세포 및 발생 생물학 비디오 촬용 장비학과의 사용에 대한 마크 워즈니악. 밴더빌트 대학의 세포 이미징 공유 리소스. 이 작품은 DMB하기 위해 ERP에 AHA 부여 12PRE10950005, DMB하는 AHA 부여 11GRNT7690040, NIH 보조금 R01 HL037675에 의해 지원됩니다. DMB는 심장 혈관 연구의 글래디스 P. Stahlman 의자입니다.

동물과 관련된 모든 절차가 적절한 동물 사용의 승인을 확인하고 몸을 관심. 1 사전에 주식 버퍼를 준비합니다 <ol><li> 이 L 재고 칼슘 무료 타이로드의 (표 1)을 준비합니다. NaOH로 7.4로 pH를 조정합니다. </li><li> 이 L 재고 1.2 밀리미터 칼슘 타이로드의 (표 2)을 준비합니다. NaOH로 7.4로 pH를 조정합니다. </li></ol> 실험의 날 2는, 관류, 전송, 소화 버퍼를 준비합니다 <ol><li> 칼슘 + 무료 타이로드의 (표 3)에 150 ml의 관류 버퍼를 준비하고 0.2 μm의 필터를 통해 필터링합니다. </li><li> 35 ML을 준비 칼슘 무료 전송 &quot;버퍼&quot; &quot;버퍼 B&quot;(표 5)를 포함 (표 4)과 25 ㎖의 칼슘. 0.2 μm의 필터를 통해 각각의 필터. </li><li> 공의 솔루션을 준비0.06, 0.24, 0.6, 및 혼합 버퍼 1.2 밀리미터 칼슘과 B 표 6 당. </li><li> 마우스의 체중 (BW)에 기초하여 25 ㎖의 관류 완충액 (표 7)에 소화 효소를 용해하여 25 ㎖의 분해 완충액을 준비한다. 사용하기 전에 0.2 μm의 필터를 통해 필터링합니다. </li></ol> 3 실험 설정 <ol><li> 시판 또는 3 ㎖의 유속을 허용하는 연동 펌프, 배관 및 열 교환기 코일을 사용하여, 정 유량 랑겐 돌프 장치를 조립 / 37 ° C로 가열 된 관류 액의 분. 간단한 도식 벨 2,011 리뷰 제공, 그 외 18됩니다. </li><li> 정맥으로부터 유출 3 ㎖ / 분의 유속으로 37 ° C에서 그래서 랑겐 돌프 장치의 순환 수조 온도 (~ 47 ° C)를 설정. </li><li> 초순수 타입 I 물 100 ㎖ 다음에 15 분 동안 관류 시스템을 통해 70 % 에탄올을 실행. 정기적 복용을 통해 실행 관류 버퍼5 분간 m은 기포를 제거하면서. </li><li> 원하는 방법으로 모든 수술 도구를 소독. </li><li> 23 G 루어 스텁 어댑터의 끝 부분에 PE-50 튜브의 짧은 조각 (약 3mm)를 부착하여 정맥을 만듭니다. 튜브의 열 팁은 대동맥이 배치 될 동안 입술을 만들 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 4 심근 격리 <ol><li> 복강 내 주사를 통해, 0.2 ml의 헤파린 용액 (1000 IU / ml)로 마우스를 주입한다. </li><li> 5 분 후, 이소 플루오 란에 마우스를 마취. 완전히 (강한 발 핀치에 대한 응답)를 마취하지 않는 경우, 70 % EtOH로 가슴에 스프레이. 가슴을 열고 신속하게 4 ° C 관류 버퍼의 대동맥과 장소를 손상되지 않도록주의하면서 마음을 절제. 잡고 마음에서 들어 올려 곡선 집게를 사용합니다. 이 미세 가위로 마음의 뒤에 첨부 파일을 트림 공간을 만듭니다. </li><li> 부드럽게 잘 포셉 이쌍과 대동맥의 가장자리를 잡고 조심스럽게 openi을 당겨 마음을 Cannulate캐 뉼러의 입술을 통해 대동맥의 NG. 이 관상 동맥을 통해 심장의 재관류을 억제하므로, 캐뉼라의 선단 대동맥판지나 뇌실에 있지 않은지 확인. </li><li> 즉시 정맥의 입술 위의 대동맥 주위에 5-0 실크 봉합사의 루프를 매서 캐 뉼러에 대동맥을 고정합니다. </li><li> 참고 : 4.4을 통해 4.2 가능한 한 빨리 최고 품질의 소화 완료해야 단계를 반복합니다. </li><li> 주 : 마음은 이미 관류 버퍼를 흐르는 랑겐 돌프의 장치에 부착 된 정맥에 직접 걸 수 있습니다. 그러나, 해부 현미경으로 관류 버퍼의 작은 주사기에 부착 된 정맥에 마음을 매달려 가장 성공적인 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이것은 관류 완충액 소량 관상 동맥의 삭제에 대한 시청 안전하게 캐뉼라에 부착되는 심장을 보장 통해 푸시 될 수있다. 정맥은 관류 버퍼를 실행하는 랑겐 돌프에 걸려있다. </li><li> 관류2 ~ 3 분 동안 3 ㎖ / min의 유량 칼슘 무료 관류 버퍼 마음. </li><li> 소화 버퍼 효소 및 7 ~ 10 분 동안 관류로 전환, 마음은 색상 부드럽고 가벼운 될 것입니다. </li><li> 주 : 분해 시간은 효소 활성 및 심장 크기에 따라 조정될 수있다. </li><li> 마음이 palpably 이완되면, 버퍼 (칼슘 무료 전송 버퍼)와 멸균 P60 접시에 정맥과 장소에서 마음을 제거합니다. </li><li> 심방과 큰 혈관을 제거합니다. 원하는 경우 우심실을 제거합니다. 핀셋으로 작은 조각으로 심실을 구분합니다. 멸균 5 ML 전송 피펫 피펫 여러 번 더 세포를 분산합니다. </li><li> 250 μm의 나일론 메쉬 필터를 통해 50 ml의 원추형 튜브에 세포 현탁액을 필터. </li><li> 서스펜션은 약 10 분 동안 펠렛을 허용합니다. </li><li> 0.06 밀리미터 칼슘 용액에 펠렛을 전송합니다. 세포는 10 분 동안 펠렛을 허용합니다. 대부분의 사균 플로트 반면 건강한 세포 펠렛 것이다. </li&gt; <li> 뜨는을 기음과 0.24 mM의 칼슘 용액에 펠렛을 전송합니다. </li><li> 10 분 배양, 구토물이기도를 반복 한 세포가 1.2 mM의 용액에 때까지 나머지 두 칼슘 솔루션을 통해 전송할 수 있습니다. 이 시점에서, 세포의 대부분은 막대 모양의 근세포이어야한다. </li></ol> (5) 측정 수축성과 칼슘 과도 <ol><li> 주 : 수축성 칼슘 과도 모두 동시에 측정 할 수있다. </li><li> 1 μg / μL의 농도로 무수 DMSO에 재현 탁에서의 Fura-2 오전 솔루션을 준비합니다. 의 Fura-2 오전 솔루션은 -20 ° C에서 데시 케이 터에 저장 될 수 있습니다. </li><li> 부하 1 μL의 Fura - 오전 2시와 정지 세포의 1 ML. 세포가 어두운 10 분 후 흡인 상등액에 앉아 할 수 있습니다. 세포는 세척 사이 10 분 동안 어둠 속에서 펠렛 할 수 있도록 칼슘 타이로드의 솔루션으로 두 번 씻으십시오. </li><li> 가열 체육을 할 수있는 무대 삽입에 유리 커버 슬립을 배치심근 필드 자극기와 페이싱 rfusion / 흡인 전극. 거꾸로 현미경에 배치 무대 삽입 오일 침지 목표를 사용하는 경우 렌즈에 오일 한 방울을 추가, 형광 측정을 위해 설정합니다. </li><li> 1.2 밀리미터 칼슘 타이로드의 솔루션을 가열 중력 관류를 설정 무대에서 솔루션은 37 ° C에 도달 할 수 있도록. 진공 흡입을 연결합니다. 전극을 연결합니다. </li><li> 현미경 시스템의 전원을 켜고 비율 계량 형광 및 세포 치수 데이터 수집 소프트웨어를 엽니 다. </li><li> 일시적으로 혈류를 차단하는 것은 건강한 세포가 정착 할 수 있도록 무대 삽입에의 Fura - 오전 2로드 세포의 몇 방울을 추가합니다. </li><li> 원하는 셀을 찾으려면 40 배 목표를 사용합니다. 건강한 세포는 막대 모양의 자발적 계약을 체결하지해야합니다. 그것은 눈에 띄게 균일 계약 셀은 5 ~ 20 V.에 진행되는시기 </li><li> 주 : 생리 학적 분석은 고품질의 소화를 필요로한다. 그것은 건강한 보이지만 연평균하지 않는 세포를 가질 수 있습니다<html> 생리 학적 분석을 위해 잘 CE. 소화 프로토콜은 높은 품질, 건강한 근육 세포를 얻기 위해 정제가 필요할 수 있습니다. 또한, 돌연변이 또는 질병 마음 프로토콜에 대한 수정이 필요할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 렌즈 회전 및 변경 조리개 그렇게에 원하는 화면 및 배경에 가로로 줄 지어 조정합니다 볼 수 없습니다. </li><li> 심근 세포의 양 끝을 에지 검출 막대를 맞추고 임계 값을 조정합니다. 균일 한 sarcomeres와 세포의 일부에 근절 검출을 맞 춥니 다. 더 이상 당신이 줄을 만들 수 있습니다, 근절 길이의보다 정확한 수학적 모델이 너무 오래가 sarcomeres의이 인구에 없기 때문에 것입니다. </li><li> 페이스 세포 2 Hz에서 녹음하기 전에 10 ~ 15 초 동안 5 ~ 20 V에서. </li><li> 기록 추적. 주변 광에 가장 칼슘 과도 녹화 최소화해야한다. </li></ol> (6) 분석 <ol><li> 비율 적 형광 및 셀 치수 데이터 수집 소프트웨어를 사용하여 트레이스를 분석한다. </li></ol>제목 &quot;&gt; 7. 또한 연구 <ol><li> 고정 및 면역 염색, 직접 약물 효과, 단기 문화, 원자력 현미경 평가 :이 프로토콜을 포함한 다른 다양한 실험에 사용할 수있는 과량의 세포를 제공한다. </li></ol>

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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Na+/K+-ATPase+a2-isoform+preferntially+modulates+Ca2++transients+and+sarcoplasmic+reticulum+Ca2++release+in+cardiac+myocytes.">Na+/K+-ATPase a2-isoform preferntially modulates Ca2+ transients and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release in cardiac myocytes.</a> Cardiovascular Research. 95, 480-486 (2012).</li><li>Touchberry, C. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FGF23+is+a+novel+regulator+of+intracellular+calcium+and+cardiac+contractility+in+addition+to+cardiac+hypertophy.">FGF23 is a novel regulator of intracellular calcium and cardiac contractility in addition to cardiac hypertophy.</a> American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism. , (2013).</li><li>Helmes, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Titin+Determines+the+Frank-Starling+Relation+in+Early+Diastole.">Titin Determines the Frank-Starling Relation in Early Diastole.</a> The Journal of General Physiology. 121, 97-110 (2003).</li><li>Bell, R. M., Mocanu, M. M., Yellon, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retrograde+heart+perfusion:+The+Langendorff+technique+of+isolated+heart+perfusion.">Retrograde heart perfusion: The Langendorff technique of isolated heart perfusion.</a> Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 50, 940-950 (2011).</li><li>Flynn, J. M., Santana, L. F., Melov, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+Cell+Transcriptional+Profiling+of+Adult+Mouse+Cardiomyocytes.">Single Cell Transcriptional Profiling of Adult Mouse Cardiomyocytes.</a> J Vis Exp. (58), e3302 (2011).</li></ol>

우리는 공개 할게 없다.

품질 심근의 분리 연습 및 최적화의 어떤 수준을 필요로한다. 이 프로토콜은 크게 소화의 결과에 영향을 미칠 수있는 주요 단계가 포함되어 있습니다. 수행 및 프로토콜 문제를 해결할 때이 신중하게 고려되어야한다. 삽관 및 재관류에 마음의 제거까지의 시간은 이상적 이하 오분보다 최소로 할 것. 얼음처럼 차가운 버퍼에 마음을 마우스에서 제거하고 해부 및 cannulating 후 얼음처럼 차가운 관류 ...

Cardiomyocytes provide the contractile force for the heart. Each myocyte contains organized cytoskeletal and contractile elements essential to contraction. The heart not only contains cardiomyocytes but also fibroblasts, connective tissue, and modified myocytes such as Purkinje fibers. Changes in any or all of these cell types can be seen in heart failure, making determination of the ultimate cause of heart dysfunction difficult. Decreased ventricular contractility of a failing heart is preceded by varying degrees of fibrous tissue build-up and hypertrophy and dysfunction of the cardiomyocytes1. Arrhythmias can be caused by dysfunction in the conducting cells2, fibrosis interrupting cardiac conduction3, or changes in the expression of ion channels in cardiomyocytes1,4. Indeed, these problems often co-exist in a complicated fashion.
Isolating and studying cardiomyocytes allows one to examine contractile and electrical dysfunction of individual myocytes in the context of overall heart function. Techniques to isolate individual cardiac myocytes were developed over 40 years ago in an effort to better study physiology of this &#8216;workhorse&#8217; cell of the heart. Isolation techniques have been improved to increase yield and quality of cells, with the vital development of coronary perfusion via cannulation of the aorta, first performed in 19705. This article describes cardiomyocyte isolation followed by measurement of contractility and calcium transients using ratiometric fluorescence and cell dimensioning data acquisition software. In both genetic and environmental models of heart disease, utilizing this protocol provides key information about cell contractility, sarcomeric contractility and relaxation, calcium transients, and cytoskeletal disruption. This system is often used to test the effect of drugs on isolated cardiomyocytes6,7. We employ the system to compare contractility and calcium transients of cardiomyocytes between wild type mice and mice with a mutation leading to dilated cardiomyopathy.
Studying individual cardiac myocytes has numerous advantages over other commonly used methods to study cardiac anatomy and physiology. Echocardiography and electrocardiography provide information about the contractile function and electrical conduction of the heart overall. Neither of these methods explains the cause or nature of the dysfunction below the level of the whole organ. Measuring contractility of individual cardiomyocytes using edge-detection and sarcomere length algorithms can demonstrate that changes within the contractile cell of the heart are present within global heart dysfunction. Measuring calcium transients demonstrates the influence of changes in ion flux at a cellular level to contractile dysfunction or arrhythmias.
In addition to complementing whole organ studies, this protocol provides cells easily stained for sub-cellular components. It is possible to see cytoskeletal changes by staining tissue sections of the whole heart; however, one is only able to visualize a cross section of cells. A whole cardiomyocyte is thicker than the typical tissue section, and given the arrangement and length of the cardiomyocytes, it is difficult to see whole cells in a single section. Isolated cardiomyocytes can be fixed immediately and stained for a variety of cytoskeletal elements and ion channels. Confocal images can be compiled into full thickness z-stacks of the cell. Additionally, staining isolated cardiac myocytes allows for staining of components that are impossible to visualize in sections, such as the membrane invaginations known as t-tubules.
Cultured cell lines of cardiac myocytes do exist, some of which have similar transcriptional profiles and phenotypic features to cardiac myocytes. Some, such as the HL-1 cell line, even retain some sarcomeric organization and rudimentary contractile ability8. Despite these qualities, cultured cells lack the &#8220;box car&#8221; shape and t-tubule structure of cardiomyocytes and have less sarcomeric organization. These components are essential to the function of cardiomyocytes in vivo. In addition, using cultured cells allows genetic manipulation but not in vivo physiologic manipulation. Isolated cardiomyocytes retain their cellular organization long enough to study but are still easily imaged and even transduced9. 
Isolated cardiomyocytes are extremely versatile, providing a substrate to identically analyze cells from varied experimental conditions. Isolation and physiological analysis of myocytes have been used by countless labs for a variety of experiments including studying the effect of drugs6,7 or small molecules10, environmental stressors11, infection12, illness13, or genetic mutation14,15 on contractility and/or calcium transients and studying the regulation of contractility and calcium release within a cardiomyocyte15-17. With the application of any of these stressors, changes in heart function could be due to any combination of changes in the cardiomyocytes themselves and changes in the surrounding environment of the heart, such as scarring, changes in conductivity, or changes to the extracellular matrix. This is an ideal protocol for answering research questions regarding individual myocyte structure and function in the context of heart failure from any cause.
Although it has countless advantages over other techniques, physiological analysis of isolated cardiomyocytes is not ideal for every research question. Isolation is a terminal procedure, thus cardiomyocytes can only be assessed at one time in the mouse&#8217;s life. This can be partially overcome using cohorts and sacrificing individual mice along the course of illness development or by monitoring the mouse to determine whether it has clinically significant heart failure before isolation. Although this protocol can determine whether cardiomyocyte dysfunction has occurred, one cannot draw the conclusion that this dysfunction is the root cause of heart failure without additional experimental information. It is possible that cardiomyocyte dysfunction itself is secondary to other changes in the heart. Despite these challenges, studying cardiomyocytes offers valuable information in determining the nature of dysfunction in the heart, especially when combined with other experiments. 
The following protocol is adapted from one provided by Dr. Chee Lim, Vanderbilt University. Although contractility and calcium flux data are highly reproducible and useful in comparing hearts with genetic or environmental manipulation, isolation itself remains a technique dependent protocol, requiring optimization. Minimizing the time between removing the heart from the mouse and perfusing the heart via aortic cannulation is essential for a quality digestion. In addition, digestion time and enzyme concentration can be optimized for the highest quality myocytes. Steps likely requiring optimization, along with suggestions for optimization, are noted below.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">RPI</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">S23020</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">KCl</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">P-3911</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:253px;">MgCl2</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">M-8266</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">EM Science</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">S320</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:253px;">NaH2PO4</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">S5011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:253px;">CaCl2 &#376; 2H2O</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">C79</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">D-(+)-Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">G7528</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">2,3-Butanedione-monoxime (BDM)</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">B-0753</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">Taurine</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">T-0625</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">A-7030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">Collagenase B</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Roche Diagnostics</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">1-088-823</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">Collagenase D</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Roche Diagnostics</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">1-088-882</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">Protease XIV</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">P-5147</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">Heparin</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">APP Pharmaceuticals, LLC</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">401586D</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">Isofluorane</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Butler Schein</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">11695-6776-2</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">Fura-2 AM</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Teflabs</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">103</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">DMSO &#8211; anhydrous</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">276855</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:253px;">IonOptix cell pacing and fluorescent analysis system</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">IonOptix</td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">250 um nylon mesh filter</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Sefar America</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Lab Pak 03-250/50</td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">23G leur-stub adaptor</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">1482619E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:253px;">PE-50 tubing</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">427410</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and physiological analysis of mouse cardiomyocytes

Cardiomyocytes, the workhorse cell of the heart, contain exquisitely organized cytoskeletal and contractile elements that generate the contractile force used to pump blood. Individual cardiomyocytes were first isolated over 40 years ago in order to better study the physiology and structure of heart muscle. Techniques have rapidly improved to include enzymatic digestion via coronary perfusion. More recently, analyzing the contractility and calcium flux of isolated myocytes has provided a vital tool in the cellular and sub-cellular analysis of heart failure. Echocardiography and EKGs provide information about the heart at an organ level only. Cardiomyocyte cell culture systems exist, but cells lack physiologically essential structures such as organized sarcomeres and t-tubules required for myocyte function within the heart. In the protocol presented here, cardiomyocytes are isolated via Langendorff perfusion. The heart is removed from the mouse, mounted via the aorta to a cannula, perfused with digestion enzymes, and cells are introduced to increasing calcium concentrations. Edge and sarcomere detection software is used to analyze contractility, and a calcium binding fluorescent dye is used to visualize calcium transients of electrically paced cardiomyocytes; increasing understanding of the role cellular changes play in heart dysfunction. Traditionally used to test drug effects on cardiomyocytes, we employ this system to compare myocytes from WT mice and mice with a mutation that causes dilated cardiomyopathy. This protocol is unique in its comparison of live cells from mice with known heart function and known genetics. Many experimental conditions are reliably compared, including genetic or environmental manipulation, infection, drug treatment, and more. Beyond physiologic data, isolated cardiomyocytes are easily fixed and stained for cytoskeletal elements. Isolating cardiomyocytes via perfusion is an extremely versatile method, useful in studying cellular changes that accompany or lead to heart failure in a variety of experimental conditions.

수축력이 과도 트레이싱 (도 2)를 수집되면, 데이터는 쉽게 적절한 소프트웨어로 분석한다. 전체 추적, 또는 그 일부 (도 3)을 평균화 할 수있다. 수축력은 다양한 방식으로 분석 될 수있다. 수축기 함수, 한 단축과 피크 부분 단축, 또는 시간의 속도로 수축 수축의 크기 및 수축 속도를 평가할 수있다. 이완기 기능은 50 % 단축 및 휴식 속도와 시간을 유사하게 분석 할 수 있?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Physiological Analysis of Mouse Cardiomyocytes at JoVE.com

Isolation and Physiological Analysis of Mouse Cardiomyocytes

Individual cardiomyocytes from wild type and mutant mice can be isolated from the heart in order to study their contractility and calcium transients. This allows characterization of the contribution of cellular dysfunction to heart dysfunction from any cause.

마우스 심근의 분리 및 생리 학적 분석

Cardiomyocytes, the workhorse cell of the heart, contain exquisitely organized cytoskeletal and contractile elements that generate the contractile force ...

isolation-and-physiological-analysis-of-mouse-cardiomyocytes

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

22.8K 조회수.  Vanderbilt University.  Individual cardiomyocytes from wild type and mutant mice can be isolated from the heart in order to study their contractility and calcium transients. This allows characterization of the contribution of cellular dysfunction to heart dysfunction from any cause. 

비디오: Isolation and Physiological Analysis of Mouse Cardiomyocytes

Dissection of Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus from Adult Mouse

The hippocampus is one of the most widely studied areas in the brain because of its important functional role in memory processing and learning, its remarkable neuronal cell plasticity, and its involvement in epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, and psychiatric disorders. The hippocampus is composed of distinct regions; the dentate gyrus, which comprises mainly granule neurons, and Ammon's horn, which comprises mainly pyramidal neurons, and the two regions are connected by both anatomic and functional circuits. Many different mRNAs and proteins are selectively expressed in the dentate gyrus, and the dentate gyrus is a site of adult neurogenesis; that is, new neurons are continually generated in the adult dentate gyrus. To investigate mRNA and protein expression specific to the dentate gyrus, laser capture microdissection is often used. This method has some limitations, however, such as the need for special apparatuses and complicated handling procedures. In this video-recorded protocol, we demonstrate a dissection technique for removing the dentate gyrus from adult mouse under a stereomicroscope. Dentate gyrus samples prepared using this technique are suitable for any assay, including transcriptomic, proteomic, and cell biology analyses. We confirmed that the dissected tissue is dentate gyrus by conducting real-time PCR of dentate gyrus-specific genes, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) and desmoplakin (Dsp), and Ammon's horn enriched genes, Meis-related gene 1b (Mrg1b) and TYRO3 protein tyrosine kinase 3 (Tyro3). The mRNA expressions of TDO2 and Dsp in the dentate gyrus samples were detected at obviously higher levels, whereas Mrg1b and Tyro3 were lower levels, than those in the Ammon's horn samples. To demonstrate the advantage of this method, we performed DNA microarray analysis using samples of whole hippocampus and dentate gyrus. The mRNA expression of TDO2 and Dsp, which are expressed selectively in the dentate gyrus, in the whole hippocampus of alpha-CaMKII+/- mice, exhibited 0.037 and 0.10-fold changes compared to that of wild-type mice, respectively. In the isolated dentate gyrus, however, these expressions exhibited 0.011 and 0.021-fold changes compared to that of wild-type mice, demonstrating that gene expression changes in dentate gyrus can be detected with greater sensitivity. Taken together, this convenient and accurate dissection technique can be reliably used for studies focused on the dentate gyrus.

A dissection technique for removal of the dentate gyrus from adult mouse under a stereomicroscope was demonstrated in this video-recorded protocol.

성인 마우스 Hippocampal 이가있는 이랑의 해부

The hippocampus is one of the most widely studied areas in the brain because of its important functional role in memory processing and learning, its ...

연구

생물학

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models. This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, treatment of cancer via oral delivery of drugs, and monitoring of tumor cell behavior in response to drug treatment in real time using in vivo imaging system. In this orthotopic model, ovarian tumor cells expressing luciferase are applied topically by injecting them directly into the mouse bursa where each ovary is enclosed. Upon injection of D-luciferin, a substrate of firefly luciferase, luciferase-expressing cells generate bioluminescence signals. This signal is detected by the in vivo imaging system and allows for a non-invasive means of monitoring tumor growth, distribution, and regression in individual animals. Drug administration via oral gavage allows for a maximum dosing volume of 10 mL/kg body weight to be delivered directly to the stomach and closely resembles delivery of drugs in clinical treatments. Therefore, techniques described here, development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, oral delivery of drugs, and in vivo imaging, are useful for better understanding of human ovarian cancer and treatment and will improve targeting this disease.

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Orthotopic animal models of ovarian cancer replicate better human disease and therefore enhance our understanding of cancer progression and tumor response to therapy. A mouse model receives an intrabursal injection of luciferase-expressing ovarian tumor cells. Treatment is administered via oral gavage. Tumor growth is monitored by in vivo imaging system.

생체내 이미징 및 난소암의 Orthotopic 마우스 모델에서 치료 트리 트먼트

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models.  This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model ...

Single Cell Transcriptional Profiling of Adult Mouse Cardiomyocytes

While numerous studies have examined gene expression changes from homogenates of heart tissue, this prevents studying the inherent stochastic variation between cells within a tissue. Isolation of pure cardiomyocyte populations through a collagenase perfusion of mouse hearts facilitates the generation of single cell microarrays for whole transcriptome gene expression, or qPCR of specific targets using nanofluidic arrays. We describe here a procedure to examine single cell gene expression profiles of cardiomyocytes isolated from the heart. This paradigm allows for the evaluation of metrics of interest which are not reliant on the mean (for example variance between cells within a tissue) which is not possible when using conventional whole tissue workflows for the evaluation of gene expression (Figure 1). We have achieved robust amplification of the single cell transcriptome yielding micrograms of double stranded cDNA that facilitates the use of microarrays on individual cells. In the procedure we describe the use of NimbleGen arrays which were selected for their ease of use and ability to customize their design. Alternatively, a reverse transcriptase - specific target amplification (RT-STA) reaction, allows for qPCR of hundreds of targets by nanofluidic PCR. Using either of these approaches, it is possible to examine the variability of expression between cells, as well as examining expression profiles of rare cell types from within a tissue. Overall, the single cell gene expression approach allows for the generation of data that can potentially identify idiosyncratic expression profiles that are typically averaged out when examining expression of millions of cells from typical homogenates generated from whole tissues.

Single cell expression profiling allows the detailed gene expression analysis of individual cells. We describe methods for the isolation of cardiomyocytes, and preparing the resulting lysates for either whole transcriptome microarray or qPCR of specific targets.

성인 마우스 Cardiomyocytes의 단세포 Transcriptional 프로파일

While numerous studies have examined gene expression changes from homogenates of heart tissue, this prevents studying the inherent stochastic variation ...

Isolation and Kv Channel Recordings in Murine Atrial and Ventricular Cardiomyocytes

KCNE genes encode for a small family of Kv channel ancillary subunits that form heteromeric complexes with Kv channel alpha subunits to modify their functional properties. Mutations in KCNE genes have been found in patients with cardiac arrhythmias such as the long QT syndrome and/or atrial fibrillation. However, the precise molecular pathophysiology that leads to these diseases remains elusive. In previous studies the electrophysiological properties of the disease causing mutations in these genes have mostly been studied in heterologous expression systems and we cannot be sure if the reported effects can directly be translated into native cardiomyocytes. In our laboratory we therefore use a different approach. We directly study the effects of KCNE gene deletion in isolated cardiomyocytes from knockout mice by cellular electrophysiology - a unique technique that we describe in this issue of the Journal of Visualized Experiments. The hearts from genetically engineered KCNE mice are rapidly excised and mounted onto a Langendorff apparatus by aortic cannulation. Free Ca2+ in the myocardium is bound by EGTA, and dissociation of cardiac myocytes is then achieved by retrograde perfusion of the coronary arteries with a specialized low Ca2+ buffer containing collagenase. Atria, free right ventricular wall and the left ventricle can then be separated by microsurgical techniques. Calcium is then slowly added back to isolated cardiomyocytes in a multiple step comprising washing procedure. Atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes of healthy appearance with no spontaneous contractions are then immediately subjected to electrophysiological analyses by patch clamp technique or other biochemical analyses within the first 6 hours following isolation.

Kv channel dysfunction is associated with cardiac arrhythmias. In order to study the molecular mechanisms that lead to such arrhythmias we utilize a systematic protocol for isolation of atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes from Kv channel ancillary subunit knockout mice. Isolated cardiomyocytes can then immediately be used for cellular electrophysiological studies, biochemical or immunofluorescence (IF) assays.

손쥐 심방과 심실 Cardiomyocytes의 절연 및 KV 채널 레코딩

KCNE genes encode for a small family of Kv channel ancillary subunits that form heteromeric complexes with Kv channel alpha subunits to modify their ...

Isolation and Culture of Neonatal Mouse Cardiomyocytes

Cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes have long been used to study myofibrillogenesis and myofibrillar functions. Cultured cardiomyocytes allow for easy investigation and manipulation of biochemical pathways, and their effect on the biomechanical properties of spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes.	
The following 2-day protocol describes the isolation and culture of neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes. We show how to easily dissect hearts from neonates, dissociate the cardiac tissue and enrich cardiomyocytes from the cardiac cell-population. We discuss the usage of different enzyme mixes for cell-dissociation, and their effects on cell-viability. The isolated cardiomyocytes can be subsequently used for a variety of morphological, electrophysiological, biochemical, cell-biological or biomechanical assays. We optimized the protocol for robustness and reproducibility, by using only commercially available solutions and enzyme mixes that show little lot-to-lot variability. We also address common problems associated with the isolation and culture of cardiomyocytes, and offer a variety of options for the optimization of isolation and culture conditions.

Primary mouse cardiomyocyte cultures are one of the pivotal tools for the investigation of myofibrillar organization and function. The following protocol describes the isolation and culture of primary cardiomyocytes from neonatal mouse hearts. The resulting cardiomyocyte cultures may be subsequently used for a variety of biomechanical, biochemical and cell-biological assays.

분리 및 문화 신생아 마우스 심근

Cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes have long been used to study  myofibrillogenesis and myofibrillar functions. Cultured cardiomyocytes allow  for easy ...

Isolation and Culture of Adult Mouse Cardiomyocytes for Cell Signaling and in vitro Cardiac Hypertrophy

Technological advances have made genetically modified mice, including transgenic and gene knockout mice, an essential tool in many research fields. Adult cardiomyocytes are widely accepted as a good model for cardiac cellular physiology and pathophysiology, as well as for pharmaceutical intervention. Genetically modified mice preclude the need for complicated cardiomyocyte infection processes to generate the desired genotype, which are inefficient due to cardiomyocytes&#8217; terminal differentiation. Isolation and culture of high quantity and quality functional cardiomyocytes will dramatically benefit cardiovascular research and provide an important tool for cell signaling transduction research and drug development. Here, we describe a well-established method for isolation of adult mouse cardiomyocytes that can be implemented with little training. The mouse heart is excised and cannulated to an isolated heart system, then perfused with a calcium-free and high potassium buffer followed by type II collagenase digestion in Langendorff retrograde perfusion mode. This protocol yields a consistent result for the collection of functional adult mouse cardiomyocytes from a variety of genetically modified mice.

Isolation and Culture of Adult Mouse Cardiomyocytes for Cell Signaling and in vitro Cardiac Hypertrophy

We describe a reliable method for isolation of adult mouse cardiomyocytes. This protocol yields a consistent result for the culture of functional adult cardiomyocytes from a variety of genetically modified mice.

분리 및 문화 성인 마우스 세포 신호 전달 용의 Cardiomyocytes과의<em&gt; 시험관</em&gt; 심장 비대

Technological advances have made genetically modified mice, including transgenic and gene knockout mice, an essential tool in many research fields. Adult ...

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue

Comparison between two or more distinct groups, such as healthy vs. disease, is necessary to determine cellular status. Mitochondria are at the nexus of cell heath due to their role in both cell metabolism and energy production as well as control of apoptosis. Therefore, direct evaluation of isolated mitochondria and mitochondrial perturbation offers the ability to determine if organelle-specific (dys)function is occurring. The methods described in this protocol include isolation of intact, functional mitochondria from HEK cultured cells and mouse liver and spinal cord, but can be easily adapted for use with other cultured cells or animal tissues. Mitochondrial function assessed by TMRE and the use of common mitochondrial uncouplers and inhibitors in conjunction with a fluorescent plate reader allow this protocol not only to be versatile and accessible to most research laboratories, but also offers high throughput.

Comparison of mitochondrial membrane potential between samples yields valuable information about cellular status. Detailed steps for isolating mitochondria and assessing response to inhibitors and uncouplers using fluorescence are described. The method and utility of this protocol are illustrated by use of a cell culture and animal model of cellular stress.

분리 및 배양 세포 및 마우스 조직에서 미토콘드리아의 기능적 분석

Comparison between two or more distinct groups, such as healthy vs. disease, is necessary to determine cellular status. Mitochondria are at the nexus of ...

Isolation, Culture and Transduction of Adult Mouse Cardiomyocytes

Cultured cardiomyocytes can be used to study cardiomyocyte biology using techniques that are complementary to in vivo systems. For example, the purity and accessibility of in vitro culture enables fine control over biochemical analyses, live imaging, and electrophysiology. Long-term culture of cardiomyocytes offers access to additional experimental approaches that cannot be completed in short term cultures. For example, the in vitro investigation of dedifferentiation, cell cycle re-entry, and cell division has thus far largely been restricted to rat cardiomyocytes, which appear to be more robust in long-term culture. However, the availability of a rich toolset of transgenic mouse lines and well-developed disease models make mouse systems attractive for cardiac research. Although several reports exist of adult mouse cardiomyocyte isolation, few studies demonstrate their long-term culture. Presented here, is a step-by-step method for the isolation and long-term culture of adult mouse cardiomyocytes. First, retrograde Langendorff perfusion is used to efficiently digest the heart with proteases, followed by gravity sedimentation purification. After a period of dedifferentiation following isolation, the cells gradually attach to the culture and can be cultured for weeks. Adenovirus cell lysate is used to efficiently transduce the isolated cardiomyocytes. These methods provide a simple, yet powerful model system to study cardiac biology.

This protocol describes a step-by-step method for the reproducible isolation and long-term culture of adult mouse cardiomyocytes with high yield, purity, and viability.

격리, 문화 및 성인 마우스 심근 세포의 형질 도입

Cultured cardiomyocytes can be used to study cardiomyocyte biology using techniques that are complementary to in vivo systems. For example, the purity and ...

Simultaneous Isolation of High Quality Cardiomyocytes, Endothelial Cells, and Fibroblasts from an Adult Rat Heart

The rat is an important animal model used in cardiovascular research, and rat cardiac cells are used routinely for in vitro analysis of the molecular mechanisms of cardiovascular disease progression such as cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and atherosclerosis. Although several attempts with variable success have been made to develop immortalized cell lines from the cardiovascular system to understand these cellular mechanisms, primary cells offer a more natural and close to in vivo environment for such studies. Therefore, different laboratories working on a particular cell type have developed protocols to isolate individual types of rat cardiac cells of interest. A protocol that allows the isolation of more than one cell type, however, is missing. Here an optimized protocol is described that allows the isolation of high-quality major cardiac cell types (cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts) from a single preparation and enables their use for cellular analyses. This permits the most efficient use of available resources, which may save time and reduce research costs.

Several protocols have been developed and described for the isolation of different cardiac cell types from a rat heart. Here, an optimized protocol is described that allows the isolation of high-quality major cardiac cell types (cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts) from a single preparation, reducing the experimental costs.

성인 쥐 심장에서 고품질 Cardiomyocytes, 내피 세포 및 섬유 아세포의 동시 격리

The rat is an important animal model used in cardiovascular research, and rat cardiac cells are used routinely for in vitro analysis of the molecular ...

Trans-inner Cell Mass Injection of Embryonic Stem Cells Leads to Higher Chimerism Rates

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current blastocyst injection protocol. Here we report that a simple rotation of the embryo, and injection through Trans-Inner cell mass (TICM) increased the percentage of chimeric mice from 31% to 50%, with no additional equipment or further specialized training. 26 different inbred clones, and 35 total clones were injected over a period of 9 months. There was no significant difference in either pregnancy rate or recovery rate of embryos between traditional injection techniques and TICM. Therefore, without any major alteration in the injection process and a simple positioning of the blastocyst and injecting through the ICM, releasing the ES cells into the blastocoel cavity can potentially improve the quantity of chimeric production and subsequent germline transmission.

Here we present a protocol to increase chimera production without the use of new equipment. A simple orientation change of the embryo for injection can increase the number of embryos produced, and potentially reduce the timeline to germline transmission.

트랜스-내부 세포 배아 줄기 세포의 대량 주입 리드 더 높은 Chimerism 요금

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current ...