or no regenerative capacity. Loss of RPE cells results in multiple eye diseases leading to visual impairment, such as age-related macular degeneration. Therefore, the establishment of an in vitro culture model of primary RPE cells, which more closely resembles the RPE in vivo than cell lines, is critical for the characteristic and mechanistic studies of RPE cells. Considering the fact that the source of human eyeballs is limited, we create a protocol to culture primary porcine RPE cells. By using this protocol, RPE cells can be easily dissociated from adult porcine eyeballs. Subsequently, these dissociated cells attach to culture dishes/inserts, proliferate to form a confluent monolayer, and quickly re-establish key features of epithelial tissue in vivo within 2 wks. By qRT-PCR, it is demonstrated that primary porcine RPE cells express multiple signature genes at comparable levels with native RPE tissue, while the expressions of most of these genes are lost/highly reduced in human RPE-like cells, ARPE-19. Moreover, the immunofluorescence staining shows the distribution of tight junction, tissue polarity, and cytoskeleton proteins, as well as the presence of RPE65, an isomerase critical for vitamin A metabolism, in cultured primary cells. Altogether, we have developed an easy-to-follow approach to culture primary porcine RPE cells with high purity and native RPE features, which could serve as a good model to understand RPE physiology, study cell toxicities, and facilitate drug screenings.

Here, an easy-to-follow method to culture primary porcine retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro is presented.

Coltura primaria di cellule epiteliali pigmentate retiniche suine

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a monolayer of polarized pigmented epithelial cells, located between the choroid and neuroretina in the retina. ...

Isolation of Primary Mouse Retinal Pigmented Epithelium Cells

The retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) layer lies immediately behind the photoreceptors and harbors a complex metabolic system that plays several critical roles in maintaining the photoreceptors' function. Thus, the RPE structure and function are essential to sustain normal vision. This manuscript presents an established protocol for primary mouse RPE cell isolation. RPE isolation is a great tool to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying RPE pathology in the different mouse models of ocular disorders. Furthermore, RPE isolation can help in comparing primary mouse RPE cells isolated from wild-type and genetically modified mice, as well as testing drugs that can accelerate the development of therapy for visual disorders. The manuscript presents a step-by-step RPE isolation protocol; the entire procedure, from enucleation to seeding, takes approximately 4 hours. The media shouldn't be changed for 5-7 days after seeding, to allow the growth of the isolated cells without disturbance. This process is followed by the characterization of morphology, pigmentation, and specific markers in the cells via immunofluorescence. Cells can be passaged a maximum of three or four times.

This manuscript describes a simplified protocol for the isolation of retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) cells from mouse eyes in a stepwise manner. The protocol includes the enucleation and dissection of mouse eyes, followed by the isolation, seeding, and culturing of RPE cells.

Isolamento delle cellule primarie dell'epitelio pigmentato retinico del topo

The retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) layer lies immediately behind the photoreceptors and harbors a complex metabolic system that plays several critical ...