This work was partially supported by B.G. Negev technology and Linda Powers's contribution.

동물 실험은 벤 구리온 대학 (IL-39-08-2010) 동물 실험 윤리위원회에 의해 승인되었습니다. 1 마우스 뇌 단백질 추출 <ol><li> 각 얼음에 5 ㎖의 링거액과 장소 튜브를 포함하는 15 ㎖를 3 튜브를 준비합니다. </li><li> (주의 - 화학 후드를 사용) 아이소 플루 란 마취를 사용하여 마우스를 희생 자궁 전위 즉시 참수 한 다음 10 ~ 20 초. </li><li> 두개골로부터 뇌를 제거하고 뇌 조직의 손상을 방지 빙냉 링거액으로 몇 초간 린스. </li><li> 수술 블레이드를 사용하여, 전두엽 피질에서 소뇌 (CR) 및 뇌간 (BS)를 분리합니다. 다음으로, 뇌간에서 소뇌를 분리하고 정면 피질 전두엽 (FL)를 잘라; 전두엽에서 후각 망울을 제거합니다. 지정된 15 ml의 튜브에 3 뇌 영역을 배치합니다. </li><li> 각 튜브에서 조직을 균질화. FR 추가환경 안전 보건 차가운 얼음 링어의 솔루션은 각각의 튜브는 X g 800에서 7 분 동안 같은 볼륨 원심 분리기가 포함되어 있습니다. </li><li> 상층 액을 제거하고 각 튜브에 CHAPS 용해 버퍼의 100 μl를 추가합니다. 21 G 바늘을 1 ml의 시린지를 통해 용액을 여러 차례 (~ 10)를 통과시킴으로써, 잘 혼합하고, 30 분 동안 얼음 위에서 배양한다. </li><li> 13,000 × g으로 30 분 동안 새로운 마이크로 원심 분리 관 및 원심 분리 관에 각각의 내용을 전송. 새로운 마이크로 원심 분리기 튜브에 상청을 전송하고 이전에 설정된 방법을 사용하여 단백질 농도를 결정한다. -80 ° C에서 10 μL의 분취 량의 단백질 추출물을 저장합니다. </li></ol> 인스트루먼트, 반응 솔루션 및 단백질 희석 계산의 2 TRAP 분석 준비 <ol><li> 단백질 추출물의 희석 및 텔로 머라 반응 버퍼 표시된 마이크로 원심 분리기 튜브의 적절한 수를 준비합니다. 오염을 방지하기 위해 필터 정보를 사용하여 프로토콜의 모든 피펫 팅을 수행한다. </li&gt; <li> TRAP 반응 믹스 10 배, TS 프라이머의 dNTP의, UPW 단백질 추출물 (시약 및 시약의 농도에 대한 자료의 표 참조) : 얼음에 다음과 같은 솔루션을 해동. </li><li> 초순수 (UPW)를 이용하여 1 μg / μL의 최종 농도의 단백질 추출물 용액을 희석. </li></ol> 3 텔로 머라 제의 반응 <ol><li> 마이크로 원심 분리기 튜브에 다음을 추가하여 텔로 머라 아제 반응 믹스를 준비 : 2 μL 트랩 믹스 (10 배), 1 ㎕의 TS 프라이머 (0.1 μg), 1 μL의 dNTPs를 (10 mM)을 15 μL의 UPW를. 다수의 샘플의 경우, 샘플 1을 더한 수에 의해, 상기 볼륨을 곱한다. </li><li> 각 반응 관에 반응 믹스 19 μl를 추가하고 20 μL의 최종 볼륨에 대한 각 튜브에 희석 된 단백질 추출물 (1 μg 단백질)의 1 μl를 추가합니다. </li><li> 45 분 동안 30 ° C 예열 수조에서 반응 튜브를 놓습니다. </li></ol> (4) PCR 반응 <ol><li> 다섯 마일ACX 프라이머, 티타늄의 Taq 버퍼, UPW : n은 텔로 머라 아제의 반응이 끝나기 전에, 다음과 같은 솔루션을 해동. </li><li> 2.5 ㎕의 티타늄의 Taq 완충액 (10 배), 1 μL의 ACX 프라이머 (0.1 μg), 2 μL (IC가 사용되는 1 μL) UPW 0.5 μL 티타늄의 Taq 중합 효소 : 마이크로 원심 분리 튜브에 다음을 첨가하여 PCR 반응 혼합물을 준비 (50 배). 다수의 샘플의 경우, 샘플이 플러스의 수에 의해, 상기 볼륨을 곱한다. </li><li> PCR의 6 μl를 각 PCR 튜브에 혼합하고 26 μL의 최종 볼륨에 대한 각 튜브에 텔로 머라 아제 반응 (20 μL)의 전체 볼륨을 추가합니다. </li><li> PCR의 열 자전거 타는 사람에 PCR 튜브를 삽입하고 다음 프로그램을 실행합니다 : - 90 ° C - 2 분. - 94 ° C -. 30 초 * - 60 ° C -. 30 초 * - 72 ° C -. 45 초 * - 72 ° C - 2 분. -20 ° C에서 보관 PCR 제품. * = 34주기 </li></ol> 5 아가로 오스 미니 GE의리터 준비, 샘플을 실행하고, 젤 염색 <ol><li> 25 ㎖의 냉각 된 전기 영동 완충액 (TBE) 및 완충액의 2-4 배 부피 천천히 고해상도 (HR) 아가로 오스 분말 1.125 g의 용액을 급속하게 교반하면서 뿌리고 비이커에 교반 막대를 추가 . 교반 막대를 제거, 환기를위한 작은 구멍에 플라스틱 포장과 피어스와 비커 커버. 다음 3 분 동안 &quot;낮은&quot;전원을 전자 레인지에서 비커를 가열을 &quot;높음&quot;으로 전원 스위치 및 유출의 원인이 될 수 있습니다주의 짧은 펄스에서 솔루션을 가열한다. 가열에 의해 생성 된 거품이 몇 초 후에 큰 기포가되어 사라지면, 아가로 오스가 준비되어 있습니다. </li><li> 젤은 실온에서 응고 후 겔을 사용하기 전에 4 ° C에서 20 분 동안 진정 할 수 있도록 수평 미니 젤 장치에 젤을 캐스팅. </li><li> 25 TRAP 샘플 ㎕의 (20 μL 트랩 PCR 제품과 5 ㎕의 6 배 겔 로딩 염료)와 각 레인을 넣고 11에서 실행4 ° C 차가운 방에서 3 시간 동안 0 V. </li><li> 15 ㎕의 10,000 배 핵산 얼룩, 0.1 M 염화나트륨 (0.29 g)을 50 ㎖의 증류수 (DDW)에 원액을 추가하여 솔루션을 작업 핵산 얼룩 배를 준비합니다. 부드럽게 진탕하면서 20 분 동안 겔을 염색. </li><li> TRAP 사다리 DNA 밴드를 볼 수 302 nm 파장과 자외선 트랜스 일루미네이터를 사용합니다. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Urquidi, V., Tarin, D., Goodison, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+telomerase+in+cell+senescence+and+oncogenesis.">Role of telomerase in cell senescence and oncogenesis.</a> Annu Rev Med. 51, 65-79 (2000).</li><li>Cong, Y., Shay, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Actions+of+human+telomerase+beyond+telomeres.">Actions of human telomerase beyond telomeres.</a> Cell Res. 18, 725-732 (2008).</li><li>Tichon, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxidative+stress+protection+by+novel+telomerase+activators+in+mesenchymal+stem+cells+derived+from+healthy+and+diseased+individuals.">Oxidative stress protection by novel telomerase activators in mesenchymal stem cells derived from healthy and diseased individuals.</a> Curr.Mol. Med. 13, 1010-1022 (2013).</li><li>Lannilli, F., Zalfa, F., Gartner, A., Bagni, C., Dotti, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytoplasmic+TERT+associates+to+RNA+granules+in+fully+mature+neurons:+Role+in+the+translational+control+of+the+cell+cycle+inhibitor+p15INK4B.">Cytoplasmic TERT associates to RNA granules in fully mature neurons: Role in the translational control of the cell cycle inhibitor p15INK4B.</a> PloS one. 8, e66602 (2013).</li><li>De Jesus, B. B., Blasco, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potential+of+telomerase+activation+in+extending+health+span+and+logevity.">Potential of telomerase activation in extending health span and logevity.</a> Curr opinion in Cell Biology. 24, 1-5 (2012).</li><li>Blackburn, E., Collins, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telomerase:+An+RNP+enzyme+synthesizes+DNA.">Telomerase: An RNP enzyme synthesizes DNA.</a> Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 3, 1-9 (2011).</li><li>Klapper, W., Shin, T., Mattson, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+regulation+of+telomerase+activity+and+TERT+expression+during+brain+development+in+mice.">Differential regulation of telomerase activity and TERT expression during brain development in mice.</a> J. Neurosci. Res. 64, 252-260 (2001).</li><li>Caporaso, G. L., Lim, D. A., Alvarez-Buylla, A., Chao, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telomerase+activity+in+the+subventricular+zone+of+adult+mice.">Telomerase activity in the subventricular zone of adult mice.</a> Mol. Cell Neurosci. 23, 693-702 (2003).</li><li>Eitan, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+Telomerase-increasing+compound+in+mouse+brain+delays+the+onset+of+amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis.">Novel Telomerase-increasing compound in mouse brain delays the onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.</a> EMBO Mol. Med. 4, 313-329 (2012).</li><li>Kim, N. W., Wu, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+quantification+and+characterization+of+telomerase+activity+by+the+telomeric+repat+amplification+protocol+(TRAP).">Advances in quantification and characterization of telomerase activity by the telomeric repat amplification protocol (TRAP).</a> Nuc. Acid Res. 25, 2595-2597 (1997).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

PCR 4에서 텔로 머라 제 반응 3) 텔로 머라 제 반응 생성물의 증폭 - 뇌 조직 2)의 특정 영역에서 1) 단백질 추출 텔로 머라 아제에 의해 프라이머 신장 TS : TRAP 분석법을 통해 마우스 뇌에서 텔로 머라 제 활성의 분석은 4 주요 단계로 구성 고해상도 아가 로즈 겔을 사용하는 PCR 제품) 분리. DNA 사다리의 PCR 제품 및 PAGE 분리의 민감한 검출을위한 방사성 dCTP 년대의 사용이 수정 TRAP ...

텔로 머라 제는 텔로 머라 이루어지는 리보 역전사 효소 (TERT)의 텔로 머라 제 촉매 서브 유닛, 및 RNA 성분 (TERC)이다. 텔로 머라 제의 표준 역할은 따라서 게놈 무결성 및 세포 증식 일을 촉진, 텔로미어 끝까지 반복 서열 (TTAGGG)을 추가하여 텔로미어의 적절한 길이를 유지하는 것입니다. 그것은 다양한 손상 에이전트 (2)에 의해 유도 된 세포 사멸에 대한 저항성을 부여하는, 즉 추가의 역할은 셀에 TERT에 기인하고, 산화 적 스트레스 (3)로부터 인간 중간 엽 줄기 세포를 보호하고, 긍정적 인 RNA를 TIA1 위해 그 연관에 의해 완전히 분화 ​​된 신경 세포 친 생존 역할 과립 4. 효소 발현과 활동 수준이 단단히 비 분할 세포 5,6 규제하는 동안 TERT는 표현 주로 체세포 분열 세포와 암의 대부분의 유형에서 활동한다. 연구는 연구에 그것을 보여 주었다TERT의 mRNA가 성인 7로 낮은 수준에서 유지하면서 odent 뇌는 텔로 머라 제 활성은 출생 후의 일 10에 의해 감지된다. 다른 연구는 성인 하위 심실 영역, 후각 망울, 해마 내에서 텔로 머라 제 활성을 입증하고, 성인 소뇌 피질 8. , 주입 된 생쥐 SOD1 유전자 변형의 근 위축성 측삭 경화증 질환의 발병 및 진행을 지연 - 우리는 최근 뇌 및 척수에서 텔로 머라 제 발현 및 활성을 증가 신규 화합물은 N-메틸-D-아스파 테이트 (NMDA)의 신경 보호 효과를 발휘한다는 증명 마우스와이 마우스 (9)의 척수 운동 신경 세포의 생존을 증가했다. 완전히 뉴런에서 뇌에서 텔로 머라 제의 친 생존 역할을 이해하기 위해서는 뇌의 여러 지역에서 텔로 머라 제 활성의 검출을위한 간단하고 비교적 빠르고 민감한 분석법을 개발하는 것이 필수적이다. 텔로미어 연구EPEAT 증폭 프로토콜 (TRAP)의 텔로 머라 제 활성의 표준 및 중합 효소 연쇄 반응 (PCR)을 조합 한 공지 민감한 분석이다. 이 분석에서, 텔로 머라 제는 TTAGGG는 텔로 머라 제 기질에 TS 역방향 프라이머를 사용하여 6 염기쌍 (BP) DNA 래더 생성 PCR 증폭 하였다 (TS 프라이머), 올리고 뉴클레오티드, 반복 추가 -. ACX 32 P가 표지 된 dCTP의은을 검출하는데 사용된다 PCR 제품의 낮은 양. DNA 시퀀싱은 사다리 폴리 아크릴 아미드 겔 전기 영동 (PAGE)에 의해 해결된다. 두 DNA 밴드의 강도와 DNA 사다리의 길이는 활성 효소 분자의 양 및 그들의 processivity 각각 10을 반영한다. 이것은 전통적인 분석 몇가지 큰 어려움을 가지고 : (밤새 두 경우) 시퀀싱 PAGE 겔 주행의 시간 소비 및 방사성 생성물 막을 노광 처리 할 크고 단단한 방사성 물질에 노출 될 위험. </p&gt; 이 프로토콜은 개선 된 비 방사성 아가 미니 젤 기반의 분석을 제공합니다. DNA 래더 6 BP 4.5 % 고해상도 아가 로스 겔을 이용하여 해결하고 검출은 매우 민감한 핵산 염색을 이용하여 달성된다. 아가 고해상도 미니 겔 민감한 핵산 얼룩을 이용하는 조합은 분석의 취급이 용이 구비 방사능 노출의 위험을 제거하고 크게 몇 시간 삼일부터 전체 검정 시간을 단축.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1102">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:628px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="49">
			<td height="49" style="height:49px;width:251px;">TRAP Mix (X10)</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:628px;">Made manually, mix the following in UPW: 630mM KCl, 200mM Tris-HCl pH8.2, 10mM EDTA, 15mM MgCl2, 1mg/ml BSA, 0.5% TWEEN (purchased from sigma). Aliquots are freezed&#160; in -20 C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:251px;">Ringer&#39;s solution</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:628px;">Made manually, mix the following in DDW: 124mM NaCl, 3mM KCl, 1.25mM NaH2PO4*H2O, 2mM MgSO4, 26mM NaHCO3, 1.802 g/L D-(+)-glucose anhydrous.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:251px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Minrad INC.</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">NDC 60307-110-10</td>
			<td style="width:628px;">Handle with care in a chemical hood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">dNTP&#39;s 10 mM</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">D7295</td>
			<td style="width:628px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:251px;">TS primer (5&#39;-AATCCGTCGAGCAGAGTT-3&#39;)</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:628px;">DNA oligos orderd in DRY format and UPW added according to requierd concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:251px;">ACX primer (5&#39;-GCGCGGCTTACCCTTACCCTTACCCTAACC-3&#39;)</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:628px;">DNA oligos orderd in DRY format and UPW added according to requierd concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Titanium Taq Polymerase/Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Clontech</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">S1792/S1793</td>
			<td style="width:628px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">High Resolution agarose</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">A4718</td>
			<td style="width:628px;">Any high quality high-resolution agarose may be sutible</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Mini-gel apparatus&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">170-4466</td>
			<td style="width:628px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Nucleic-acid Stain (GEL-RED)</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Biotium</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">41003</td>
			<td style="width:628px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:251px;">IC primer (5&#39;-ATCGCTTCTCGGCCTTTT-3&#39;)</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:628px;">DNA oligos orderd in DRY format and UPW added according to requierd concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:251px;">CHAPS lysis buffer</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">9852S</td>
			<td>Add PMSF (protease inhibitor) to a final concentration of 1mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:251px;">Ultra Pure Water (UPW)</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Biological Industries</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">01-866-1B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="62">
			<td height="62" style="height:62px;width:251px;">CD-1 mice</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">HARLAN Laboratories INC.</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

telomerase activity in the various regions of mouse brain: non-radioactive telomerase repeat amplification protocol (trap) assay

텔로 머라 제, 리보은 텔로미어의 길이를 유지하고, 따라서 게놈 무결성, 증식 및 수명을 증진 할 책임이있다. 이러한 뉴런 비 분열, 활성이 높은 세포 생존을 위해 그 중요성이 가능한 제안 또한, 텔로 머라 제는 산화 적 스트레스로부터 미토콘드리아를 보호하고 아폽토시스에 대한 저항성을 부여한다. 우리는 이전에 다양한 마우스 뇌 영역에서 텔로 머라 제 활성 및 발현을 증가하고 산화 적 스트레스로부터 운동 신경 세포를 보호하기 위해 신규 한 텔로 머라 활성제의 능력을 보여 주었다. 이러한 결과는 텔로 머라 다양한 병변에서 뉴런의 보호에 관여한다는 개념을 강화한다. 뇌의 텔로 머라 아제의 역할을 강조하기 위해, 우리는 여기에 남성과 여성의 마우스 뇌의 텔로 머라 아제의 활동과 연령에 대한 의존도를 비교합니다. TRAP 분석은 다양한 조직이나 세포주에서 텔로 머라 제 활성을 검출하기위한 표준 방법이다. 여기에서 우리는 analy을 보여CHAPS를 이용한 단백질 추출을 비 변성에 의한 마우스 뇌의 세 지역에서 텔로 머라 제 활성의 SIS는 표준 TRAP 분석의 변형에 의해 버퍼 용해 하였다. 이 2 단계 분석에서 내인성 텔로 머라 제는 TTAGGG 6 BP 반복보기 (텔로 머라 제 반응)을 첨가하여 텔로 머라 제의 특정 기판 (TS 프라이머)로 뻗어. 텔로 머라 제 반응 생성물 (6) 혈압 증가의 DNA 래더를 생성 PCR 반응에 의해 증폭된다. DNA 래더의 분석은 매우 민감한 핵산 염색 얼룩 이어 4.5 % 고해상도 아가로 오스 겔 전기 영동에 의해 이루어진다. 32 P가 DNA 검출 및 DNA 래더를 해결하기위한 폴리 아크릴 아미드 겔 전기 영동을 위해 방사성 dCTP의 레이블 이용하는 전통적인 TRAP 분석법에 비해,이 프로토콜은 마우스의 뇌에서 텔로 머라 제 활성을 평가하는 능력을 입증위한 TRAP 분석법을 절약 무독성 시간을 구비 telomeras 차이를 검출다양한 여성과 남성 마우스의 뇌 영역에서의 전자 활동.

전체 세포 단백질 추출물은 1과 3 개월의 나이에 3 CD-한 여성과 3 CD-한 수컷 마우스에서 파생 된, 전두엽 (FL), 뇌간 (BS)과 소뇌 (CR)에서 제조 하였다 수정 TRAP 분석 및 방사성 TRAP 분석에 대한 이전 2개월 세의 나이에 3 CD-한 수컷 마우스. 텔로 머라 제 활성은 변형 된 TRAP 분석을 이용하여 1 μg의 단백질들을 추출 검출 및 2 μg 단백질은 방사성 TRAP 분석을 위해 추출 하였다. 방사성 TRAP 분석에 의해 수정 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Telomerase Activity in the Various Regions of Mouse Brain: Non-Radioactive Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol TRAP Assay at JoVE.com

Telomerase Activity in the Various Regions of Mouse Brain: Non-Radioactive Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol TRAP Assay

Telomerase is expressed in the neonatal brain and also in distinct regions of the adult brain. We present a non-toxic time saving TRAP assay for the analysis of telomerase activity in various regions of the mouse brain and detection of differences in telomerase activity between male and female mouse brains.

마우스 뇌의 다양한 지역에서 텔로 머라 제 활동 : 비 방사성 텔로 머라 제는 증폭 프로토콜을 반복 (TRAP) 분석

Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein, is responsible for maintaining the telomere length and therefore promoting genomic integrity, proliferation, and ...

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JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Telomerase Activity in the Various Regions of Mouse Brain: Non-Radioactive Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol (TRAP) Assay

14.5K 조회수.  Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. Telomerase is expressed in the neonatal brain and also in distinct regions of the adult brain. We present a non-toxic time saving TRAP assay for the analysis of telomerase activity in various regions of the mouse brain and detection of differences in telomerase activity between male and female mouse brains.

비디오: Telomerase Activity in the Various Regions of Mouse Brain: Non-Radioactive Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol TRAP Assay

Growing Neural Stem Cells from Conventional and Nonconventional Regions of the Adult Rodent Brain

Recent work demonstrates that central nervous system (CNS) regeneration and tumorigenesis involves populations of stem cells (SCs) resident within the adult brain. However, the mechanisms these normally quiescent cells employ to ensure proper functioning of neural networks, as well as their role in recovery from injury and mitigation of neurodegenerative processes are little understood. These cells reside in regions referred to as &#34;niches&#34; that provide a sustaining environment involving modulatory signals from both the vascular and immune systems. The isolation, maintenance, and differentiation of CNS SCs under defined culture conditions which exclude unknown factors, makes them accessible to treatment by pharmacological or genetic means, thus providing insight into their in vivo behavior. Here we offer detailed information on the methods for generating cultures of CNS SCs from distinct regions of the adult brain and approaches to assess their differentiation potential into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes in vitro. This technique yields a homogeneous cell population as a monolayer culture that can be visualized to study individual SCs and their progeny. Furthermore, it can be applied across different animal model systems and clinical samples, being used previously to predict regenerative responses in the damaged adult nervous system.

Neural stem cells harvested from the adult brain are increasing utilized in applications ranging from the basic research of nervous system development to exploring potential clinical applications in regenerative medicine. This makes rigorous control in the isolation and culturing conditions used to grow these cells critical to sound experimental outcomes.

성인 쥐의 뇌의 기존 및 비 인습적 인 지역에서 신경 줄기 세포 성장

Recent work demonstrates that central nervous system (CNS) regeneration and tumorigenesis involves populations of stem cells (SCs) resident within the ...

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신경과학

Purification of Mouse Brain Vessels

In the brain, most of the vascular system consists of a selective barrier, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that regulates the exchange of molecules and immune cells between the brain and the blood. Moreover, the huge neuronal metabolic demand requires a moment-to-moment regulation of blood flow. Notably, abnormalities of these regulations are etiological hallmarks of most brain pathologies; including glioblastoma, stroke, edema, epilepsy, degenerative diseases (ex: Parkinson&#8217;s disease, Alzheimer&#8217;s disease), brain tumors, as well as inflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis, meningitis and sepsis-induced brain dysfunctions. Thus, understanding the signaling events modulating the cerebrovascular physiology is a major challenge. Much insight into the cellular and molecular properties of the various cell types that compose the cerebrovascular system can be gained from primary culture or cell sorting from freshly dissociated brain tissue. However, properties such as cell polarity, morphology and intercellular relationships are not maintained in such preparations. The protocol that we describe here is designed to purify brain vessel fragments, whilst maintaining structural integrity. We show that isolated vessels consist of endothelial cells sealed by tight junctions that are surrounded by a continuous basal lamina. Pericytes, smooth muscle cells as well as the perivascular astrocyte endfeet membranes remain attached to the endothelial layer. Finally, we describe how to perform immunostaining experiments on purified brain vessels.

We describe a protocol allowing the purification of the mouse brain's vascular compartment. Isolated brain vessels include endothelial cells linked by tight junctions and surrounded by a continuous basal lamina, pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, as well as perivascular astroglial membranes.

마우스 뇌 혈관의 정화

In the brain, most of the vascular system consists of a selective barrier, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that regulates the exchange of molecules and ...

High Resolution Quantitative Synaptic Proteome Profiling of Mouse Brain Regions After Auditory Discrimination Learning

The molecular synaptic mechanisms underlying auditory learning and memory remain largely unknown. Here, the workflow of a proteomic study on auditory discrimination learning in mice is described. In this learning paradigm, mice are trained in a shuttle box Go/NoGo-task to discriminate between rising and falling frequency-modulated tones in order to avoid a mild electric foot-shock. The protocol involves the enrichment of synaptosomes from four brain areas, namely the auditory cortex, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum, at different stages of training. Synaptic protein expression patterns obtained from trained mice are compared to na&#239;ve controls using a proteomic approach. To achieve sufficient analytical depth, samples are fractionated in three different ways prior to mass spectrometry, namely 1D SDS-PAGE/in-gel digestion, in-solution digestion and phospho-peptide enrichment. 
High-resolution proteomic analysis on a mass spectrometer and label-free quantification are used to examine synaptic protein profiles in phospho-peptide-depleted and phospho-peptide-enriched fractions of synaptosomal protein samples. A commercial software package is utilized to reveal proteins and phospho-peptides with significantly regulated relative synaptic abundance levels (trained/na&#239;ve controls). Common and differential regulation modes for the synaptic proteome in the investigated brain regions of mice after training were observed. Subsequently, meta-analyses utilizing several databases are employed to identify underlying cellular functions and biological pathways.

The identification of molecules and pathways controlling synaptic plasticity and memory is still a major challenge in neuroscience. Here, a workflow is described addressing the relative quantification of synaptic proteins supposedly involved in the molecular reorganization of synapses during learning and memory consolidation in an auditory learning paradigm.

청각 차별 학습 한 후 마우스 뇌 영역의 높은 해상도 양적 시냅틱 프로테옴 프로파일

The molecular synaptic mechanisms underlying auditory learning and memory remain largely unknown. Here, the workflow of a proteomic study on auditory ...

High-throughput Analysis of Locomotor Behavior in the Drosophila Island Assay

Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies contribute to the identification of (candidate) disease genes for movement disorders and other neurological diseases at an increasing speed. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that underlie these disorders. The genetic, molecular, and behavioral toolbox of Drosophila melanogaster makes this model organism particularly useful to characterize new disease genes and mechanisms in a high-throughput manner. Nevertheless, high-throughput screens require efficient and reliable assays that, ideally, are cost-effective and allow for the automatized quantification of traits relevant to these disorders. The island assay is a cost-effective and easily set-up method to evaluate Drosophila locomotor behavior. In this assay, flies are thrown onto a platform from a fixed height. This induces an innate motor response that enables the flies to escape from the platform within seconds. At present, quantitative analyses of filmed island assays are done manually, which is a laborious undertaking, particularly when performing large screens.
This manuscript describes the &#34;Drosophila Island Assay&#34; and &#34;Island Assay Analysis&#34; algorithms for&#160;high-throughput, automated data processing and quantification of island assay data. In the setup, a simple webcam connected to a laptop collects an image series of the platform while the assay is performed. The &#34;Drosophila Island Assay&#34; algorithm developed for the open-source software Fiji processes these image series and quantifies, for each experimental condition, the number of flies on the platform over time. The &#34;Island Assay Analysis&#34; script, compatible with the free software R, was developed to automatically process the obtained data and to calculate whether treatments/genotypes are statistically different. This greatly improves the efficiency of the island assay and makes it a powerful readout for basic locomotion and flight behavior. It can thus be applied to large screens investigating fly locomotor ability, Drosophila models of movement disorders, and drug efficacy.

High-throughput Analysis of Locomotor Behavior in the Drosophila Island Assay

The island assay is a relatively new, cost-effective assay that can be used to evaluate the basic locomotor behavior of Drosophila melanogaster. This manuscript describes algorithms for automatic data processing and objective quantification of island assay data, making this assay a sensitive, high-throughput readout for large genetic or pharmacological screens.

Drosophila 섬 분석 결과에서 운전 행동의 높은 처리량 분석

Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies contribute to the identification of (candidate) disease genes for movement disorders and other ...

Use of Synaptic Zinc Histochemistry to Reveal Different Regions and Laminae in the Developing and Adult Brain

Characterization of anatomical and functional brain organization and development requires accurate identification of distinct neural circuits and regions in the immature and adult brain. Here we describe a zinc histochemical staining procedure that reveals differences in staining patterns among different layers and brain regions. Others have utilized this procedure not only to reveal the distribution of zinc-containing neurons and circuits in the brain, but also to successfully delineate areal and laminar boundaries in the developing and adult brain in several species. Here we illustrate this staining procedure with images from developing and adult ferret brains. We reveal a zinc-staining pattern that serves as an anatomical marker of areas and layers, and can be reliably used to distinguish visual cortical areas in the developing and adult visual cortex. The main goal of this protocol is to present a histochemical method that allows the accurate identification of layers and regions in the developing and adult brain where other methods fail to do so. Secondarily, in conjunction with densitometric image analysis, this method allows one to assess the distribution of synaptic zinc to reveal potential changes throughout development. This protocol describes in detail the reagents, tools, and steps necessary to successively stain frozen brain sections. Although this protocol is described using ferret brain tissue, it can easily be adapted for use in rodents, cats, or monkeys as well as in other brain regions.

We describe a histochemical procedure that reveals characteristic laminar and areal zinc staining patterns in different brain regions. The zinc-staining pattern may be used in conjunction with other anatomical markers to reliably distinguish layers and regions in the developing and adult brain.

시 냅 스 아연 Histochemistry 다른 지역과 개발 및 성인 두뇌에서 하기의 사용

Characterization of anatomical and functional brain organization and development requires accurate identification of distinct neural circuits and regions ...

Localization of the Locus Coeruleus in the Mouse Brain

The locus coeruleus (LC) is a major hub of norepinephrine producing neurons that modulate a number of physiological functions. Structural or functional abnormalities of LC impact several brain regions including cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum and may contribute to depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, as well as Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease. These disorders are often associated with metal misbalance, but the role of metals in LC is only partially understood. Morphologic and functional studies of LC are needed to better understand the human pathologies and contribution of metals. Mice are a widely used experimental model, but the mouse LC is small (~0.3 mm diameter) and hard to identify for a non-expert. Here, we describe a step-by-step immunohistochemistry-based protocol to localize the LC in the mouse brain. Dopamine-&#946;-hydroxylase (DBH), and alternatively, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), both enzymes highly expressed in the LC, are used as immunohistochemical markers in brain slices. Sections adjacent to LC-containing sections can be used for further analysis, including histology for morphological studies, metabolic testing, as well as metal imaging by X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM).

The locus coeruleus is a small cluster of neurons involved in a variety of physiological processes. Here, we describe a protocol to prepare mouse brain sections for studies of proteins and metals in this nucleus.

쥐의 뇌에서 로커 스 Coeruleus의 지역화

The locus coeruleus (LC) is a major hub of norepinephrine producing neurons that modulate a number of physiological functions. Structural or functional ...

Quantifying Subcellular Ubiquitin-proteasome Activity in the Rodent Brain

The ubiquitin-proteasome system is a key regulator of protein degradation and a variety of other cellular processes in eukaryotes. In the brain, increases in ubiquitin-proteasome activity are critical for synaptic plasticity and memory formation and aberrant changes in this system are associated with a variety of neurological, neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. One of the issues in studying ubiquitin-proteasome functioning in the brain is that it is present in all cellular compartments, in which the protein targets, functional role and mechanisms of regulation can vary widely. As a result, the ability to directly compare brain ubiquitin protein targeting and proteasome catalytic activity in different subcellular compartments within the same animal is critical for fully understanding how the UPS contributes to synaptic plasticity, memory and disease. The method described here allows collection of nuclear, cytoplasmic and crude synaptic fractions from the same rodent (rat) brain, followed by simultaneous quantification of proteasome catalytic activity (indirectly, providing activity of the proteasome core only) and linkage-specific ubiquitin protein tagging. Thus, the method can be used to directly compare subcellular changes in ubiquitin-proteasome activity in different brain regions in the same animal during synaptic plasticity, memory formation and different disease states. This method can also be used to assess the subcellular distribution and function of other proteins within the same animal.

This protocol is designed to efficiently quantify ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) activity in different cellular compartments of the rodent brain. Users are able to examine UPS functioning in nuclear, cytoplasmic and synaptic fractions in the same animal, reducing the amount of time and number of animals needed to perform these complex analyses.

설치류 뇌의 세포외 유비퀴틴-프로테아솜 활동 정량화

The ubiquitin-proteasome system is a key regulator of protein degradation and a variety of other cellular processes in eukaryotes. In the brain, increases ...

Collection of Frozen Rodent Brain Regions for Downstream Analyses

As our understanding of neurobiology has progressed, molecular analyses are often performed on small brain areas such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) or nucleus accumbens. The challenge in this work is to dissect the correct area while preserving the microenvironment to be examined. In this paper, we describe a simple, low-cost method using resources readily available in most labs. This method preserves nucleic acid and proteins by keeping the tissue frozen throughout the process. Brains are cut into 0.5&#8211;1.0 mm sections using a brain matrix and arranged on a frozen glass plate. Landmarks within each section are compared to a reference, such as the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas, and regions are dissected using a cold scalpel or biopsy punch. Tissue is then stored at -80 &#176;C until use. Through this process rat and mouse mPFC, nucleus accumbens, dorsal and ventral hippocampus and other regions have been successfully analyzed using qRT-PCR and Western assays. This method is limited to brain regions that can be identified by clear landmarks.

This procedure describes the collection of discrete frozen brain regions to obtain high-quality protein and RNA using inexpensive and commonly available tools.

다운스트림 분석을 위한 냉동 설치류 뇌 영역 모음

As our understanding of neurobiology has progressed, molecular analyses are often performed on small brain areas such as the medial prefrontal cortex ...

Dissection and Isolation of Murine Glia from Multiple Central Nervous System Regions

The methods presented here demonstrate laboratory procedures for the dissection of four different regions of the central nervous system (CNS) from murine neonates for the isolation of glial subpopulations. The purpose of the procedure is to dissociate microglia, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), and astrocytes from cortical, cerebellar, brainstem, and spinal cord tissue to facilitate further in vitro analysis. The CNS region isolation procedures allow for the determination of regional heterogeneity among glia in multiple cell culture systems. Rapid CNS region isolation is performed, followed by the mechanical removal of meninges to prevent meningeal cell contamination of glia. This protocol combines gentle tissue dissociation and plating on a specified matrix designed to preserve cell integrity and adherence. Isolating mixed glia from multiple CNS regions provides a comprehensive analysis of potentially heterogenous glia while maximizing the use of individual experimental animals. Additionally, following dissociation of regional tissue, mixed glia are further divided into multiple cell types including microglia, OPCs, and astrocytes for use in either single cell type, cell culture plate inserts, or co-culture systems. Overall, the demonstrated techniques provide a comprehensive protocol of broad applicability for careful dissection of four individual CNS regions from murine neonates and includes methods for the isolation of three individual glia cell types to examine regional heterogeneity in any number of in vitro cell culture systems or assays.

Here we present a protocol for in vitro isolation of multiple glial cell populations from a mouse CNS. This method allows for the segregation of regional microglia, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, and astrocytes to study the phenotypes of each in a variety of culture systems.

여러 중추 신경계 영역에서 쥐 아교 세포의 해부 및 분리

The methods presented here demonstrate laboratory procedures for the dissection of four different regions of the central nervous system (CNS) from murine ...

Acute Mouse Brain Slicing to Investigate Spontaneous Hippocampal Network Activity

Acute rodent brain slicing offers a tractable experimental approach to gain insight into the organization and function of neural circuits with single-cell resolution using electrophysiology, microscopy, and pharmacology. However, a major consideration in the design of in vitro experiments is the extent to which different slice preparations recapitulate naturalistic patterns of neural activity as observed in vivo. In the intact brain, the hippocampal network generates highly synchronized population activity reflective of the behavioral state of the animal, as exemplified by the sharp-wave ripple complexes (SWRs) that occur during waking consummatory states or non-REM sleep. SWRs and other forms of network activity can emerge spontaneously in isolated hippocampal slices under appropriate conditions. In order to apply the powerful brain slice toolkit to the investigation of hippocampal network activity, it is necessary to utilize an approach that optimizes tissue health and the preservation of functional connectivity within the hippocampal network. Mice are transcardially perfused with cold sucrose-based artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Horizontal slices containing the hippocampus are cut at a thickness of 450 &#956;m to preserve synaptic connectivity. Slices recover in an interface-style chamber and are transferred to a submerged chamber for recordings. The recording chamber is designed for dual surface superfusion of artificial cerebrospinal fluid at a high flow rate to improve oxygenation of the slice. This protocol yields healthy tissue suitable for the investigation of complex and spontaneous network activity in vitro.

This protocol describes the preparation of horizontal hippocampal-entorhinal cortex (HEC) slices from mice exhibiting spontaneous sharp-wave ripple activity. Slices are incubated in a simplified interface holding chamber and recordings are performed under submerged conditions with fast-flowing artificial cerebrospinal fluid to promote tissue oxygenation and the spontaneous emergence of network-level activity.

급성 마우스 뇌 슬라이스 자발적인 해 마 네트워크 활동을 조사

Acute rodent brain slicing offers a tractable experimental approach to gain insight into the organization and function of neural circuits with single-cell ...