This work was partially supported by B.G. Negev technology and Linda Powers's contribution.

동물 실험은 벤 구리온 대학 (IL-39-08-2010) 동물 실험 윤리위원회에 의해 승인되었습니다. 1 마우스 뇌 단백질 추출 <ol><li> 각 얼음에 5 ㎖의 링거액과 장소 튜브를 포함하는 15 ㎖를 3 튜브를 준비합니다. </li><li> (주의 - 화학 후드를 사용) 아이소 플루 란 마취를 사용하여 마우스를 희생 자궁 전위 즉시 참수 한 다음 10 ~ 20 초. </li><li> 두개골로부터 뇌를 제거하고 뇌 조직의 손상을 방지 빙냉 링거액으로 몇 초간 린스. </li><li> 수술 블레이드를 사용하여, 전두엽 피질에서 소뇌 (CR) 및 뇌간 (BS)를 분리합니다. 다음으로, 뇌간에서 소뇌를 분리하고 정면 피질 전두엽 (FL)를 잘라; 전두엽에서 후각 망울을 제거합니다. 지정된 15 ml의 튜브에 3 뇌 영역을 배치합니다. </li><li> 각 튜브에서 조직을 균질화. FR 추가환경 안전 보건 차가운 얼음 링어의 솔루션은 각각의 튜브는 X g 800에서 7 분 동안 같은 볼륨 원심 분리기가 포함되어 있습니다. </li><li> 상층 액을 제거하고 각 튜브에 CHAPS 용해 버퍼의 100 μl를 추가합니다. 21 G 바늘을 1 ml의 시린지를 통해 용액을 여러 차례 (~ 10)를 통과시킴으로써, 잘 혼합하고, 30 분 동안 얼음 위에서 배양한다. </li><li> 13,000 × g으로 30 분 동안 새로운 마이크로 원심 분리 관 및 원심 분리 관에 각각의 내용을 전송. 새로운 마이크로 원심 분리기 튜브에 상청을 전송하고 이전에 설정된 방법을 사용하여 단백질 농도를 결정한다. -80 ° C에서 10 μL의 분취 량의 단백질 추출물을 저장합니다. </li></ol> 인스트루먼트, 반응 솔루션 및 단백질 희석 계산의 2 TRAP 분석 준비 <ol><li> 단백질 추출물의 희석 및 텔로 머라 반응 버퍼 표시된 마이크로 원심 분리기 튜브의 적절한 수를 준비합니다. 오염을 방지하기 위해 필터 정보를 사용하여 프로토콜의 모든 피펫 팅을 수행한다. </li&gt; <li> TRAP 반응 믹스 10 배, TS 프라이머의 dNTP의, UPW 단백질 추출물 (시약 및 시약의 농도에 대한 자료의 표 참조) : 얼음에 다음과 같은 솔루션을 해동. </li><li> 초순수 (UPW)를 이용하여 1 μg / μL의 최종 농도의 단백질 추출물 용액을 희석. </li></ol> 3 텔로 머라 제의 반응 <ol><li> 마이크로 원심 분리기 튜브에 다음을 추가하여 텔로 머라 아제 반응 믹스를 준비 : 2 μL 트랩 믹스 (10 배), 1 ㎕의 TS 프라이머 (0.1 μg), 1 μL의 dNTPs를 (10 mM)을 15 μL의 UPW를. 다수의 샘플의 경우, 샘플 1을 더한 수에 의해, 상기 볼륨을 곱한다. </li><li> 각 반응 관에 반응 믹스 19 μl를 추가하고 20 μL의 최종 볼륨에 대한 각 튜브에 희석 된 단백질 추출물 (1 μg 단백질)의 1 μl를 추가합니다. </li><li> 45 분 동안 30 ° C 예열 수조에서 반응 튜브를 놓습니다. </li></ol> (4) PCR 반응 <ol><li> 다섯 마일ACX 프라이머, 티타늄의 Taq 버퍼, UPW : n은 텔로 머라 아제의 반응이 끝나기 전에, 다음과 같은 솔루션을 해동. </li><li> 2.5 ㎕의 티타늄의 Taq 완충액 (10 배), 1 μL의 ACX 프라이머 (0.1 μg), 2 μL (IC가 사용되는 1 μL) UPW 0.5 μL 티타늄의 Taq 중합 효소 : 마이크로 원심 분리 튜브에 다음을 첨가하여 PCR 반응 혼합물을 준비 (50 배). 다수의 샘플의 경우, 샘플이 플러스의 수에 의해, 상기 볼륨을 곱한다. </li><li> PCR의 6 μl를 각 PCR 튜브에 혼합하고 26 μL의 최종 볼륨에 대한 각 튜브에 텔로 머라 아제 반응 (20 μL)의 전체 볼륨을 추가합니다. </li><li> PCR의 열 자전거 타는 사람에 PCR 튜브를 삽입하고 다음 프로그램을 실행합니다 : - 90 ° C - 2 분. - 94 ° C -. 30 초 * - 60 ° C -. 30 초 * - 72 ° C -. 45 초 * - 72 ° C - 2 분. -20 ° C에서 보관 PCR 제품. * = 34주기 </li></ol> 5 아가로 오스 미니 GE의리터 준비, 샘플을 실행하고, 젤 염색 <ol><li> 25 ㎖의 냉각 된 전기 영동 완충액 (TBE) 및 완충액의 2-4 배 부피 천천히 고해상도 (HR) 아가로 오스 분말 1.125 g의 용액을 급속하게 교반하면서 뿌리고 비이커에 교반 막대를 추가 . 교반 막대를 제거, 환기를위한 작은 구멍에 플라스틱 포장과 피어스와 비커 커버. 다음 3 분 동안 &quot;낮은&quot;전원을 전자 레인지에서 비커를 가열을 &quot;높음&quot;으로 전원 스위치 및 유출의 원인이 될 수 있습니다주의 짧은 펄스에서 솔루션을 가열한다. 가열에 의해 생성 된 거품이 몇 초 후에 큰 기포가되어 사라지면, 아가로 오스가 준비되어 있습니다. </li><li> 젤은 실온에서 응고 후 겔을 사용하기 전에 4 ° C에서 20 분 동안 진정 할 수 있도록 수평 미니 젤 장치에 젤을 캐스팅. </li><li> 25 TRAP 샘플 ㎕의 (20 μL 트랩 PCR 제품과 5 ㎕의 6 배 겔 로딩 염료)와 각 레인을 넣고 11에서 실행4 ° C 차가운 방에서 3 시간 동안 0 V. </li><li> 15 ㎕의 10,000 배 핵산 얼룩, 0.1 M 염화나트륨 (0.29 g)을 50 ㎖의 증류수 (DDW)에 원액을 추가하여 솔루션을 작업 핵산 얼룩 배를 준비합니다. 부드럽게 진탕하면서 20 분 동안 겔을 염색. </li><li> TRAP 사다리 DNA 밴드를 볼 수 302 nm 파장과 자외선 트랜스 일루미네이터를 사용합니다. </li></ol>

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	<li>Urquidi, V., Tarin, D., Goodison, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+telomerase+in+cell+senescence+and+oncogenesis.">Role of telomerase in cell senescence and oncogenesis.</a> Annu Rev Med. 51, 65-79 (2000).</li><li>Cong, Y., Shay, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Actions+of+human+telomerase+beyond+telomeres.">Actions of human telomerase beyond telomeres.</a> Cell Res. 18, 725-732 (2008).</li><li>Tichon, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxidative+stress+protection+by+novel+telomerase+activators+in+mesenchymal+stem+cells+derived+from+healthy+and+diseased+individuals.">Oxidative stress protection by novel telomerase activators in mesenchymal stem cells derived from healthy and diseased individuals.</a> Curr.Mol. Med. 13, 1010-1022 (2013).</li><li>Lannilli, F., Zalfa, F., Gartner, A., Bagni, C., Dotti, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytoplasmic+TERT+associates+to+RNA+granules+in+fully+mature+neurons:+Role+in+the+translational+control+of+the+cell+cycle+inhibitor+p15INK4B.">Cytoplasmic TERT associates to RNA granules in fully mature neurons: Role in the translational control of the cell cycle inhibitor p15INK4B.</a> PloS one. 8, e66602 (2013).</li><li>De Jesus, B. B., Blasco, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potential+of+telomerase+activation+in+extending+health+span+and+logevity.">Potential of telomerase activation in extending health span and logevity.</a> Curr opinion in Cell Biology. 24, 1-5 (2012).</li><li>Blackburn, E., Collins, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telomerase:+An+RNP+enzyme+synthesizes+DNA.">Telomerase: An RNP enzyme synthesizes DNA.</a> Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 3, 1-9 (2011).</li><li>Klapper, W., Shin, T., Mattson, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+regulation+of+telomerase+activity+and+TERT+expression+during+brain+development+in+mice.">Differential regulation of telomerase activity and TERT expression during brain development in mice.</a> J. Neurosci. Res. 64, 252-260 (2001).</li><li>Caporaso, G. L., Lim, D. A., Alvarez-Buylla, A., Chao, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telomerase+activity+in+the+subventricular+zone+of+adult+mice.">Telomerase activity in the subventricular zone of adult mice.</a> Mol. Cell Neurosci. 23, 693-702 (2003).</li><li>Eitan, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+Telomerase-increasing+compound+in+mouse+brain+delays+the+onset+of+amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis.">Novel Telomerase-increasing compound in mouse brain delays the onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.</a> EMBO Mol. Med. 4, 313-329 (2012).</li><li>Kim, N. W., Wu, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+quantification+and+characterization+of+telomerase+activity+by+the+telomeric+repat+amplification+protocol+(TRAP).">Advances in quantification and characterization of telomerase activity by the telomeric repat amplification protocol (TRAP).</a> Nuc. Acid Res. 25, 2595-2597 (1997).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

PCR 4에서 텔로 머라 제 반응 3) 텔로 머라 제 반응 생성물의 증폭 - 뇌 조직 2)의 특정 영역에서 1) 단백질 추출 텔로 머라 아제에 의해 프라이머 신장 TS : TRAP 분석법을 통해 마우스 뇌에서 텔로 머라 제 활성의 분석은 4 주요 단계로 구성 고해상도 아가 로즈 겔을 사용하는 PCR 제품) 분리. DNA 사다리의 PCR 제품 및 PAGE 분리의 민감한 검출을위한 방사성 dCTP 년대의 사용이 수정 TRAP ...

텔로 머라 제는 텔로 머라 이루어지는 리보 역전사 효소 (TERT)의 텔로 머라 제 촉매 서브 유닛, 및 RNA 성분 (TERC)이다. 텔로 머라 제의 표준 역할은 따라서 게놈 무결성 및 세포 증식 일을 촉진, 텔로미어 끝까지 반복 서열 (TTAGGG)을 추가하여 텔로미어의 적절한 길이를 유지하는 것입니다. 그것은 다양한 손상 에이전트 (2)에 의해 유도 된 세포 사멸에 대한 저항성을 부여하는, 즉 추가의 역할은 셀에 TERT에 기인하고, 산화 적 스트레스 (3)로부터 인간 중간 엽 줄기 세포를 보호하고, 긍정적 인 RNA를 TIA1 위해 그 연관에 의해 완전히 분화 ​​된 신경 세포 친 생존 역할 과립 4. 효소 발현과 활동 수준이 단단히 비 분할 세포 5,6 규제하는 동안 TERT는 표현 주로 체세포 분열 세포와 암의 대부분의 유형에서 활동한다. 연구는 연구에 그것을 보여 주었다TERT의 mRNA가 성인 7로 낮은 수준에서 유지하면서 odent 뇌는 텔로 머라 제 활성은 출생 후의 일 10에 의해 감지된다. 다른 연구는 성인 하위 심실 영역, 후각 망울, 해마 내에서 텔로 머라 제 활성을 입증하고, 성인 소뇌 피질 8. , 주입 된 생쥐 SOD1 유전자 변형의 근 위축성 측삭 경화증 질환의 발병 및 진행을 지연 - 우리는 최근 뇌 및 척수에서 텔로 머라 제 발현 및 활성을 증가 신규 화합물은 N-메틸-D-아스파 테이트 (NMDA)의 신경 보호 효과를 발휘한다는 증명 마우스와이 마우스 (9)의 척수 운동 신경 세포의 생존을 증가했다. 완전히 뉴런에서 뇌에서 텔로 머라 제의 친 생존 역할을 이해하기 위해서는 뇌의 여러 지역에서 텔로 머라 제 활성의 검출을위한 간단하고 비교적 빠르고 민감한 분석법을 개발하는 것이 필수적이다. 텔로미어 연구EPEAT 증폭 프로토콜 (TRAP)의 텔로 머라 제 활성의 표준 및 중합 효소 연쇄 반응 (PCR)을 조합 한 공지 민감한 분석이다. 이 분석에서, 텔로 머라 제는 TTAGGG는 텔로 머라 제 기질에 TS 역방향 프라이머를 사용하여 6 염기쌍 (BP) DNA 래더 생성 PCR 증폭 하였다 (TS 프라이머), 올리고 뉴클레오티드, 반복 추가 -. ACX 32 P가 표지 된 dCTP의은을 검출하는데 사용된다 PCR 제품의 낮은 양. DNA 시퀀싱은 사다리 폴리 아크릴 아미드 겔 전기 영동 (PAGE)에 의해 해결된다. 두 DNA 밴드의 강도와 DNA 사다리의 길이는 활성 효소 분자의 양 및 그들의 processivity 각각 10을 반영한다. 이것은 전통적인 분석 몇가지 큰 어려움을 가지고 : (밤새 두 경우) 시퀀싱 PAGE 겔 주행의 시간 소비 및 방사성 생성물 막을 노광 처리 할 크고 단단한 방사성 물질에 노출 될 위험. </p&gt; 이 프로토콜은 개선 된 비 방사성 아가 미니 젤 기반의 분석을 제공합니다. DNA 래더 6 BP 4.5 % 고해상도 아가 로스 겔을 이용하여 해결하고 검출은 매우 민감한 핵산 염색을 이용하여 달성된다. 아가 고해상도 미니 겔 민감한 핵산 얼룩을 이용하는 조합은 분석의 취급이 용이 구비 방사능 노출의 위험을 제거하고 크게 몇 시간 삼일부터 전체 검정 시간을 단축.

<table><tbody><tr><td>TRAP Mix (10x)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Made manually, mix the following in UPW: 630 mM KCl, 200 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.2, 10 mM EDTA, 15 mM MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, 1 mg/ml BSA, 0.5% TWEEN (purchased from Sigma). Aliquots are frozen at -20 &amp;deg;C.</td></tr><tr><td>Ringer&#039;s solution</td><td></td><td></td><td>Made manually, mix the following in DDW: 124 mM NaCl, 3 mM KCl, 1.25 mM NaH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;middot;H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, 2 mM MgSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, 26 mM NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, 1.802 g/L D-(+)-glucose anhydrous.</td></tr><tr><td>Isoflurane</td><td>Minrad INC.</td><td>NDC 60307-110-10</td><td>Handle with care in a chemical hood</td></tr><tr><td>dNTPs (10 mM)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D7295</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TS primer (5&#039;-AATCCGTCGAGCAGAGTT-3&#039;)</td><td>Sigma</td><td></td><td>DNA oligos orderd in DRY format and UPW added according to requierd concentration</td></tr><tr><td>ACX primer (5&#039;-GCGCGGCTTACCCTTACCCTTACCCTAACC-3&#039;)</td><td>Sigma</td><td></td><td>DNA oligos orderd in DRY format and UPW added according to requierd concentration</td></tr><tr><td>Titanium Taq Polymerase/Buffer</td><td>Clontech</td><td>S1792/S1793</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High Resolution agarose</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A4718</td><td>Any high quality high-resolution agarose may be sutible</td></tr><tr><td>Mini-gel apparatus</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>170-4466</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nucleic Acid Stain (GEL-RED)</td><td>Biotium</td><td>41003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IC primer (5&#039;-ATCGCTTCTCGGCCTTTT-3&#039;)</td><td>Sigma</td><td></td><td>DNA oligos orderd in DRY format and UPW added according to requierd concentration</td></tr><tr><td>CHAPS lysis buffer</td><td>Cell Signaling Technology</td><td>9852S</td><td>Add PMSF (protease inhibitor) to a final concentration of 1 mM</td></tr><tr><td>Ultra Pure Water (UPW)</td><td>Biological Industries</td><td>01-866-1B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CD-1 mice</td><td>HARLAN Laboratories INC.</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

telomerase activity in the various regions of mouse brain: non-radioactive telomerase repeat amplification protocol (trap) assay

텔로 머라 제, 리보은 텔로미어의 길이를 유지하고, 따라서 게놈 무결성, 증식 및 수명을 증진 할 책임이있다. 이러한 뉴런 비 분열, 활성이 높은 세포 생존을 위해 그 중요성이 가능한 제안 또한, 텔로 머라 제는 산화 적 스트레스로부터 미토콘드리아를 보호하고 아폽토시스에 대한 저항성을 부여한다. 우리는 이전에 다양한 마우스 뇌 영역에서 텔로 머라 제 활성 및 발현을 증가하고 산화 적 스트레스로부터 운동 신경 세포를 보호하기 위해 신규 한 텔로 머라 활성제의 능력을 보여 주었다. 이러한 결과는 텔로 머라 다양한 병변에서 뉴런의 보호에 관여한다는 개념을 강화한다. 뇌의 텔로 머라 아제의 역할을 강조하기 위해, 우리는 여기에 남성과 여성의 마우스 뇌의 텔로 머라 아제의 활동과 연령에 대한 의존도를 비교합니다. TRAP 분석은 다양한 조직이나 세포주에서 텔로 머라 제 활성을 검출하기위한 표준 방법이다. 여기에서 우리는 analy을 보여CHAPS를 이용한 단백질 추출을 비 변성에 의한 마우스 뇌의 세 지역에서 텔로 머라 제 활성의 SIS는 표준 TRAP 분석의 변형에 의해 버퍼 용해 하였다. 이 2 단계 분석에서 내인성 텔로 머라 제는 TTAGGG 6 BP 반복보기 (텔로 머라 제 반응)을 첨가하여 텔로 머라 제의 특정 기판 (TS 프라이머)로 뻗어. 텔로 머라 제 반응 생성물 (6) 혈압 증가의 DNA 래더를 생성 PCR 반응에 의해 증폭된다. DNA 래더의 분석은 매우 민감한 핵산 염색 얼룩 이어 4.5 % 고해상도 아가로 오스 겔 전기 영동에 의해 이루어진다. 32 P가 DNA 검출 및 DNA 래더를 해결하기위한 폴리 아크릴 아미드 겔 전기 영동을 위해 방사성 dCTP의 레이블 이용하는 전통적인 TRAP 분석법에 비해,이 프로토콜은 마우스의 뇌에서 텔로 머라 제 활성을 평가하는 능력을 입증위한 TRAP 분석법을 절약 무독성 시간을 구비 telomeras 차이를 검출다양한 여성과 남성 마우스의 뇌 영역에서의 전자 활동.

전체 세포 단백질 추출물은 1과 3 개월의 나이에 3 CD-한 여성과 3 CD-한 수컷 마우스에서 파생 된, 전두엽 (FL), 뇌간 (BS)과 소뇌 (CR)에서 제조 하였다 수정 TRAP 분석 및 방사성 TRAP 분석에 대한 이전 2개월 세의 나이에 3 CD-한 수컷 마우스. 텔로 머라 제 활성은 변형 된 TRAP 분석을 이용하여 1 μg의 단백질들을 추출 검출 및 2 μg 단백질은 방사성 TRAP 분석을 위해 추출 하였다. 방사성 TRAP 분석에 의해 수정 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Telomerase Activity in the Various Regions of Mouse Brain: Non-Radioactive Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol TRAP Assay at JoVE.com

Telomerase Activity in the Various Regions of Mouse Brain: Non-Radioactive Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol TRAP Assay

Telomerase is expressed in the neonatal brain and also in distinct regions of the adult brain. We present a non-toxic time saving TRAP assay for the analysis of telomerase activity in various regions of the mouse brain and detection of differences in telomerase activity between male and female mouse brains.

마우스 뇌의 다양한 지역에서 텔로 머라 제 활동 : 비 방사성 텔로 머라 제는 증폭 프로토콜을 반복 (TRAP) 분석

Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein, is responsible for maintaining the telomere length and therefore promoting genomic integrity, proliferation, and ...

telomerase-activity-various-regions-mouse-brain-non-radioactive

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JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Telomerase Activity in the Various Regions of Mouse Brain: Non-Radioactive Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol (TRAP) Assay

14.6K 조회수.  Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. Telomerase is expressed in the neonatal brain and also in distinct regions of the adult brain. We present a non-toxic time saving TRAP assay for the analysis of telomerase activity in various regions of the mouse brain and detection of differences in telomerase activity between male and female mouse brains.

비디오: Telomerase Activity in the Various Regions of Mouse Brain: Non-Radioactive Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol TRAP Assay

Semi-quantitative Detection of RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase Activity of Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Protein

Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is the catalytic subunit of telomerase, and it elongates telomere through RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity. Although TERT is named as a reverse transcriptase, structural and phylogenetic analyses of TERT demonstrate that TERT is a member of right-handed polymerases, and relates to viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRPs) as well as viral reverse transcriptase. We firstly identified RdRP activity of human TERT that generates complementary RNA stand to a template non-coding RNA and contributes to RNA silencing in cancer cells. To analyze this non-canonical enzymatic activity, we developed RdRP assay with recombinant TERT in 2009, thereafter established in vitro RdRP assay for endogenous TERT. In this manuscript, we describe the latter method. Briefly, TERT immune complexes are isolated from cells, and incubated with template RNA and rNTPs including radioactive rNTP for RdRP reaction. To eliminate single-stranded RNA, reaction products are treated with RNase I, and the final products are analyzed with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Radiolabeled RdRP products can be detected by autoradiography after overnight exposure.

Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) synthesizes not only telomeric DNA but also double-stranded RNA through RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity. Here, we describe a newly established assay to detect RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity of endogenous TERT.

인간의 Telomerase 역전사 단백질의 RNA 의존 RNA 중 합 효소 활동의 반 정량적 검출

Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is the catalytic subunit of telomerase, and it elongates telomere through RNA-dependent DNA polymerase ...

연구

유전학

Quantitative Analysis of Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing in Mouse Brain Sections Using RNA In Situ Hybridization Assay

Alternative splicing (AS) occurs in more than 90% of human genes. The expression pattern of an alternatively spliced exon is often regulated in a cell type-specific fashion. AS expression patterns are typically analyzed by RT-PCR and RNA-seq using RNA samples isolated from a population of cells. In situ examination of AS expression patterns for a particular biological structure can be carried out by RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) using exon-specific probes. However, this particular use of ISH has been limited because alternative exons are generally too short to design exon-specific probes. In this report, the use of BaseScope, a recently developed technology that employs short antisense oligonucleotides in RNA ISH, is described to analyze AS expression patterns in mouse brain sections. Exon 23a of neurofibromatosis type 1 (Nf1) is used as an example to illustrate that short exon-exon junction probes exhibit robust hybridization signals with high specificity in RNA ISH analysis on mouse brain sections. More importantly, signals detected with exon inclusion- and skipping-specific probes can be used to reliably calculate the percent spliced in values of Nf1 exon 23a expression in different anatomical areas of a mouse brain. The experimental protocol and calculation method for AS analysis are presented. The results indicate that BaseScope provides a powerful new tool to assess AS expression patterns in situ.

Quantitative Analysis of Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing in Mouse Brain Sections Using RNA In Situ Hybridization Assay

An in situ hybridization (ISH) protocol that uses short antisense oligonucleotides to detect alternative pre-mRNA splicing patterns in mouse brain sections is described.

대체 사전 mRNA 접합 교 잡 시험 현장에서 RNA를 사용 하 여 마우스 뇌 섹션에서의 정량 분석

Alternative splicing (AS) occurs in more than 90% of human genes. The expression pattern of an alternatively spliced exon is often regulated in a cell ...

Droplet Digital TRAP (ddTRAP): Adaptation of the Telomere Repeat Amplification Protocol to Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction

The telomere repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) is the most widely used assay to detect telomerase activity within a given a sample. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method allows for robust measurements of enzyme activity from most cell lysates. The gel-based TRAP with fluorescently labeled primers limits sample throughput, and the ability to detect differences in samples is restricted to two fold or greater changes in enzyme activity. The droplet digital TRAP, ddTRAP, is a highly sensitive approach that has been modified from the traditional TRAP assay, enabling the user to perform a robust analysis on 96 samples per run and obtain absolute quantification of the DNA (telomerase extension products) input within each PCR. Therefore, the newly developed ddTRAP assay overcomes the limitations of the traditional gel-based TRAP assay and provides a more efficient, accurate, and quantitative approach to measuring telomerase activity within laboratory and clinical settings.

Droplet Digital TRAP ddTRAP: Adaptation of the Telomere Repeat Amplification Protocol to Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction

We successfully converted the standard telomere repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay to be employed in droplet digital polymerase chain reactions. This new assay, called ddTRAP, is more sensitive and quantitative, allowing for better detection and statistical analysis of telomerase activity within various human cells.

물방울 디지털 트랩 (ddTRAP): Telomere 반복 증폭 프로토콜의 적응은 디지털 중 합 효소 연쇄 반응에 액 적

The telomere repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) is the most widely used assay to detect telomerase activity within a given a sample. The polymerase ...

암 연구학

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification (TRAP) for RNA Isolation from Endothelial Cells In Vivo

Many studies have been limited to using in vitro cellular assays and whole tissues or isolating of specific cell types from animals for in vitro analysis of transcriptome and gene expression by qPCR and RNA sequencing. Comprehensive transcriptome and gene expression analysis of specific cell types in complex tissues and organs will be critical to understand cellular and molecular mechanisms by which genes are regulated and their association with tissue homeostasis and organ functions. In this article, we demonstrate the methodology for isolation of ribosome-bound RNA directly in vivo in the vascular endothelia of animal lungs as an example. The specific materials and procedures for tissue processing and RNA purification will be described, including the assessment of RNA quality and yield as well as real time qPCR for arteriogenic gene assays. This approach, known as translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) technique, can be utilized for characterization of gene expression and transcriptome analysis of certain cell types directly in vivo in any specific type in complex tissues.

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification TRAP for RNA Isolation from Endothelial Cells In Vivo

We present an approach to purify ribosome-bound mRNA from vascular endothelial cells (ECs) directly in mouse brain, lung and heart tissues via EC-specific genetic tag of enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP)in ribosomes in combination with RNA purification.

생체 내피 세포에서 RNA 격리를 위한 리보솜 친화성 정제(TRAP) 번역

Many studies have been limited to using in vitro cellular assays and whole tissues or isolating of specific cell types from animals for in vitro analysis ...

생화학

Rapid Genotyping of Animals Followed by Establishing Primary Cultures of Brain Neurons

High-resolution analysis of the morphology and function of mammalian neurons often requires the genotyping of individual animals followed by the analysis of primary cultures of neurons. We describe a set of procedures for: labeling newborn mice to be genotyped, rapid genotyping, and establishing low-density cultures of brain neurons from these mice. Individual mice are labeled by tattooing, which allows for long-term identification lasting into adulthood. Genotyping by the described protocol is fast and efficient, and allows for automated extraction of nucleic acid with good reliability. This is useful under circumstances where sufficient time for conventional genotyping is not available, e.g., in mice that suffer from neonatal lethality. Primary neuronal cultures are generated at low density, which enables imaging experiments at high spatial resolution. This culture method requires the preparation of glial feeder layers prior to neuronal plating. The protocol is applied in its entirety to a mouse model of the movement disorder DYT1 dystonia (&#916;E-torsinA knock-in mice), and neuronal cultures are prepared from the hippocampus, cerebral cortex and striatum of these mice. This protocol can be applied to mice with other genetic mutations, as well as to animals of other species. Furthermore, individual components of the protocol can be used for isolated sub-projects. Thus this protocol will have wide applications, not only in neuroscience but also in other fields of biological and medical sciences.

We describe procedures for labeling and genotyping newborn mice and generating primary neuronal cultures from them. The genotyping is rapid, efficient and reliable, and allows for automated nucleic-acid extraction. This is especially useful for neonatally lethal mice and their cultures that require prior completion of genotyping.

동물의 신속한 유전자형은 뇌 신경 세포의 차 문화 구축에 이어

High-resolution analysis of the morphology and function of mammalian neurons often requires the genotyping of individual animals followed by the analysis ...

신경과학

Conditional Genetic Transsynaptic Tracing in the Embryonic Mouse Brain

Anatomical path tracing is of pivotal importance to decipher the relationship between brain and behavior. Unraveling the formation of neural circuits during embryonic maturation of the brain however is technically challenging because most transsynaptic tracing methods developed to date depend on stereotaxic tracer injection. To overcome this problem, we developed a binary genetic strategy for conditional genetic transsynaptic tracing in the mouse brain. Towards this end we generated two complementary knock-in mouse strains to selectively express the bidirectional transsynaptic tracer barley lectin (BL) and the retrograde transsynaptic tracer Tetanus Toxin fragment C from the ROSA26 locus after Cre-mediated recombination. Cell-specific tracer production in these mice is genetically encoded and does not depend on mechanical tracer injection. Therefore our experimental approach is suitable to study neural circuit formation in the embryonic murine brain. Furthermore, because tracer transfer across synapses depends on synaptic activity, these mouse strains can be used to analyze the communication between genetically defined neuronal populations during brain development at a single cell resolution. Here we provide a detailed protocol for transsynaptic tracing in mouse embryos using the novel recombinant ROSA26 alleles. We have utilized this experimental technique in order to delineate the neural circuitry underlying maturation of the reproductive axis in the developing female mouse brain.

Capitalizing on a binary genetic strategy we provide a detailed protocol for neural circuit tracing in mice that express complementary transsynaptic tracers after Cre-mediated recombination. Because cell-specific tracer production is genetically encoded, our experimental approach is suitable to study the formation and maturation of neural circuitry during murine embryonic brain development at a single cell resolution.

배아 마우스의 뇌에 추적 조건부 유전 Transsynaptic

Anatomical path tracing is of pivotal importance to decipher the relationship between brain and behavior. Unraveling the formation of neural circuits ...

Combining Multiplex Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization with Fluorescent Immunohistochemistry on Fresh Frozen or Fixed Mouse Brain Sections

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular technique that identifies the presence and spatial distribution of specific RNA transcripts within cells. Neurochemical phenotyping of functionally identified neurons usually requires concurrent labelling with multiple antibodies (targeting protein) using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and optimization of in situ hybridization (targeting RNA), in tandem. A &#34;neurochemical signature&#34; to characterize particular neurons may be achieved however complicating factors include the need to verify FISH and IHC targets before combining the methods, and the limited number of RNAs and proteins that may be targeted simultaneously within the same tissue section.
Here we describe a protocol, using both fresh frozen and fixed mouse brain preparations, which detects multiple mRNAs and proteins in the same brain section using RNAscope FISH followed by fluorescence immunostaining, respectively. We use the combined method to describe the expression pattern of low abundance mRNAs (e.g., galanin receptor 1) and high abundance mRNAs (e.g., glycine transporter 2), in immunohistochemically identified brainstem nuclei.
Key considerations for protein labelling downstream of the FISH assay extend beyond tissue preparation and optimization of FISH probe labelling. For example, we found that antibody binding and labelling specificity can be detrimentally affected by the protease step within the FISH probe assay. Proteases catalyze hydrolytic cleavage of peptide bonds, facilitating FISH probe entry into cells, however they may also digest the protein targeted by the subsequent IHC assay, producing off target binding. The subcellular location of the targeted protein is another factor contributing to IHC success following FISH probe assay. We observed IHC specificity to be retained when the targeted protein is membrane bound, whereas IHC targeting cytoplasmic protein required extensive troubleshooting. Finally, we found handling of slide-mounted fixed frozen tissue more challenging than fresh frozen tissue, however IHC quality was overall better with fixed frozen tissue, when combined with RNAscope.

Combining Multiplex Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization with Fluorescent Immunohistochemistry on Fresh Frozen or Fixed Mouse Brain Sections

This protocol describes a method for combining fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and fluorescence immunohistochemistry (IHC) in both fresh frozen and fixed mouse brain sections, with the goal of achieving multilabel FISH and fluorescence IHC signal. IHC targeted cytoplasmic and membrane attached proteins.

Multiplex Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization with Fluorescent Immunohistochemistry on Fresh Frozen or Fixed Mouse Brain Section(신선 냉동 또는 고정 마우스 뇌 절편에서 Multiplex Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization과 형광 면역조직화학의 결합)

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular technique that identifies the presence and spatial distribution of specific RNA transcripts within ...

Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting-Radioligand Treated Tissue (FACS-RTT) to Determine the Cellular Origin of Radioactive Signal

Glial cells probably have a considerable implication in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Their alterations are perhaps associated with a pro-inflammatory state. The TgF344-AD rat strain has been designed to express human APP and human PS1&#916;E9 genes, encoding for amyloid proteins A&#946;-40 and A&#946;-42 and displays amyloid pathology and cognitive deficits with aging. The TgF344-AD rat model is used in this study to evaluate the cellular origin of the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO, a marker of glial cell activation) binding, and the 5HT2A-receptor (5HT2AR) serotonin receptor levels that are possibly disrupted in AD. The technique presented here is Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting to Radioligand Treated Tissue (FACS-RTT), a quantitative cell-type-specific technique complementary to in vivo PET or SPECT or ex vivo/in vitro autoradiography techniques. It quantifies the same radiolabeled tracer used prior for imaging, using a &#947; counter after cytometry cell sorting. This allows determining the cellular origin of the radiolabeled protein with high cellular specificity and sensitivity. For example, studies with FACS-RTT showed that (i) the increase in TSPO binding was associated with microglia in a rat model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation, (ii) an increase in TSPO binding at 12- and 18-months was associated with astrocytes first, and then microglia in the TgF344-AD rats compared to wild type (WT) rats, and (iii) the striatal density of 5HT2AR decreases in astrocytes at 18 months in the same rat AD model. Interestingly, this technique can be extended to virtually all radiotracers.

Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting-Radioligand Treated Tissue FACS-RTT to Determine the Cellular Origin of Radioactive Signal

Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting-Radioligand Treated Tissue (FACS-RTT) is a powerful tool to study the role of the 18 kDa translocator protein or Serotonin 5HT2A-receptor expression in Alzheimer&#39;s Disease at a cellular scale. This protocol describes the ex-vivo application of FACS-RTT in the TgF344-AD rat model.

형광-활성화된 세포 분류-방사성 신호의 세포 기원을 결정하기 위한 방사성리간드 처리조직(FACS-RTT)

Glial cells probably have a considerable implication in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Their ...

Lineage Tracing of Inducible Fluorescently-Labeled Stem Cells in the Adult Mouse Brain

A telomerase reverse transcriptase (Tert) lineage-tracing mouse line was developed to investigate the behavior and fate of adult tissue stem cells, by crossing the &#39;Tet-On&#39; system oTet-Cre mouse with a novel reverse tetracycline transactivator (rtTA) transgene linked to the Tert promoter, which we have demonstrated marks a novel population of adult brain stem cells. Here, administration of the tetracycline derivative doxycycline to mTert-rtTA::oTet-Cre mice will indelibly mark a population of cells that express a 4.4 kb fragment of the promoter region of the gene Tert. When combined the Rosa-mTmG reporter, mTert-rtTA::oTet-Cre::Rosa-mTmG mice will express membrane tdTomato (mTomato) until doxycycline treatment induces the replacement of mTomato expression with membrane EGFP (mGFP) in cells that also express Tert. Therefore, when these triple-transgenic lineage tracing mice receive doxycycline (the &#34;pulse&#34; period during which TERT expressing cells are marked), these cells will become indelibly marked mGFP+ cells, which can be tracked for any desirable amount of time after doxycycline removal (the &#34;chase&#34; period), even if Tert expression is subsequently lost. Brains are then perfusion-fixed and processed for immunofluorescence and other downstream applications in order to interpret changes to stem cell activation, proliferation, lineage commitment, migration to various brain niches, and differentiation to mature cell types. Using this system, any rtTA mouse can be mated to oTet-Cre and a Rosa reporter to conduct doxycycline-inducible &#34;pulse-chase&#34; lineage&#160;tracing experiments using markers of stem cells.

The ability to permanently mark stem cells and their progeny with a fluorophore using an inducible transgenic lineage tracing mouse line allows for spatial and temporal analysis of activation, proliferation, migration, and/or differentiation in vivo. Lineage tracing can reveal novel information about lineage commitment, response to intervention(s), and multipotency.

성인 마우스 뇌에서 유도성 형광 표지 줄기 세포의 계보 추적

A telomerase reverse transcriptase (Tert) lineage-tracing mouse line was developed to investigate the behavior and fate of adult tissue stem cells, by ...

Cell Type-specific Gene Expression Profiling in the Mouse Liver

Liver repopulation after injury is a crucial feature of mammals which prevents immediate organ failure and death after exposure of environmental toxins. A deeper understanding of the changes in gene expression that occur during repopulation could help identify therapeutic targets to promote the restoration of liver function in the setting of injuries. Nonetheless, methods to isolate specifically the repopulating hepatocytes are inhibited by a lack of cell markers, limited cell numbers, and the fragility of these cells. The development of translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) technology in conjunction with the Fah-/- mouse model to recapitulate repopulation in the setting of liver injury allows gene expression profiling of the repopulating hepatocytes. With TRAP, cell type-specific translating mRNA is rapidly and efficiently isolated. We developed a method that utilizes TRAP with affinity-based isolation of translating mRNA from hepatocytes that selectively express the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged ribosomal protein (RP), GFP:RPL10A. TRAP circumvents the long time period required for fluorescence-activated cell sorting that could change the gene expression profile. Furthermore, since only the repopulating hepatocytes express the GFP:RPL10A fusion protein, the isolated mRNA is devoid of contamination from the surrounding injured hepatocytes and other cell types in the liver. The affinity-purified mRNA is of high quality and allows downstream PCR- or high-throughput sequencing-based analysis of gene expression.

Translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) enables rapid and efficient isolation of cell type-specific translating mRNA. Here, we demonstrate a method that combines hydrodynamic tail-vein injection in a mouse model of liver repopulation and TRAP to examine the expression profile of repopulating hepatocytes.

마우스 간에서 세포 유형 별 유전자 발현 프로파일링

Liver repopulation after injury is a crucial feature of mammals which prevents immediate organ failure and death after exposure of environmental toxins. A ...