Inhalation anesthetics induce general anesthesia through inhaled gases and volatile liquids that diffuse rapidly across the pulmonary alveoli and tissues.

The anesthetic potency of these agents depends on the minimum alveolar concentration. Distribution of these anesthetics involves alveolar wash-in, followed by rapid tissue uptake.

They exhibit steep dose-response curves and narrow therapeutic indices with no known antagonists.

Modern agents encompass volatile liquids such as isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane, and gases like nitrous oxide. They are nonflammable, nonexplosive, and delivered via a recirculation system to minimize waste.

These agents decrease cerebrovascular resistance and respiratory drive by enhancing GABA's action on GABA_A receptors, except for nitrous oxide, which inhibits NMDA receptors.

These agents have potential adverse effects like hypotension, respiratory irritation, and nephrotoxicity. Exposure to halogenated hydrocarbons can trigger malignant hyperthermia, a rare, life-threatening condition.

Notably, as most inhalation anesthetics are released unchanged into the atmosphere, they severely impact the environment.