우리는 C의 Caenorhabditis 엘레 유전학 센터를 인정 엘레 균주. 자금 지원은 테리 폭스 연구소에 의해 제공되었다. 우리는 또한 Rolande과 마르셀 Gosselin의 대학원 재학 및 맥길 통합 암 연구 교육 프로그램의 암 연구 FRN53888에서 CIHR / FRSQ 훈련 보조금에서 EP에 부여 된 지원을 인정합니다.

시약 1. 준비 <ol><li> C의 미디어의 준비 (이 경우, 야생형 동물과 flcn -1- (ok975) 돌연변이 동물) 간스 성장. <ol><li> 트리스 염산 5.5 g을, 트리스베이스의 2.4 G, Bactopetone의 31g, 염화나트륨 20g과 콜레스테롤의 0.08 g의 Youngren 유일의 박토 - 펩톤 (참견 마라) 건조 믹스를 수정 준비합니다. 흔들어 잘 섞는다. 참고 :이 믹스 참견 마라 매체의 10 L를 준비하기에 충분하다. 주 : 정상적인 성장 매체 (NGM) 판 참견 마라 판 (27) 대신에 사용될 수있다. 그러나 판의 동일한 유형 균주간에 독립적 반복 사이의 유효한 비교를 위해 사용되어야한다. 이 프로토콜에서는, 우리는 참견 마라 판을 사용했다. </li><li> 참견 마라 건조 믹스 6g, 한천 17g을 추가하여 참견 마라 매체의 1 리터를 준비하고 122 ℃에서 45 분 동안 H 2 O 및 오토 클레이브와 1 L로 구성한다. 판을 붓고 실온에서 2 일 동안 건조 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 멸균 기법을 사용 cultu 100 ㎖에 접종E.와 LB 국물 매체의 재 대장균 OP50 박테리아 및 37 ℃에서 O / N 성장. </li><li> E.와 씨앗 참견 마라 판 대장균 OP50 박테리아. 그것은 48 시간 동안 실온에서 성장하도록 허용합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 의 RNAi를 사용하여 유전자의 하향 조절을위한 준비 <ol><li> 참견 마라의 RNAi 수유 판을 준비합니다. 단계 1.1.1과 1.1.2에서와 같이 진행합니다. 오토 클레이브 후, 배지는 약 55 ℃로 냉각하고 추가 할 수있는 1 M 이소 프로필 β-D-1- 티오 갈 락토 피 라노 시드 (IPTG), 100 mM의 암피실린 1 ㎖를 1 ㎖. </li><li> 킬 E. 콜라이 HT115 제어 EV 또는 한천 플레이트에 암피실린 flcn -1- 특정의 RNAi (50 μg의 / ㎖) / 테트라 사이클린 (15 μg의 / ㎖)를 발현하는 플라스미드로 형질 전환 된 박테리아. 37 ° C에서 문화 O / N 성장. </li><li> 식민지를 선택하고 E. 접종 대장균 HT115 제어 EV 또는 특정의 RNAi-1 flcn과 하나가 37 &amp; #에서 LB / 암피실린 (50 μg의 / ㎖) 매체와 O / N에서 문화를 성장 표현하는 플라스미드로 형질 전환 된 박테리아를176; C. </li><li> E.와 씨앗 판 대장균 HT115 EV 세균이나 HT115 flcn-1 RNAi의 세균. 참고 : 사용하기 전에 실온에서 판을 48 시간 유지. 공급하여 RNAi의 최저 유효 인 경우, DS-28의 RNA 전달하는 다른 방법을 사용한다. </li></ol></li><li> 파라콰트 (PQ)를 사용하여 산화 스트레스를 유도 : <ol><li> KH 2 PO 4 3g을 혼합하여 M9 버퍼를 준비 나 2의 6g HPO 4, 염화나트륨 5 g 및 황산 0.25 g · 7 H 2 O. 증류수 1 L에 불러옵니다. 실온에서 122 ° C와 저장 병에서 45 분간 고압 솔루션입니다. </li><li> 분석 당일, M9 / PQ - 함유 용액을 제조 하였다. (M9 버퍼의 4 ㎖에 녹이고 PQ의 0.1028 g을 잘 당 M9 / PQ의 40 μL로 전체 96 웰 플레이트를 채우고)이 프로토콜의 경우, 100 mM의 PQ를 사용합니다. 주의 : PQ는 위험하고 독성이 강한 화합물이다. 해당 지침에 따라 처리합니다. 참고 : 때 먼저 새의 실행기차 또는 새 조건, 그것은 7-10 시간 내에 동물을 죽일하기 위해 사용하는 가장 농도를 결정하기 위해 PQ의 농도를 증가에서 생존을 분석하는 것이 좋습니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 나이 동기 L4 인구 2. 준비 <ol><li> E. 시드 신선한 참견 마라 플레이트로 전송 20 임신하는 성인 자웅 동체를 대장균 OP50 박테리아. 분석시 필요한 웜의 수에 따라 몇 접시를 준비합니다. </li><li> 그들이 6 시간 후, 어머니를 제거 백금 와이어 웜을 선택 사용하는 알을 낳는하도록 허용합니다. 누워 계란의 수를 평가하기 위해 현미경으로 번호판을 확인합니다. </li><li> 알이 부화하고 48 시간 동안 20 ℃에서 성장하도록 허용합니다. 이 시점에서, 동물은 늦은 L4 / 젊은 성인 단계에있다. 같은 무대 동물을 선택하고 PQ 솔루션 함유 우물에 전송할 수 있습니다. 참고 : 48 시간 배양 단지 야생형 동물과 유사 성장 돌연변이에 적용하므로,이 발달 모니터링하는 것은 중요새로 테스트 돌연변이 비율은, 야생형 개발 레이트 그렇지 다른 타임 라인이 사용되어야 부합되도록한다. </li><li> 대안 적으로, 동기화 기술을 사용한다. 차아 염소산 용액을 사용하여 L1 유충 웜의 동기 인구 생성 (25 ml의 물, 5.25 %의 차아 염소산 나트륨의 125 ml의 4 M의 NaOH 50 mL로, 빛에서 분리하기 위해 알루미늄 호일로 병 포장). 강렬한 표백 분석 중에 동물의 행동에 영향을 줄 수 있기 때문에,이 분석을 위해, 그것은, 권장되지 않는다. 주의 : 지침에 따라 차아 염소산 용액을 처리합니다. 주 : 다운, 관심 유전자를 조절하는 특정 세균의 RNAi 시드 RNAi의 플레이트에 산모 전사 제외한 제 2 절에 설명 자웅 동체를 동기화 RNAi의 사용시. RNAi에와 최저 약한 경우, 여러 세대에 공급하는 것이 좋습니다. </li></ol> 3. 산화 스트레스 저항 분석을 &lt;공연/ P&gt; <ol><li> 피펫 96 웰 플레이트의 각 웰에 (신선한 제조) 100 mM의 PQ 용액 40 μL. 모든 조건 (치료, 돌연변이 등)의 복제로 최소 12 우물을 사용합니다. 백금선 웜 픽업을 사용하여, 각 웰은 시작 시간과 종료 시간을 나타내는 5-8 L4 유충 동물 옮긴다. </li><li> 다른 조건을 시작할 때, 시작 시간 및 종료 시간을 참고. 시작 시간에서 한 시간 후에 죽은 동물을 벌레를 전송하고 점수 사이의 배양 시간에 20 ° C에서 접시를 놓습니다. </li><li> 해부 현미경을 사용하여, 생존마다 시간을 계산합니다. 조심스럽게 계산을 시작하기 전에 판을 흔들. 죽은 동물로, 심지어 높은 강도의 광을 스폿 팅 한 후에, 이동하지 않은 웜을 표시한다. 또한, 살아있는 동물의 수를 나타낸다. 참고 : 높은 배율에서 벌레 모양, 꼬리와 머리의 움직임을 보면, 살아에서 죽은 벌레를 결정하는 데 도움을줍니다. </li><li> 대부분의 벌레가 죽을 때까지이 단계마다 시간을 반복합니다. </li></ol> &lt;P 클래스 = &quot;jove_title&quot;&gt; 4. 모든 시간 시점에서 생존 비율의 결정 <ol><li> 물론 모든 동물에 전송의 총 수를 가산함으로써 조건 당 동물의 총 수를 계산한다. 손상 또는 이전에 사망 동물을 무시합니다. </li><li> 매 시간 포인트 (12 웰에서 죽은 동물의 합) 조건 당 죽은 동물의 총 수를 계산한다. 때마다 포인트, 생존 (100 마이너스 %의 죽음)의 비율 (죽은 동물 (100)에 의해 동물의 총 개수로 나눈 값과 곱의 수) 죽음의 비율을 계산합니다. </li><li> 이 분석을 최소 3 독립 번 반복합니다. </li></ol>

<ol>
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Methods Mol Biol. 351, 119-125 (2006).</li><li>Wang, B. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caenorhabditis+elegans+Eyes+Absent+Ortholog+EYA-1+Is+Required+for+Stress+Resistance.">Caenorhabditis elegans Eyes Absent Ortholog EYA-1 Is Required for Stress Resistance.</a> Biochemistry (Mosc). 79, 653-662 (2014).</li><li>Paz-Gomez, D., Villanueva-Chimal, E., Navarro, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+DEAD+Box+RNA+helicase+VBH-1+is+a+new+player+in+the+stress+response+in+C.+elegans.">The DEAD Box RNA helicase VBH-1 is a new player in the stress response in C. elegans.</a> PLoS One. 9, 97924 (2014).</li><li>Ward, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defects+in+the+C.+elegans+acyl-CoA+synthase,+acs-3,+and+nuclear+hormone+receptor,+nhr-25,+cause+sensitivity+to+distinct,+but+overlapping+stresses.">Defects in the C. elegans acyl-CoA synthase, acs-3, and nuclear hormone receptor, nhr-25, cause sensitivity to distinct, but overlapping stresses.</a> PLoS One. 9, 92552 (2014).</li><li>Staab, T. A., Evgrafov, O., Knowles, J. A., Sieburth, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+synaptic+nlg-1/neuroligin+abundance+by+the+skn-1/Nrf+stress+response+pathway+protects+against+oxidative+stress.">Regulation of synaptic nlg-1/neuroligin abundance by the skn-1/Nrf stress response pathway protects against oxidative stress.</a> PLoS Genet. 10, e1004100 (2014).</li><li>Greer, E. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+AMPK-FOXO+pathway+mediates+longevity+induced+by+a+novel+method+of+dietary+restriction+in.">An AMPK-FOXO pathway mediates longevity induced by a novel method of dietary restriction in.</a> C. elegans. Curr Biol. 17, 1646-1656 (2007).</li><li>Allen, E., Walters, I. B., Hanahan, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brivanib,+a+dual+FGF/VEGF+inhibitor,+is+active+both+first+and+second+line+against+mouse+pancreatic+neuroendocrine+tumors+developing+adaptive/evasive+resistance+to+VEGF+inhibition.">Brivanib, a dual FGF/VEGF inhibitor, is active both first and second line against mouse pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors developing adaptive/evasive resistance to VEGF inhibition.</a> Clin Cancer Res. 17, 5299-5310 (2011).</li><li>Apfeld, J., O'Connor, G., McDonagh, T., DiStefano, P. S., Curtis, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+AMP-activated+protein+kinase+AAK-2+links+energy+levels+and+insulin-like+signals+to+lifespan+in+C.+elegans.">The AMP-activated protein kinase AAK-2 links energy levels and insulin-like signals to lifespan in C. elegans.</a> Genes Dev. 18, 3004-3009 (2004).</li><li>Lee, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Caenorhabditis+elegans+AMP-activated+protein+kinase+AAK-2+is+phosphorylated+by+LKB1+and+is+required+for+resistance+to+oxidative+stress+and+for+normal+motility+and+foraging+behavior.">The Caenorhabditis elegans AMP-activated protein kinase AAK-2 is phosphorylated by LKB1 and is required for resistance to oxidative stress and for normal motility and foraging behavior.</a> J Biol Chem. 283, 14988-14993 (2008).</li><li>Honda, Y., Honda, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+daf-2+gene+network+for+longevity+regulates+oxidative+stress+resistance+and+Mn-superoxide+dismutase+gene+expression+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">The daf-2 gene network for longevity regulates oxidative stress resistance and Mn-superoxide dismutase gene expression in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> FASEB J. 13, 1385-1393 (1999).</li><li>Restif, C., Metaxas, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tracking+the+swimming+motions+of+C.+elegans+worms+with+applications+in+aging+studies.">Tracking the swimming motions of C. elegans worms with applications in aging studies.</a> Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv. 11, 35-42 (2008).</li><li>Buckingham, S. D., Sattelle, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast,+automated+measurement+of+nematode+swimming+(thrashing)+without+morphometry.">Fast, automated measurement of nematode swimming (thrashing) without morphometry.</a> BMC Neurosci. 10, 84 (2009).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

C. 엘레 쉽게 배양 될 수 있으므로 생체 내에서 유 전적으로 산화 스트레스 내성을 연구하는 매력적인 모델 생물이며, 급속 전적으로 동일한 자손 다수의 리드. 산화 스트레스 저항을 측정하기 위해 여러 방법이 앞서 설명되어 있으며 그러한 PQ, 로테 논, H 2 O 2, 및 juglone 25,26,29-32 ROS 같은 다양한 소스와 배양 접시의 보충에 기초한다. 여기에서 우리는 100 mM의 PQ...

A reference was corrected in the publication of <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/52746">Measuring Oxidative Stress Resistance of Caenorhabditis elegans in 96-well Microtiter Plates</a>. There was an error with reference 34 in the Citations section. It has been updated from:
Allen, E., Walters, I.B., Hanahan, D. Brivanib a dual FGF/VEGF inhibitor,is active both first and second line againstmouse pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors developing adaptive/evasive resistance toVEGF inhibition. Clin Cancer Res. 17, (16) 5299-310 (2011).
to:
Allen, A. T., Maher, K. N., Wani, K. A., Betts, K. E., &#38; Chase, D. L. Coexpressed D1- and D2-like dopamine receptors antagonistically modulate acetylcholine release in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics. 188, 579-590 (2011).

Erratum: Measuring Oxidative Stress Resistance of Caenorhabditis elegans in 96-well Microtiter Plates

진핵 세포에서 미토콘드리아의 전자 전달계에서 일어나는 산화 적 인산화는 ATP의 형태로 에너지 생산의 주요인이다. 반응성 산소 종 (ROS)은이 프로세스의 자연 부산물이다. 분자 신호로서의 중요한 역할에도 불구하고, 과도한 활성 산소는 DNA 손상, 단백질 카르 보닐, 및 지질 산화 될 수 있습니다. ROS 생산 및 해독 간의 불균형 에너지 고갈, 세포 손상에 이르게 산화 스트레스를 유발하고 세포 사멸을 유발 1,2-. 산화 스트레스는 노화, 암, 당뇨, 심혈관 질환 및 신경 퇴행성 질환 3-9 포함한 많은 생명을 위협하는 질병의 발달에 기여한다. ROS 세포를 적절한 수준을 유지하고 산화 손상 1,2- 대하여 그들의 구성 성분을 보호하는 효소와 비 효소 적 방어 전략을 진화했다. 슈퍼 옥사이드 디스 뮤 타제는 (SOD) 효소는 conve 먼저 행동나중에 카탈라아제 또는 과산화 효소에 의해 물로 변환 H 2 O 2에 RT의 슈퍼 옥사이드. 비 효소 적 방어 전략은 대부분 필수 세포 성분을 보호하는 세포 거대 분자에 비해 활성 산소와 빠르게 반응하는 분자를 포함한다. 활성 산소가 효소를 해독의 보호 역할에도 불구하고, 일부 활성 산소 분자는 항산화 방어 메커니즘을 탈출 및 산화 적 손상을 초래할. 감지, 복구 및 손상된 세포 성분의 저하는 산화 스트레스 1,2시 필수적인 방어 전략이다. 스트레스 저항 특히 산화 스트레스에 관여하는 신호 전달 경로 것은 매우 진화 (10, 11)를 보존하고 있습니다. 생명체의 조건이 부분적으로 만 재생되는 세포 배양 실험, 12, 13은 큰 의미를 가지고 모델 생물에서 산화 스트레스의 연구와는 달리. C. 엘레는 막 다른 쉽고 저렴하게 할 수있는 자유 생활 선충이다한천 매체에 세균 잔디밭에 냈다는. 그것은 크기가 작고 일반적으로 (약 1 길이 ㎜) 및 유전자 조작을 용이하게하는 자기 시비 자웅 동체로 성장한다. 그것은 빠른 라이프 사이클과 높은 생식 능력, 세대 당 약 300 자손을 생산하고 그것을 대규모 유전 스크린 (14)을 수행 할 수있는 강력한 도구를하고있다. C. elegans의 게놈 염기 서열을 완전히하고 유전자 40-50 %가 인간의 질병 관련 유전자 15 ~ 18의 동체가 될 것으로 예상된다. 의 RNAi를 사용하여 관심의 유전자의 최저 신속하고 C에서 쉽게 엘레. 유전자 다운 조절은 E. 동물을 공급함으로써 달성 될 수있다 관심 19의 mRNA를 표적의 이중 가닥 RNA를 발현하는 플라스미드를 대장균 박테리아 항구. 따라서, 대규모의 RNAi 스크린을 이용한 유전자 기능의 결정은 암 (20, 21)을 포함하여 인간의 질병을 이해하는데 큰 영향을 미친다. O의 연구C에서 xidative 스트레스 저항 엘레은 산화 스트레스 13,22에 대한 저항의 보존 메커니즘의 식별을 주도했다. 확인 된 일부 경로는 저산소증, 열, 삼투압 스트레스 같은 다른 스트레스뿐만 아니라 이러한 장수와 저항을 조절하는 일반적인 경로이다. 이 경로는 인슐린 신호, TOR 신호, 그리고 자식 작용을 포함한다. 다른 주요 경로는, 또는 손상의 수리 등의 열 충격 및 보호자 단백질 11,13,22 같은 슈퍼 옥사이드 디스 뮤 타제 효소와 카탈라아제 효소로 활성 산소의 해독을 포함한다. 이 프로토콜은 C의 산화 적 스트레스에 대한 저항을 확인하는 방법에 대해 설명합니다 액체에 간스. 우리는 이전에 C. 손실시 flcn -1- (ok975)를 산화 적 스트레스에 대한 증가 된 내성을 보여 주었다 때문에 우리는 프로토콜을 설명하기 flcn -1- (ok975) 및 야생형 동물을 사용 엘레 (23). 우리는 또한이 증가 저항이 달려 있음을 보여 주었다AMPK와 자식 작용, 세포 생체 에너지를 향상시키고 응력 저항 (23)을 촉진 시그널링 축. PQ는 반응성 산소 종 (24)를 생성하기 위해 전자 전달계를 방해 산화성 스트레스이다. 같은 분석은 적용 할 수 있고, 다른 ROS 소스 또는 활성 산소 생성 화합물은 H 2 O 2와 로테 논 등 사용할 수 있습니다. 유사한 분석은 PQ의 낮은 농도 (25, 26)를 사용하는 플레이트에 개발되어왔다. 이 분석의 장점은 매우 빠르고, 그 결과는 하루에 획득 될 수 있다는 것이다. 또한, 96 웰 플레이트에서 산화 적 스트레스 저항성 검정을 수행하는 데 사용되는 액체의 총량은 PQ - 함유 플레이트를 제조하는 데 사용되는 체적에 비해 낮다. 따라서, 사용 된 PQ의 양이 분석에서 액체 인 것은 저가 분석을 렌더링하고 유해 폐기물의 생성을 제한하는 낮다. 그러나, 플레이트 분석에 비해이 분석의 한계 라 포함액체 분석에서 음식과 액체 산소의 낮은 농도의 CK는 공기에 비해. 이러한 경우에, 결과에 영향을 줄 수있는 중요한 인자이다. 따라서,이 분석에서 얻어진 결과를 지원하기 위해 권장 산화 스트레스 저항성 다른 방법을 사용하여 재현성을 확인하기.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar bacteriological grade</td>
			<td>Multicell</td>
			<td>800-010-LG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacteriological peptone</td>
			<td>Oxoid</td>
			<td>LP0037</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride biotechnology grade</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>7647-14-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cholesterol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C8503-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UltraPure tris hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15506-017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris aminomethane</td>
			<td>Bio Basic Canada Inc</td>
			<td>77-86-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IPTG</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-202185A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ampicillin</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>69-52-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast extract</td>
			<td>Bio Basic Inc.</td>
			<td>8013-01-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methyl viologen dichloride hydrate</td>
			<td>Aldrich chemistry</td>
			<td>856177-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish 60x15mm</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>FB0875713A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipet 10ml</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>1367520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td>G-Biosciences</td>
			<td>RC-084</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M-5921</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium phosphate dibasic</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>7558-79-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">Discovery v8 stereo zeiss microscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 well clear microtiter plate</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>flcn-1 RNAi source</td>
			<td colspan="2">Ahringer Library</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measuring oxidative stress resistance of caenorhabditis elegans in 96-well microtiter plates

생산 및 반응성 산소 종의 해독 사이의 불균형의 결과이다 산화 스트레스는 심혈관 및 신경 퇴행성 질환, 당뇨, 노화, 암, 인간을 포함한 만성 질환의 주요 원인이다. 따라서, 세포 시스템에서뿐만 아니라 전체 유기체를 사용뿐만 아니라 산화 스트레스를 연구하는 것이 중요하다. C. 엘레 매우 진화 적으로 보존되어 산화 스트레스 신호 전달 경로의 유전학을 연구하는 매력적인 모델 생물이다. 여기서, 우리는 C.에서 산화 적 스트레스 내성을 측정하기 위해 프로토콜을 제공 액체에 간스. 예컨대 파라쿼트 (PQ) 및 H 2 O 2 등 간단히, ROS는 유도 시약 M9 완충액에 용해하고, 용액을 96 웰 마이크로 티터 플레이트의 웰에 분주한다. 동기화 L4 / 젊은 성인 C. 엘레 동물의 우물에 전송된다 (5-8 동물 / 웰) 및 생존율을 측정매 시간마다 대부분의 웜은 죽을 때까지. 데이터의 잘못된 해석을 초래할 수있는 산화 스트레스시 동물의 행동에 영향을 줄 수있는 노화, 스트레스 번호판의 낮은 농도를 사용하는 산화 적 스트레스 내성 시험을 수행 할 때. 그러나, 본원에 기재된 분석에서,이 문제는 L4 / 젊은 성인 동물이 사용되기 때문에 발생하기 어렵다. 또한,이 프로토콜은 저렴하고 결과는 유전 스크린의 매력이 기술을 렌더링 일일에서 얻을 수있다. 전반적으로,이 산화 스트레스 관련 인간의 장애의 더 나은 특성화로 번역 될 수있는 산화 스트레스 신호 전달 경로를 이해하는 데 도움이 될 것입니다.

비교 야생형 C. 엘레은 flcn-1 (ok975) 돌연변이 동물 여기서 우리는 야생형 C.의 저항을 결정하기 위해 100 밀리미터 PQ 사용 산화 스트레스, 열, 산소 결핍 (23)에 저항하는 것으로 나타났다 flcn -1- (ok975)에 비해 간스 동물. 치료 4 시간, 야생형의 48.3 % 이후 생존으로 flcn-1 (ok975) 동물에서 77.8 %의 생존에 비해. 예상대로, flcn -1- (ok975) 돌...

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Measuring Oxidative Stress Resistance of Caenorhabditis elegans in 96-well Microtiter Plates

C. elegans is an attractive model organism to study signal transduction pathways involved in oxidative stress resistance. Here we provide a protocol to measure oxidative stress resistance of C. elegans animals in liquid phase, using several oxidizing agents in 96 well plates.

의 산화 스트레스 저항을 측정<em&gt; 예쁜 꼬마 선충</em&gt; 96 웰 마이크로 타이 터 플레이트에

Oxidative stress, which is the result of an imbalance between production and detoxification of reactive oxygen species, is a major contributor to chronic ...

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Measuring Oxidative Stress Resistance of Caenorhabditis elegans in 96-well Microtiter Plates

15.3K 조회수.  McGill University. C. elegans is an attractive model organism to study signal transduction pathways involved in oxidative stress resistance. Here we provide a protocol to measure oxidative stress resistance of C. elegans animals in liquid phase, using several oxidizing agents in 96 well plates. 

비디오: Measuring Oxidative Stress Resistance of Caenorhabditis elegans in 96-well Microtiter Plates

Measuring Caenorhabditis elegans Life Span on Solid Media

Aging is a degenerative process characterized by a progressive deterioration of cellular components and organelles resulting in mortality. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has emerged as a principal model used to study the biology of aging. Because virtually every biological subsystem undergoes functional decline with increasing age, life span is the primary endpoint of interest when considering total rate of aging. In nematodes, life span is typically defined as the number of days an animal remains responsive to external stimuli. Nematodes can be propagated either in liquid media or on solid media in plates, and techniques have been developed for measuring life span under both conditions. Here we present a generalized protocol for measuring life span of nematodes maintained on solid nematode growth media and fed a diet of UV-killed bacteria. These procedures can easily be adapted to assay life span under various common conditions, including a diet consisting of live bacteria, dietary restriction, and RNA interference.

Measuring Caenorhabditis elegans Life Span on Solid Media

In this article we present a general protocol for measuring life span of nematodes maintained on solid media with UV-killed bacterial food.

측정 Caenorhabditis 엘레간스</em솔리드 미디어> 수명

Aging is a degenerative process characterized by a progressive deterioration of cellular components and organelles resulting in mortality. The nematode ...

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생물학

Isolation and In vitro Activation of Caenorhabditis elegans Sperm

Males and hermaphrodites are the two naturally found sexual forms in the nematode C. elegans. The amoeboid sperm are produced by both males and hermaphrodites. In the earlier phase of gametogenesis, the germ cells of hermaphrodites differentiate into limited number of sperm - around 300 - and are stored in a small 'bag' called the spermatheca. Later on, hermaphrodites continually produce oocytes1. In contrast, males produce exclusively sperm throughout their adulthood. The males produce so much sperm that it accounts for &gt;50% of the total cells in a typical adult worm2. Therefore, isolating sperm from males is easier than from that of hermaphrodites.
Only a small proportion of males are naturally generated due to spontaneous non-disjunction of X chromosome3. Crossing hermaphrodites with males or more conveniently, the introduction of mutations to give rise to Him (High Incidence of Males) phenotype are some of strategies through which one can enrich the male population3.
Males can be easily distinguished from hermaphrodites by observing the tail morphology4. Hermaphrodite's tail is pointed, whereas male tail is rounded with mating structures.
Cutting the tail releases vast number of spermatids stored inside the male reproductive tract. Dissection is performed under a stereo microscope using 27 gauge needles. Since spermatids are not physically connected with any other cells, hydraulic pressure expels internal contents of male body, including spermatids2.
Males are directly dissected on a small drop of 'Sperm Medium'. Spermatids are sensitive to alteration in the pH. Hence, HEPES, a compound with good buffering capacity is used in sperm media. Glucose and other salts present in sperm media help maintain osmotic pressure to maintain the integrity of sperm.
Post-meiotic differentiation of spermatids into spermatozoa is termed spermiogenesis or sperm activation. Shakes5, and Nelson6 previously showed that round spermatids can be induced to differentiate into spermatozoa by adding various activating compounds including Pronase E. Here we demonstrate in vitro spermiogenesis of C. elegans spermatids using Pronase E.
Successful spermiogenesis is pre-requisite for fertility and hence the mutants defective in spermiogenesis are sterile. Hitherto several mutants have been shown to be defective specifically in spermiogenesis process7. Abnormality found during in vitro activation of novel Spe (Spermatogenesis defective) mutants would help us discover additional players participating in this event.

Isolation and In vitro Activation of Caenorhabditis elegans Sperm

A protocol for isolating and activating spermatids from male C. elegans is described here. Cutting the posterior end of male releases spermatids. The spermatids can be activated by addition of protease.

분리 및 체외에서</em의> 활성화 Caenorhabditis 엘레간스 정자

Males and hermaphrodites are the two naturally found sexual forms in the nematode C. elegans. The amoeboid sperm are produced by both males and ...

Measuring Caenorhabditis elegans Life Span in 96 Well Microtiter Plates

Lifespan is a biological process regulated by several genetic pathways. One strategy to investigate the biology of aging is to study animals that harbor mutations in components of age-regulatory pathways. If these mutations perturb the function of the age-regulatory pathway and therefore alter the lifespan of the entire organism, they provide important mechanistic insights1-3.
Another strategy to investigate the regulation of lifespan is to use small molecules to perturb age-regulatory pathways. To date, a number of molecules are known to extend lifespan in various model organisms and are used as tools to study the biology of aging4-16. The number of molecules identified thus far is small compared to the genetic "toolset" that is available to study the biology of aging.
Caenorhabditis elegans is one of the principle models used to study aging because of its excellent genetics and short lifespan of three weeks. More recently, C.elegans has emerged as a model organism for phenotype based drug screens5,7,16-20 because of its small size and its ability to grow in microtiter plates.
Here we present an assay to measure C.elegans lifespan in 96 well microtiter plates. The assay was developed and successfully used to screen large libraries for molecules that extend C.elegans lifespan7. The reliability of the assay was evaluated in multiple tests: first, by measuring the lifespan of wild type animals grown at different temperatures; second, by measuring the lifespan of mutants with altered lifespans; third, by measuring changes in lifespan in response to different concentrations of the antidepressant Mirtazepine. Mirtazepine has previously been shown to extend lifespan in C.elegans7. The results of these tests show that the assay is able to replicate previous findings from other assays and is quantitative. The microtiter format also makes this lifespan assay compatible with automated liquid handling systems and allows integration into automated platforms.

Measuring Caenorhabditis elegans Life Span in 96 Well Microtiter Plates

In this protocol we present a method to measure Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan in 96 well microtiter plates.

측정 Caenorhabditis 엘레간스</em96 웰 플레이트에 Microtiter> 수명

Lifespan is a biological process regulated by several genetic pathways. One strategy to investigate the biology of aging is to study animals that harbor ...

Time-lapse Microscopy of Early Embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans has often been used as a model system in studies of early developmental processes. The transparency of the 
embryos, the genetic resources, and the relative ease of transformation are qualities that make C. elegans an excellent model for early embryogenesis. Laser-based 
confocal microscopy and fluorescently labeled tags allow researchers to follow specific cellular structures and proteins in the developing embryo. For example, 
one can follow specific organelles, such as lysosomes or mitochondria, using fluorescently labeled dyes. These dyes can be delivered to the early embryo by means 
of microinjection into the adult gonad. Also, the localization of specific proteins can be followed using fluorescent protein tags. Examples are presented here 
demonstrating the use of a fluorescent lysosomal dye as well as fluorescently tagged histone and ubiquitin proteins. The labeled histone is used to visualize 
the DNA and thus identify the stage of the cell cycle. GFP-tagged ubiquitin reveals the dynamics of ubiquitinated vesicles in the early embryo. Observations 
of labeled lysosomes and GFP:: ubiquitin can be used to determine if there is colocalization between ubiquitinated vesicles and lysosomes. A technique for 
the microinjection of the lysosomal dye is presented. Techniques for generating transgenenic strains are presented elsewhere (1, 2). For imaging, embryos 
are cut out of adult hermaphrodite nematodes and mounted onto 2% agarose pads followed by time-lapse microscopy on a standard laser scanning confocal 
microscope or a spinning disk confocal microscope. This methodology provides for the high resolution visualization of early embryogenesis.

Time-lapse Microscopy of Early Embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

This article describes a technique for the visualization of the early events of embryogenesis in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

상순 Embryogenesis의 시간 경과 현미경 Caenorhabditis 엘레간스

Caenorhabditis elegans has often been used as a model system in studies of early developmental processes.  The transparency of the 
embryos, the genetic ...

Ice-Cap: A Method for Growing Arabidopsis and Tomato Plants in 96-well Plates for High-Throughput Genotyping

It is becoming common for plant scientists to develop projects that require the genotyping of large numbers of plants. The first step in any genotyping project is to collect a tissue sample from each individual plant. The traditional approach to this task is to sample plants one-at-a-time. If one wishes to genotype hundreds or thousands of individuals, however, using this strategy results in a significant bottleneck in the genotyping pipeline. The Ice-Cap method that we describe here provides a high-throughput solution to this challenge by allowing one scientist to collect tissue from several thousand seedlings in a single day 1,2. This level of throughput is made possible by the fact that tissue is harvested from plants 96-at-a-time, rather than one-at-a-time.
The Ice-Cap method provides an integrated platform for performing seedling growth, tissue harvest, and DNA extraction. The basis for Ice-Cap is the growth of seedlings in a stacked pair of 96-well plates. The wells of the upper plate contain plugs of agar growth media on which individual seedlings germinate. The roots grow down through the agar media, exit the upper plate through a hole, and pass into a lower plate containing water. To harvest tissue for DNA extraction, the water in the lower plate containing root tissue is rapidly frozen while the seedlings in the upper plate remain at room temperature. The upper plate is then peeled away from the lower plate, yielding one plate with 96 root tissue samples frozen in ice and one plate with 96 viable seedlings. The technique is named "Ice-Cap" because it uses ice to capture the root tissue. The 96-well plate containing the seedlings can then wrapped in foil and transferred to low temperature. This process suspends further growth of the seedlings, but does not affect their viability. Once genotype analysis has been completed, seedlings with the desired genotype can be transferred from the 96-well plate to soil for further propagation. We have demonstrated the utility of the Ice-Cap method using Arabidopsis thaliana, tomato, and rice seedlings. We expect that the method should also be applicable to other species of plants with seeds small enough to fit into the wells of 96-well plates.

Ice-Cap: A Method for Growing Arabidopsis and Tomato Plants in 96-well Plates for High-Throughput Genotyping

The Ice-Cap method allows one to grow plants in 96-well plates and non-destructively harvest root tissue from each seedling. DNA extracted from this root tissue can be used for genotyping reactions. We have found that Ice-Cap works well for Arabidopsis thaliana, tomato, and rice seedlings.

얼음 총액 : 성장을위한 방법 Arabidopsis높은 처리량 Genotyping을위한 96 - 웰 플레이트에와 토마토 식물

It is becoming common for plant scientists to develop projects that require the genotyping of large numbers of plants. The first step in any genotyping ...

Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation

Research into the molecular and developmental biology of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was begun in the early seventies by Sydney Brenner and it has since been used extensively as a model organism 1. C. elegans possesses key attributes such as simplicity, transparency and short life cycle that have made it a suitable experimental system for fundamental biological studies for many years 2. Discoveries in this nematode have broad implications because many cellular and molecular processes that control animal development are evolutionary conserved 3.
C. elegans life cycle goes through an embryonic stage and four larval stages before animals reach adulthood. Development can take 2 to 4 days depending on the temperature. In each of the stages several characteristic traits can be observed. The knowledge of its complete cell lineage 4,5 together with the deep annotation of its genome turn this nematode into a great model in fields as diverse as the neurobiology 6, aging 7,8, stem cell biology 9 and germ line biology 10. 
An additional feature that makes C. elegans an attractive model to work with is the possibility of obtaining populations of worms synchronized at a specific stage through a relatively easy protocol. The ease of maintaining and propagating this nematode added to the possibility of synchronization provide a powerful tool to obtain large amounts of worms, which can be used for a wide variety of small or high-throughput experiments such as RNAi screens, microarrays, massive sequencing, immunoblot or in situ hybridization, among others. 
Because of its transparency, C. elegans structures can be distinguished under the microscope using Differential Interference Contrast microscopy, also known as Nomarski microscopy. The use of a fluorescent DNA binder, DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), for instance, can lead to the specific identification and localization of individual cells, as well as subcellular structures/defects associated to them.

Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation

The easiness of maintaining and propagating the nematode C. elegans make it a nice model organism to work with. The possibility of synchronizing worms allows the work with a significant amount of subjects at the same developmental stage, what facilitates the study of one particular process in many animals.

기본<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em&gt; 방법 : 동기화 및 전망

Research into the molecular and developmental biology of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was begun in the early seventies by Sydney Brenner and it has ...

Prostaglandin Extraction and Analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is emerging as a powerful animal model to study the biology of lipids1-9. Prostaglandins are an important class of eicosanoids, which are lipid signals derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)10-14. These signalling molecules are difficult to study because of their low abundance and reactive nature. The characteristic feature of prostaglandins is a cyclopentane ring structure located within the fatty acid backbone. In mammals, prostaglandins can be formed through cyclooxygenase enzyme-dependent and -independent pathways10,15. C. elegans synthesizes a wide array of prostaglandins independent of cyclooxygenases6,16,17. A large class of F-series prostaglandins has been identified, but the study of eicosanoids is at an early stage with ample room for new discoveries. Here we describe a procedure for extracting and analyzing prostaglandins and other eicosanoids. Charged lipids are extracted from mass worm cultures using a liquid-liquid extraction technique and analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The inclusion of deuterated analogs of prostaglandins, such as PGF2 &alpha;-d4 as an internal standard is recommended for quantitative analysis. Multiple reaction monitoring or MRM can be used to quantify and compare specific prostaglandin types between wild-type and mutant animals. Collision-induced decomposition or MS/MS can be used to obtain information on important structural features. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) survey scans of a selected mass range, such as m/z 315-360 can be used to evaluate global changes in prostaglandin levels. We provide examples of all three analyses. These methods will provide researchers with a toolset for discovering novel eicosanoids and delineating their metabolic pathways.

Prostaglandin Extraction and Analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans

In this paper, we describe an optimized procedure for extracting and analyzing prostaglandins and other eicosanoids from C. elegans using LC-MS/MS.

에서 프로스타글란딘 추출 및 분석<em&gt; Caenorhabditis의 엘레</em

Caenorhabditis elegans is emerging as a powerful animal model to study the biology of lipids1-9. Prostaglandins are an important class of eicosanoids, ...

Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish Embryos

High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may cause a change of cellular redox state towards oxidative stress condition. This situation causes oxidation of molecules (lipid, DNA, protein) and leads to cell death. Oxidative stress also impacts the progression of several pathological conditions such as diabetes, retinopathies, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Thus, it is important to define tools to investigate oxidative stress conditions not only at the level of single cells but also in the context of whole organisms. Here, we consider the zebrafish embryo as a useful in vivo system to perform such studies and present a protocol to measure in vivo oxidative stress. Taking advantage of fluorescent ROS probes and zebrafish transgenic fluorescent lines, we develop two different methods to measure oxidative stress in vivo: i) a &#8220;whole embryo ROS-detection method&#8221; for qualitative measurement of oxidative stress and ii) a &#8220;single-cell&#160;ROS detection method&#8221; for quantitative measurements of oxidative stress. Herein, we demonstrate the efficacy of these procedures by increasing oxidative stress in tissues by oxidant agents and physiological or genetic methods. This protocol is amenable for forward genetic screens and it will help address cause-effect relationships of ROS in animal models of oxidative stress-related pathologies such as neurological disorders and cancer.

Here we report a protocol to measure oxidative stress in living zebrafish embryos. This procedure allows reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection in both whole embryo tissues and single-cell populations. This protocol will accomplish both qualitative and quantitative analyses.

제브라 피쉬 배아에서 산화 스트레스의 분석

High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may cause a change of cellular redox state towards oxidative stress condition. This situation causes ...

Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans in Three Dimensions in the Laboratory

The use of genetic model organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans has led to seminal discoveries in biology over the last five decades. Most of what we know about C. elegans is limited to laboratory cultivation of the nematodes that may not necessarily reflect the environments they normally inhabit in nature. Cultivation of C. elegans in a 3D habitat that is more similar to the 3D matrix that worms encounter in rotten fruits and vegetative compost in nature could reveal novel phenotypes and behaviors not observed in 2D. In addition, experiments in 3D can address how phenotypes we observe in 2D are relevant for the worm in nature. Here, a new method in which C. elegans grows and reproduces normally in three dimensions is presented. Cultivation of C. elegans in Nematode Growth Tube-3D (NGT-3D) can allow us to measure the reproductive fitness of C. elegans strains or different conditions in a 3D environment. We also present a novel method, termed Nematode Growth Bottle-3D (NGB-3D), to cultivate C. elegans in 3D for microscopic analysis. These methods allow scientists to study C. elegans biology in conditions that are more reflective of the environments they encounter in nature. These can help us to understand the overlying evolutionary relevance of the physiology and behavior of C. elegans we observe in the laboratory.

Cultivation of Caenorhabditis elegans in Three Dimensions in the Laboratory

We present a simple method to construct 3D nematode cultivation systems called NGT-3D and NGB-3D. These can be used to study nematode fitness and behaviors in habitats that are more similar to natural Caenorhabditis elegans habitats than the standard 2D laboratory C. elegans culture plates.

의 재배<em&gt; 예쁜 꼬마 선충</em&gt; 실험실에서 세 가지 차원에서

The use of genetic model organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans has led to seminal discoveries in biology over the last five decades. Most of what we ...

Measurement of Oxygen Consumption Rates in Intact Caenorhabditis elegans

Optimal mitochondrial function is critical for healthy cellular activity, particularly in cells that have high energy demands like those in the nervous system and muscle. Consistent with this, mitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with a myriad of neurodegenerative diseases and aging in general. Caenorhabditis elegans have been a powerful model system for elucidating the many intricacies of mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial respiration is a strong indicator of mitochondrial function and recently developed respirometers offer a state-of-the-art platform to measure respiration in cells. In this protocol, we provide a technique to analyze live, intact C. elegans. This protocol spans a period of ~7 days and includes steps for (1) growing and synchronization of C. elegans, (2) preparation&#160;of compounds to be injected and hydration of probes, (3) drug loading and cartridge equilibration, (4) preparation of worm assay plate and assay run, and (5) post-experiment data analysis.

Measurement of Oxygen Consumption Rates in Intact Caenorhabditis elegans

Mitochondrial respiration is critical for organismal survival; therefore, oxygen consumption rate is an excellent indicator of mitochondrial health. In this protocol, we describe the use of a commercially available respirometer to measure basal and maximal oxygen consumption rates in live, intact, and freely-motile Caenorhabditis elegans.

그대로 꼬마 선 충 에 산소 소비 속도의 측정

Optimal mitochondrial function is critical for healthy cellular activity, particularly in cells that have high energy demands like those in the nervous ...