The authors acknowledge all colleagues who made this work possible; Ann Demarr&#233;, Veerle Laurysens, Jan De Jonge and Erik Quartier for technical assistance. Financial support was from the VUB Research Council, the Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT), the Beta Cell Biology Consortium (BCBC), the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO), Diabetes Onderzoek Nederland (DON) and Interuniversity Attraction Pole (IAP).

모든 조작은 실험 및 기타 과학적인 목적으로 사용되는 척추 동물의 보호를위한 유럽 협약에 의해 발행 된 가이드 라인에 따라 (ETS 123과 및 63분의 2,010 / 유럽 연합 (EU)). 작업 영역 1. 준비 <ol><li> 제제 전용 영역, 외과 영역과 복구 영역을 제공한다. </li><li> 환경 적 오염을 최소화하기 위해 층류 캐비닛 전체 수술을 실시한다. </li><li> 준비, 수술 및 복구 영역에 필요한 (재료 및 방법에 나와있는) 적절한 무균 기술을 사용하여, 공급 장치를 조립합니다. </li><li> 수술 도구 수술에 앞서 멸균되어 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 수술시의 온도 안정화를위한 38 ° C의 온도에서 재순환 물 가열 패드를 제공한다. 살균 방수 패드 가열 패드를 커버. </li><li> 적어도 6.3 배의 배율 운영 현미경을 제공합니다. </li><li> 악기 steri를 사용하여이러한 뜨거운 구슬 살균기 등 lizer는 수술 사이에 악기를 소독합니다. </li><li> 평면 종이 침구 줄 지어 큰 케이지로 구성되는 복구 영역을 준비 </li></ol> 2. 수술에 대한 동물 준비 <ol><li> PDL과 가짜 수술 8 주 오래 된 남성 마우스, 표준 케이지에 보관 유지 12 시간 조명 / 12 시간 어두운주기 및 표준 설치류 다이어트 임의로 먹이를 사용합니다. 참고 : 여기에, 우리는 BALB / cJrJ 마우스를 사용하지만 우리는 또한 성공적으로 다른 균주와 다양한 형질 전환 균주를 사용했다. </li><li> (- 0.1 ㎎ / ㎏ 0.05) 수술 전에 30 분 선제 진통제로 Buprenophine를 사용합니다. </li><li> 10 밀리그램 / kg의 자일 라진 - 케타민 100 ㎎ / ㎏과 5의 복강 내 주사하여 쥐를 마취. </li><li> 자발적인 움직임과 근육 이완의 점진적 손실을 관찰하여 적절한 마취를 평가합니다. 발가락 핀치에 의한 반사의 손실을 테스트합니다. </li><li> 이전에 안과 연고를 적용눈의 ENT 건조 마취하에있다. </li></ol> 3. 수술 부위 준비 <ol><li> 살균 클로르헥시딘 용액과 흉부와 복부를 소독. </li><li> 2.5 CM 복부의 X 1.5 CM의 영역을 면도. </li><li> 다음 클로르헥시딘 용액, 알코올 용액 및 클로르헥시딘 용액의 최종 어플리케이션 적신 거즈를 이용하여 면도 영역 소독. </li><li> 준비된 수술 부위가 위쪽으로 의사를 향하도록 외과 영역에서 동물을 배치합니다. </li><li> 신체의 나머지 부분을 피복하는 멸균 작업 필드를 생성하는 동안 노출 소독 복부 잎 개구 방수 외과 드레이프를 이용하여 마우스 드레이프. 마취의 깊이 절차 이전에 마우스를 모니터합니다. </li></ol> 4. 췌장 관 내고 <ol><li> 개복술 <ol><li> 멸균을 사용하여 배꼽에 칼 모양의 과정에서 연장 피부의 상단 중간 선 절개를합니다수술 블레이드. 기본 원격 교육 알바 및 상부 복부 사분면을 노출하기 위해 멸균 가위를 사용하여 복막을 분리합니다. </li><li> 멸균 0.9 % 염화나트륨과 정기적으로 뿌려 내부 장기의 건조 아웃을 방지합니다. </li><li> 멸균 된 핀셋이나 면봉을 사용하여, 비장, 췌장, 비장의 로브 (꼬리 부분)을 노출 우량 위장 후퇴. </li><li> 조심스럽게 내장 복막에 의해 덮여 췌장의 머리, 목 및 신체 영역을 노출 오른쪽 상단 복부 사분면에 상부 소장의 십이지장 및 부품을 철회. </li></ol></li><li> 결찰 <ol><li> 췌장의 목 지역에서 췌장 메인 덕트의 해부학 적 위치를 찾습니다. </li><li> 내장 복막과 gastrocolic 인대, 복막에 대한 액세스 권한을 부여 췌장의 몸통과 꼬리 부위를 노출을 절개. 넥 영역을 노출하기 위해, KOCHER 기동을 수행한다. 의 십이지장과 머리를 들어 올려복막 오프 췌장은 하대 정맥과 대동맥 아래에서 그들을 상승. </li><li> 조심스럽게 목 영역 아래에 주걱을 배치합니다. 위장 십이지장과 비장 로브를 분리 포털 정맥의 왼쪽에 6-0 prolene의 스레드와 췌관을 결찰. </li><li> 로브가 적절하게 분리되어 있는지 확인하는 최초의 결찰 부근에서 두 번째 결찰을 수행합니다. </li><li> 기본 혈관, 즉 우수한 pancreaticoduodenal 동맥, 열등한 pancreaticoduodenal 동맥과 비장 동맥의 췌장 일부를 손상하지 않도록 매우 신중하게 결찰. </li><li> 복강에 다시 장기를 놓습니다. </li><li> 근육 / 복막 층 및 피부 봉합 불연속 패턴으로 연속 봉합 패턴 4-0 폴리 글리콜 필라멘트 실을 사용하여 절개를 닫습니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 5. 위장 수술 <ol><li> 드 등의 모든 단계를 수행4.1.4 단계 1 스크라이브. 췌장이 노출되는 동안, 췌관의 결찰을 수행하지 않는다. </li><li> 단계 4.1.4의 끝에서, 다시 복강 내부 장기를 배치합니다. </li><li> 4.2.7에 설명 된대로 절개를 닫습니다. </li></ol> 6. 사후 운영 관리 및 모니터링 <ol><li> 수술 완료 후, 복구 영역에 마우스를 배치했다. 이것은 정상 체온을 유지하기 위해 가열 패드 배치 및 평면 종이 침구 늘어서 케이지로 구성된다. </li><li> 케이지 바닥에 배치 적신 식품에 의해 수술 후 저혈당을 피하기 위해 영양 지원을 제공합니다. 그들이 부드럽게 될 때까지이 목적을 위해, 물에 담가 표준 설치류 다이어트 알약을 사용합니다. </li><li> 적신 액체 식품에 의해 지원을 제공하고, 임의 량의 물을 제공한다. </li><li> 수술 후 2 일 동안 하루에 두 번 - (0.1 ㎎ / ㎏ 0.05) 진통제로 Buprenophine를 사용합니다. 전체 실험 기간 동안, observ을 따라전자 상처에서, 또는 행동과 활동 수준을 정리 감소 특징 물리적 저하, 낮은 식욕과 체중 감소를위한 액체 또는 고름의 분비를 포함하여 감염의 가능한 징후의 발생에 대한 마우스. </li></ol> 성공적인 PDL 및 PDL 테일의 수확 및 가짜 꼬리 췌장 7. 평가 <ol><li> 경추 탈구로 쥐를 안락사. </li><li> 모피의 캐리 오버를 방지하기 위해 복부를 다시 면도. </li><li> 복부 피부와 근육 층을 열고 췌장에 좋은 액세스를 얻기 위해 피부와 근육의 큰 영역을 제거합니다. </li><li> 멸균 된 핀셋이나 면봉을 사용하여, 위장, 췌장, 비장 및 비장의 로브 (꼬리 부분)을 노출 우량 후퇴. </li><li> 조심스럽게 췌장의 위장 십이지장 로브 (두부)를 노출하는 상부 소장의 십이지장과 부분을 빼냅니다. 참고 : PDL 췌장의 결찰 부분은 지금 크기가 감소하고 거의되고있다반투명 섬 작은 하얀 점으로 보이도록. 췌장의 머리 부분은 불투명 분홍색 관찰 될 수 lobuli 구별 외분비이다. </li><li> 멸균 가위를 사용하여 비장을 따라 절단함으로써, 비장, 췌장의 결찰 꼬리 부분을 분리한다. 내부 장기에 췌장의 꼬리 부분을 연결하는 결합 조직을 해치지. </li><li> 합자 및 수확 조직의 IT에 바로 인접 조직을 제외하고, 바로 결찰 앞에 PDL 꼬리 부분을 잘라. </li><li> 가짜 꼬리 조직을 분리하려면 단계 7.5을 통해 7.1을 따릅니다. 사용 멸균 가위는 비장을 따라 절단하여 비장에서 가짜 췌장의 꼬리 영역을 구분합니다. 내부 장기에 꼬리 췌장 접속 췌장의 목 부위로 절단 및 결합 조직을 절단하여 느슨한 꼬리 영역을 격리 참고 : 가짜 췌장의 꼬리와 머리 지역 모두 불투명 한 분홍색 별도로 두 부분을 분리,목 영역의 췌장을 잘랐다. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Shaw, J. E., Sicree, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+estimates+of+the+prevalence+of+diabetes+for.">Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for.</a> Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 87, 4-14 (2010).</li><li>Danaei, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=National,+regional,+and+global+trends+in+fasting+plasma+glucose+and+diabetes+prevalence+since+1980:+systematic+analysis+of+health+examination+surveys+and+epidemiological+studies+with+370+country-years+and+2&#183;7+million+participants.">National, regional, and global trends in fasting plasma glucose and diabetes prevalence since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 370 country-years and 2&#183;7 million participants.</a> Lancet. 378, 31-40 (2011).</li><li>Borowiak, M., Melton, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+to+make+beta+cells.">How to make beta cells.</a> Current opinion in Cell Biology. 21, 727-732 (2009).</li><li>Gradwohl, G., Dierich, A., LeMeur, M., Guillemot, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=neurogenin3+is+required+for+the+development+of+the+four+endocrine+cell+lineages+of+the+pancreas.">neurogenin3 is required for the development of the four endocrine cell lineages of the pancreas.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 97, 1607-1611 (2000).</li><li>Gu, G., Dubauskaite, J., Melton, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+evidence+for+the+pancreatic+lineage:+NGN3++cells+are+islet+progenitors+and+are+distinct+from+duct+progenitors.">Direct evidence for the pancreatic lineage: NGN3+ cells are islet progenitors and are distinct from duct progenitors.</a> Development. 129, 2447-2457 (2002).</li><li>Dor, Y., Brown, J., Martinez, O. I., Melton, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adult+pancreatic+beta-cells+are+formed+by+self-duplication+rather+than+stem-cell+differentiation.">Adult pancreatic beta-cells are formed by self-duplication rather than stem-cell differentiation.</a> Nature. 429, 41-46 (2004).</li><li>Teta, M., Rankin, M. M., Long, S. Y., Stein, G. M., Kushner, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+and+regeneration+of+adult+beta+cells+does+not+involve+specialized+progenitors.">Growth and regeneration of adult beta cells does not involve specialized progenitors.</a> Dev Cell. 12, 817-826 (2007).</li><li>Bonner-Weir, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perspective:+Postnatal+pancreatic+beta+cell+growth.">Perspective: Postnatal pancreatic beta cell growth.</a> Endocrinology. 141, 1926-1929 (2000).</li><li>Brennand, K., Huangfu, D., Melton, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=All+beta+cells+contribute+equally+to+islet+growth+and+maintenance.">All beta cells contribute equally to islet growth and maintenance.</a> PLoS Biol. 5, e163 (2007).</li><li>Salpeter, S. J., Klein, A. M., Huangfu, D., Grimsby, J., Dor, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glucose+and+aging+control+the+quiescence+period+that+follows+pancreatic+beta+cell+replication.">Glucose and aging control the quiescence period that follows pancreatic beta cell replication.</a> Development. 137, 3205-3213 (2010).</li><li>Xu, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beta+cells+can+be+generated+from+endogenous+progenitors+in+injured+adult+mouse+pancreas.">Beta cells can be generated from endogenous progenitors in injured adult mouse pancreas.</a> Cell. 132, 197-207 (2008).</li><li>Wang, R. N., Kloppel, G., Bouwens, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Duct-+to+islet-cell+differentiation+and+islet+growth+in+the+pancreas+of+duct-ligated+adult+rats.">Duct- to islet-cell differentiation and islet growth in the pancreas of duct-ligated adult rats.</a> Diabetologia. 38, 1405-1411 (1995).</li><li>Yasuda, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytokine+expression+and+induction+of+acinar+cell+apoptosis+after+pancreatic+duct+ligation+in+mice.">Cytokine expression and induction of acinar cell apoptosis after pancreatic duct ligation in mice.</a> Journal of interferon, &amp; cytokine research : the official journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research. 19, 637-644 (1999).</li><li>Van Gassen, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage+dynamics+are+regulated+by+local+macrophage+proliferation+and+monocyte+recruitment+in+injured+pancreas.">Macrophage dynamics are regulated by local macrophage proliferation and monocyte recruitment in injured pancreas.</a> European journal of immunology. , (2015).</li><li>Van de Casteele, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurogenin+3++cells+contribute+to+beta-cell+neogenesis+and+proliferation+in+injured+adult+mouse+pancreas.">Neurogenin 3+ cells contribute to beta-cell neogenesis and proliferation in injured adult mouse pancreas.</a> Cell Death Dis. 4, e523 (2013).</li><li>Xiao, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=No+evidence+for+beta+cell+neogenesis+in+murine+adult+pancreas.">No evidence for beta cell neogenesis in murine adult pancreas.</a> The Journal of clinical investigation. 123, 2207-2217 (2013).</li><li>Ackermann Misfeldt, A., Costa, R. H., Gannon, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beta-cell+proliferation,+but+not+neogenesis,+following+60%+partial+pancreatectomy+is+impaired+in+the+absence+of+FoxM1.">Beta-cell proliferation, but not neogenesis, following 60% partial pancreatectomy is impaired in the absence of FoxM1.</a> Diabetes. 57, 3069-3077 (2008).</li><li>Lee, C. S., De Leon, D. D., Kaestner, K. H., Stoffers, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regeneration+of+pancreatic+islets+after+partial+pancreatectomy+in+mice+does+not+involve+the+reactivation+of+neurogenin-3.">Regeneration of pancreatic islets after partial pancreatectomy in mice does not involve the reactivation of neurogenin-3.</a> Diabetes. 55, 269-272 (2006).</li><li>Bonner-Weir, S., Sharma, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pancreatic+stem+cells.">Pancreatic stem cells.</a> The Journal of pathology. 197, 519-526 (2002).</li><li>Nir, T., Melton, D. A., Dor, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recovery+from+diabetes+in+mice+by+beta+cell+regeneration.">Recovery from diabetes in mice by beta cell regeneration.</a> The Journal of clinical investigation. 117, 2553-2561 (2007).</li><li>Bouwens, L., Rooman, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+pancreatic+beta-cell+mass.">Regulation of pancreatic beta-cell mass.</a> Physiol Rev. 85, 1255-1270 (2005).</li><li>Wang, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurog3+gene+dosage+regulates+allocation+of+endocrine+and+exocrine+cell+fates+in+the+developing+mouse+pancreas.">Neurog3 gene dosage regulates allocation of endocrine and exocrine cell fates in the developing mouse pancreas.</a> Developmental biology. 339, 26-37 (2010).</li><li>Pan, F. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatiotemporal+patterns+of+multipotentiality+in+Ptf1a-expressing+cells+during+pancreas+organogenesis+and+injury-induced+facultative+restoration.">Spatiotemporal patterns of multipotentiality in Ptf1a-expressing cells during pancreas organogenesis and injury-induced facultative restoration.</a> Development. 140, 751-764 (2013).</li><li>Kopp, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sox9++ductal+cells+are+multipotent+progenitors+throughout+development+but+do+not+produce+new+endocrine+cells+in+the+normal+or+injured+adult+pancreas.">Sox9+ ductal cells are multipotent progenitors throughout development but do not produce new endocrine cells in the normal or injured adult pancreas.</a> Development. 138, 653-665 (2011).</li><li>Wang, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sustained+Neurog3+expression+in+hormone-expressing+islet+cells+is+required+for+endocrine+maturation+and+function.">Sustained Neurog3 expression in hormone-expressing islet cells is required for endocrine maturation and function.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106, 9715-9720 (2009).</li><li>Kopinke, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lineage+tracing+reveals+the+dynamic+contribution+of+Hes1++cells+to+the+developing+and+adult+pancreas.">Lineage tracing reveals the dynamic contribution of Hes1+ cells to the developing and adult pancreas.</a> Development. 138, 431-441 (2011).</li><li>Rankin, M. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=beta-Cells+are+not+generated+in+pancreatic+duct+ligation-induced+injury+in+adult+mice.">beta-Cells are not generated in pancreatic duct ligation-induced injury in adult mice.</a> Diabetes. 62, 1634-1645 (2013).</li><li>Solar, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pancreatic+exocrine+duct+cells+give+rise+to+insulin-producing+beta+cells+during+embryogenesis+but+not+after+birth.">Pancreatic exocrine duct cells give rise to insulin-producing beta cells during embryogenesis but not after birth.</a> Dev Cell. 17, 849-860 (2009).</li><li>Furuyama, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+cell+supply+from+a+Sox9-expressing+progenitor+zone+in+adult+liver,+exocrine+pancreas+and+intestine.">Continuous cell supply from a Sox9-expressing progenitor zone in adult liver, exocrine pancreas and intestine.</a> Nat Genet. 43, 34-41 (2011).</li><li>Van de Casteele, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Partial+duct+ligation:+beta-cell+proliferation+and+beyond.">Partial duct ligation: beta-cell proliferation and beyond.</a> Diabetes. 63, 2567-2577 (2014).</li><li>Zhang, J., Rouse, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histopathology+and+pathogenesis+of+caerulein-,+duct+ligation-,+and+arginine-induced+acute+pancreatitis+in+Sprague-Dawley+rats+and+C57BL6+mice.">Histopathology and pathogenesis of caerulein-, duct ligation-, and arginine-induced acute pancreatitis in Sprague-Dawley rats and C57BL6 mice.</a> Histology and histopathology. 29, 1135-1152 (2014).</li><li>Martinez-Romero, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+epigenetic+regulators+Bmi1+and+Ring1B+are+differentially+regulated+in+pancreatitis+and+pancreatic+ductal+adenocarcinoma.">The epigenetic regulators Bmi1 and Ring1B are differentially regulated in pancreatitis and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.</a> The Journal of pathology. 219, 205-213 (2009).</li><li>Prevot, P. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+the+ductal+transcription+factors+HNF6+and+Sox9+in+pancreatic+acinar-to-ductal+metaplasia.">Role of the ductal transcription factors HNF6 and Sox9 in pancreatic acinar-to-ductal metaplasia.</a> Gut. 61, 1723-1732 (2012).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

In the present study, we describe in detail the methodology behind PDL, a mouse injury model to study beta cell neogenesis and proliferation and transdifferentiation of pancreatic non-beta cells. Ambiguity in data on PDL among labs stimulates the need for a standardized protocol for PDL surgery.
Critical steps in the PDL protocol include the selection of healthy, young mice for surgery. Preferably male mice should be used since unpublished data from our lab suggest that estrogen receptor signa...

억명 이상의 사람들이 세계적 1,2- 영향을 당뇨병의 증가하는 유병률은, 결핍 베타 세포 질량을 보충하기 위하여, 시험 관내 및 생체 내 인슐린 - 생산 베타 세포의 새로운 소스에 대한 검색을 증폭했다. (3)가 키 확인 베타 세포 증식 및 베타 세포 신생, 즉, 비 - 베타 세포 또는 전구 세포에서 베타 세포의 분화를 조절하는 메커니즘과 인자는 당뇨병 치료의 회생 발전을위한 새로운 표적을 제공 할 수있다. 현상 쥐 췌장에서, 내분비 세포 유형은 모두 전사 인자 Neurogenin3 (Ngn3) 발현, 내분비 선조 세포의 일시적인 인구 차별화. 4,5 성인 쥐 췌장에서 정상적인 생리 학적 조건 하에서, 베타 세포 질량이고 최적의 수를 유지 대사 요구를 충족합니다. 베타 세포 크기 변화,베타 세포의 전위 정상적인 생리적 조건 하에서 증식하면서 아폽토시스 및 복제 모집단 전체에 균질 베타 세포의 팽창 및 젖혀. 6-8를위한 주요 메커니즘을 구성하고, 구 증식 속도가 낮으며, 다시 복제가 제한되고 연령 및 당 대사에 영향을 동적 정지 기간 또는 내화성 기간 6,7. 10 내분비 전구 세포가 원경 정상 성인 췌장에서 발견되지 않았으므로이 신생이없는 정상 성인 베타 세포 성장에 기여하는 것으로 생각된다. (8) 따라서, 팽창 및 신규 한 베타 세포의 가능한 소스를 무제한 제공 할 새로운 베타 세포를 수득 할 수있는 성인 췌장 내분비 통성 전구 세포의 동정. 덕트 부분 결찰 (PDL)의 베타 세포를 유도하는 neogenesi 설명 하였지만 동물 손상 모델이며성인의 췌장에서의.이 모델에서 11, 12, 췌장 꼬리를 배출의 주요 췌장 관은 수술 결찰한다. 외분비 배수의 결과 장애물이 염증 환경 내에서 염증 및 결찰에 말단 선포 위축. 12 ~ 14과 함께 주요 조직 리모델링을 유도 Ngn3 유도하는 내분비 전구 마커 및 베타 세포 부피의 재 발현은 두 배 증가 . 배아 형 내분비 전구 세포 및 &quot;정지 기간&quot;없이 중복을 다시하는 경향이 기존 및 새롭게 형성된 베타 세포의 증식을 발현 Ngn3 신규 베타 세포의 세대로부터 베타 세포 부피 결과에서이 두배. 11, 15 이러한 6,7,16-19 및 췌장 베타 세포 (20)의 선택적 제거와 같은 손상 모델에서 베타 세포 신생 및 복제는 광범위하게 설명되었다. 살전에 그러나 회생 결과E 모델 입은 손상의 정도에 의해 영향을 감소하고 초기 베타 세포 덩어리 (21)와 관련된다. PDL은 초기 베타 세포 질량의 영향을받지 않으므로 베타 세포 신생 증식 견고하게 활성화되는 수술 모델이다. 실제로, PDL을받은 생쥐의 췌장, Ngn3 발현 세포는 도관의 상피 라이닝 근처 식별된다. 이 세포들은 정렬 형광 활성 셀 (FACS)를 사용하여 Ngn3-GFP 형질 전환 마우스의 결찰 췌장에서 분리 E12.5 Ngn3의 췌장과 체외 문화에 생착 다음과 같은 기능 베타 세포으로 구별 할 수있다 할 수 - / - . 쥐 11 마찬가지로, Ngn3 CreERT 단계;. Ngn3 유전자를 활성화 세포 영구적 타목시펜 분사 라벨 양성 Ngn3 세포 유래 베타 세포가 PDL 후 검출 된 후에 표지 된 R26 YFP 마우스 (15)는 또한, 새로 형성된 베타 세포를 미리 희석 -exist대상별 짧은 헤어핀 RNA를 크게 베타 세포 질량과 베타 세포 증식 후 감소하여 Ngn3 식을 감소하기 때문에 베타 세포를 보내고 우선적으로 베타 세포 높은 증식 잠재력을 표시하는 내 작은 섬에 위치. 15 Ngn3는 PDL 후 베타 세포의 확장을위한 중요 PDL. (11)는 특히, PDL 후 Ngn3 세포 유래 베타 세포의 분획과 베타 세포 질량 비판적 Ngn3 유도 (15)의 레벨에 의존한다. R26 IDTR 마우스,. 이것은, Ngn3가 Ngn3 CreERT에 디프테리아 독소 관리에 의해 발현 세포의 선택적 제거 Ngn3 식의 높은 수준의 췌장 개발하는 동안 능성 췌장 전구 세포에서 내분비 노력을위한 중요한 단계입니다 관측에 따른 것이다 또한 (22) 특히 작은 아일렛의 인슐린 함유량 감소와 감소 된 베타 세포 증식을 초래한다. 15 <pPDL 후 도관 세포에서 Ngn3 식의 유도가 많은 11,15,16,23,24에 의해 확인되었지만 클래스 = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt;, PDL의 결과에 섬 세포 (24, 25)과의 불일치에 Ngn3 표현은 우리의 초기 관찰 도전 증가 베타 세포 질량의 26, 27, Ngn3의 외관은 PDL 후 덕트 파생 내분비 전구 세포 24,26,28,29, 증가 베타 세포 증식 (27)을 표현. (30) 이러한 충돌 결과는 적어도 부분적으로, 가장 중요한 마우스, 수술 후 생리 및 환경 조건으로, 분석, 체중, 성별과 연령의 수술 - 후 시점의 변동 등 다양한 요인들의 조합에 기인 할 수있다 수술 기법의 차이. 우리의 손 (30), 베타 세포 증식, 인슐린 함량, β- 세포 부피와 작은 섬의 수는 지속적으로 PDL 후에 증가된다. 또한Ngn3의 mRNA는 지속적으로 증가하지만, 우리가 직접 설명이 없습니다있는 PDL 꼬리 췌장, 간 Ngn3 mRNA 발현에 큰 차이가 있습니다. 우리는 Ngn3의 mRNA 수준이 아닌 베타 세포에서 15 베타 세포 신생의 정도와 상관 관계가 있음을 가정 할 수 있지만, 이는 더 실증이 필요하다. 이 모든 실험 변형을 제거하지 않지만, PDL 수술을 수행하는 표준화 된 방법은 결과에 더 나은 균일 성을 허용하고 베타 세포의 증식과 신생 연구에 새로운 길을 엽니 다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Supplies for preparation area&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hibiscrub&#160;</td>
			<td>Regent Medical</td>
			<td>5601IE5F11</td>
			<td>Chlorhexidin diglucon</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamin</td>
			<td>Ceva</td>
			<td>BE-V202526</td>
			<td>anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rompun(2%) (Xylazin)</td>
			<td>Bayer</td>
			<td>BE-V041815</td>
			<td>anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Duratears</td>
			<td>Alcon</td>
			<td>34335-8</td>
			<td>ointment for eyes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Razor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Supplies for surgical area&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica Operating microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>10446320</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hot bead sterilizer</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools (FST)</td>
			<td>18000-45</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>autoclaved surgical instruments</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools (FST)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recirclulating water heating pad</td>
			<td>Gaymar Industries, Inc.</td>
			<td>TP702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesive OP-towel</td>
			<td>BARRIER</td>
			<td>706500-07</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OP-tape</td>
			<td>BARRIER</td>
			<td>381035-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stella 3/5 Compresse de gaze (Sterile)</td>
			<td>Lohmann&#38;Rauscher International</td>
			<td>35968</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini Plasco 0,9% NaCl solution</td>
			<td>B.BRAUN</td>
			<td>3521680</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-0 prolene suture</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>8706H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-0 polyglycol suture</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>SL-607</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Supplies for recovery area</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paper bedding (paper towel)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vetergesic</td>
			<td>ecuPhar</td>
			<td>BE-V342955</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Materials for analysis</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Taqman Ngn3 primer</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA technologies</td>
			<td>Mm.PT.56a.33574796.gs</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Taqman CycloA primer</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA technologies</td>
			<td>Mm.PT.39a.2.gs</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-Rabbit Cleaved Caspase 3 antibody (D175)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>5A1E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-mouse/rat Ki67 antibody</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>14-5698-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>monoclonal anti-actin alpha-Smooth muscle-Cy3 (mouse)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>085K4889</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-rat Cytokeratin 19&#160;</td>
			<td>DSHB</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>monoclonal Mouse anti-BrdU</td>
			<td>Dako</td>
			<td>M0744</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>33342</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

surgical injury to the mouse pancreas through ligation of the pancreatic duct as a model for endocrine and exocrine reprogramming and proliferation

배아 또는 성체 줄기 세포에서 분화에 의해 생체 내 또는 생체, 또는 베타 세포의 생성에 췌장 베타 세포의 확장, 당뇨병에 대한 치료와 같은 인간의 췌장 이식의 기증자 부족을 완화하는 베타 세포의 새로운 확장 소스를 제공 할 수 있습니다. 최근의 진보는이 목적으로 이루어졌다하더라도, 줄기 / 전구 세포에서 베타 세포의 확장 및 분화를 조절하는 메커니즘을 특징으로하는 것으로 남아있다. 여기에서, 우리는 조직 리모델링 및 베타 세포의 증식과 분화의 메커니즘을 연구하는 도구로 기능 할 수 성인 마우스의 췌장에 손상 모델에 대한 프로토콜을 설명합니다. 부분 덕트 결찰 (PDL)은 췌장의 꼬리 부분 중 외분비 제품의 배수의 방해의 결과로 주 췌관의 수술 적 결찰을 포함하는 설치류 췌장의 실험적으로 유도 된 부상입니다. 입은 피해는 선포 위축, 면역 세포 infilt을 유도배급 심각한 조직 리모델링. 우리는 이전에 내인성 전구 세포와 같은 PDL 후 베타 세포 증식의 증가를 표현 Neurogenin (NGN) (3)의 활성화를보고했다. 따라서, PDL은 베타 세포 역학에 관련된 신호 및 성인 췌장 내분비 선조의 특성을 연구하는 기초를 제공한다. , 아직도 요인과 경로는 PDL의 베타 세포의 신생 및 확산에 기여하는, 크게 불분명하기 때문에, PDL에 대한 표준화 된 프로토콜은 실험실에서 비교하실 수 있습니다.

PDL은 선포 위축 및 염증을 유발하지만 체중과 혈당에 영향을 미치지 않습니다 위장과 십이지장에 인접 장기의 머리가, 영향을받지 않은 상태로 유지하면서 8주 된 수컷 BALB / c 마우스에서 췌장의 꼬리에서 외분비 효소 배수 덕트 결찰된다. 나이, 성별, 체중 일치 남성 BALB / c 마우스의 췌장 관의 결찰을 제외한 부분 덕트 결찰 수술의 모든 단계를 recapitulating 가짜 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Surgical Injury to the Mouse Pancreas through Ligation of the Pancreatic Duct as a Model for Endocrine and Exocrine Reprogramming and Proliferation at JoVE.co

Surgical Injury to the Mouse Pancreas through Ligation of the Pancreatic Duct as a Model for Endocrine and Exocrine Reprogramming and Proliferation

This protocol describes an injury model involving the surgical ligation of the pancreatic duct in the adult mouse pancreas, resulting in severe injury that establishes an environment that allows beta cell neogenesis and proliferation. This model can be used as a tool to study mechanisms involved in beta cell formation.

내분비 및 외분비 리 프로그래밍과 대량 살상 무기 확산 모델로 췌관의 결찰을 통해 마우스 췌장 외과 부상

Expansion of pancreatic beta cells in vivo or ex vivo, or generation of beta cells by differentiation from an embryonic or adult stem cell, can provide ...

surgical-injury-to-mouse-pancreas-through-ligation-pancreatic-duct-as

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

16.0K 조회수.  Vrije Universiteit Brussel. This protocol describes an injury model involving the surgical ligation of the pancreatic duct in the adult mouse pancreas, resulting in severe injury that establishes an environment that allows beta cell neogenesis and proliferation. This model can be used as a tool to study mechanisms involved in beta cell formation. 

비디오: Surgical Injury to the Mouse Pancreas through Ligation of the Pancreatic Duct as a Model for Endocrine and Exocrine Reprogramming and Proliferation

A Murine Model of Myocardial Ischemia-reperfusion Injury through Ligation of the Left Anterior Descending Artery

Acute or chronic myocardial infarction (MI) are cardiovascular events resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Establishing the pathological mechanisms at work during MI and developing effective therapeutic approaches requires methodology to reproducibly simulate the clinical incidence and reflect the pathophysiological changes associated with MI. Here, we describe a surgical method to induce MI in mouse models that can be used for short-term ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury as well as permanent ligation. The major advantage of this method is to facilitate location of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) to allow for accurate ligation of this artery to induce ischemia in the left ventricle of the mouse heart. Accurate positioning of the ligature on the LAD increases reproducibility of infarct size and thus produces more reliable results. Greater precision in placement of the ligature will improve the standard surgical approaches to simulate MI in mice, thus reducing the number of experimental animals necessary for statistically relevant studies and improving our understanding of the mechanisms producing cardiac dysfunction following MI. This mouse model of MI is also useful for the preclinical testing of treatments targeting myocardial damage following MI.

We introduce a surgical method to induce experimental ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury to simulate myocardial infarction (MI) in mouse models that allows for more clarity in positioning of the ligation on the left anterior descending artery (LAD) to increase the reproducibility of MI experiments in mice.

왼쪽 앞쪽에 내림차순 동맥의 결찰을 통해 심근 허혈 - 재관류 손상의 생쥐 모델

Acute or chronic myocardial infarction (MI) are cardiovascular events resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Establishing the pathological mechanisms ...

연구

의학

Bile Duct Ligation in Mice: Induction of Inflammatory Liver Injury and Fibrosis by Obstructive Cholestasis

In most vertebrates, the liver produces bile that is necessary to emulsify absorbed fats and enable the digestion of lipids in the small intestine as well as to excrete bilirubin and other metabolic products. In the liver, the experimental obstruction of the extrahepatic biliary system initiates a complex cascade of pathological events that leads to cholestasis and inflammation resulting in a strong fibrotic reaction originating from the periportal fields. Therefore, surgical ligation of the common bile duct has become the most commonly used model to induce obstructive cholestatic injury in rodents and to study the molecular and cellular events that underlie these pathophysiological mechanisms induced by inappropriate bile flow. In recent years, different surgical techniques have been described that either allow reconnection or reanastomosis after bile duct ligation (BDL), e.g., partial BDL, or other microsurgical methods for specific research questions. However, the most frequently used model is the complete obstruction of the common bile duct that induces a strong fibrotic response after 21 to 28 days. The mortality rate can be high due to infectious complications or technical inaccuracies. Here we provide a detailed surgical procedure for the BDL model in mice that induce a highly reproducible fibrotic response in accordance to the 3R rule for animal welfare postulated by Russel and Burch in 1959.

Disruption of bile flow results in severe inflammatory cholestatic liver injury with a characteristic time-dependent sequence of morphological alterations. Here we present a protocol for the surgical ligation of the common bile duct in mice that allows to induce a strong fibrotic response after 21 to 28 days.

마우스의 담관 결찰 : 폐쇄성 담즙에 의한 염증성 간 손상과 섬유화의 유도

In most vertebrates, the liver produces bile that is necessary to emulsify absorbed fats and enable the digestion of lipids in the small intestine as well ...

Pancreatic Duct Infusion: An Effective and Selective Method of Drug and Viral Delivery

The pancreas is a bifunctional organ with both endocrine and exocrine components. A number of pathologies can afflict the pancreas, including diabetes, pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer. All three of these diseases mark active areas of study, not only to develop immediate therapy, but also to better understand their pathophysiology. There are few tools to further these areas of study. Pancreatic duct infusion is an important technique that can allow for lineage tracing, gene introduction, and cell line-specific targeting. The technique requires the intricate dissection of the second portion of the duodenum and ampulla, followed by the occlusion of the bile duct and the cannulation of the pancreatic duct. Although the technique is technically challenging at first, the applications are myriad. Ambiguity in the specifics of the procedure between groups highlighted the need for a standard protocol. This work describes the expression of a green fluorescent protein (GFP) within the pancreas after the pancreatic duct infusion of a viral vector expressing GFP versus a sham surgery. The infusion and therefore expression is specific to the pancreas, without expression present in any other tissue type.

Pancreatic duct infusion is an important technique that can allow for lineage tracing, gene introduction, and cell line-specific targeting. A pancreatic duct infusion technique for drug and viral delivery to pancreatic cells is presented here.

췌장 덕트 주입: 효과적이고 선택적 약물 및 바이러스 성 전달 방법

The pancreas is a bifunctional organ with both endocrine and exocrine components. A number of pathologies can afflict the pancreas, including diabetes, ...

Dissection of the Mouse Pancreas for Histological Analysis and Metabolic Profiling

We have been investigating the pancreas specific transcription factor, 1a cre-recombinase; lox-stop-lox- Kristen rat sarcoma, glycine to aspartic acid at the 12 codon (Ptf1acre/+;LSL-KrasG12D/+) mouse strain as a model of human pancreatic cancer. The goal of our current studies is to identify novel metabolic biomarkers of pancreatic cancer progression. We have performed metabolic profiling of urine, feces, blood, and pancreas tissue extracts, as well as histological analyses of the pancreas to stage the cancer progression. The mouse pancreas is not a well-defined solid organ like in humans, but rather is a diffusely distributed soft tissue that is not easily identified by individuals unfamiliar with mouse internal anatomy or by individuals that have little or no experience performing mouse organ dissections. The purpose of this article is to provide a detailed step-wise visual demonstration to guide novices in the removal of the mouse pancreas by dissection. This article should be especially valuable to students and investigators new to research that requires harvesting of the mouse pancreas by dissection for metabolic profiling or histological analyses.

This video article provides a detailed demonstration of the procedures required to successfully remove the pancreas from a mouse by dissection for histological analysis and metabolic profiling.

조직학 분석 및 대사 프로 파일링에 대 한 마우스 췌의 해 부

We have been investigating the pancreas specific transcription factor, 1a cre-recombinase; lox-stop-lox- Kristen rat sarcoma, glycine to aspartic acid at ...

Robotic Lateral Pancreaticojejunostomy for Chronic Pancreatitis

Lateral pancreaticojejunostomy (LPJ) has shown good postoperative outcomes in patients with painful, morphine dependent, chronic pancreatitis (CP). The recent rise of robotic and laparoscopic pancreatic surgery has found benefits such as reduced time to functional recovery. Few studies have reported on the feasibility, technique and outcome of robotic LPJ, especially including transection of the gastroduodenal artery. The present study describes the main steps for robotic LPJ in a patient with painful chronic pancreatitis with a dilated main pancreatic duct. The patient underwent robotic LPJ. The LPJ anastomosis is performed using a running suture technique in a longitudinal side-to-side manner. Routinely, the gastroduodenal artery is transected to drain the entire length of the main pancreatic duct. The patient is in French position; 7 trocars are placed (4 robotic, 2 laparoscopic assistants, 1 liver-retractor). After docking of the robot system, the omental bursa is opened, and the right gastroepiploic artery and vein are ligated at their base at the lower border of the pancreas. Intraoperative ultrasonography is performed in order to determine trajectory of the dilated main pancreatic duct which is opened for its entire length after the gastroduodenal artery has been suture ligated both cranially and caudally from the main pancreatic duct. A Roux limb is created, and a latero-lateral PJ is fashioned using several 3-0 barbed sutures. A stapled jejuno-jejunostomy is created at sufficient distance from the pancreatic anastomosis, aided by a 50 cm suture. The described technique for robotic LPJ is a complex but feasible operation for patients with treatment refractory CP and a dilated main pancreatic duct. Due to its complexity, implementation in high volume centers with extensive experience with CP surgery may improve outcomes.

Robotic lateral pancreaticojejunostomy (RLPJ) may be used in patients with painful, morphine dependent, chronic pancreatitis and a dilated main pancreatic duct. We describe a standardized and reproducible technique for RLPJ, which includes transection of the gastroduodenal artery.

Lateral pancreaticojejunostomy (LPJ) has shown good postoperative outcomes in patients with painful, morphine dependent, chronic pancreatitis (CP). The ...

Laparoscopic Radical Left Pancreatectomy for Pancreatic Cancer: Surgical Strategy and Technique Video

Radical resection margins, resection of Gerota&#8217;s (perirenal) fascia, and adequate lymph node dissection are crucial for an adequate oncological resection of left-sided pancreatic cancer. Several surgical techniques have been described in recent years, but few were specifically designed for minimally invasive approaches. This study describes and demonstrates a standardized and reproducible technique for an adequate oncological resection of pancreatic cancer: laparoscopic radical left pancreatectomy (LRLP).
A 61-year-old woman presented with an incidental finding of a 3 cm mass in the left pancreas suspect for malignancy. Imaging did not reveal distant metastases, central vascular involvement, or morbid obesity, hence the patient was suitable for LRLP. This study describes the main steps of LRLP for pancreatic cancer. First, the lesser sac is opened by transecting the gastrocolic ligament. The splenic flexure of the colon is mobilized and the inferior border of the pancreas including Gerota&#39;s fascia is dissected down to the inferior border of the spleen. The pancreas is tunneled and hung, including Gerota&#8217;s fascia with a vessel loop. At the pancreatic neck, a tunnel is created between the pancreas and the portal vein, likewise a vessel loop is passed. The pancreas is then transected using the graded compression technique with an endostapler. Both the splenic vein and artery are transected before completing the resection. The entire specimen is extracted in a retrieval bag via a small Pfannenstiel incision.
Duration of the surgery was 210 min with 250 mL blood loss. Pathology revealed a R0-resection (&#62;1 mm) of a well-to-moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma originating from an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm. A total of 15 tumor-negative lymph nodes were resected. This is a detailed description of LRLP for left-sided pancreatic cancer as is currently being used within the international, multicenter randomized DIPLOMA (Distal Pancreatectomy Minimally Invasive or Open for PDAC) trial.

Oncologically safe left pancreatectomy requires radical resection (R0), Gerota&#8217;s (perirenal) fascia resection, and adequate lymph node dissection. This study describes the technical details of laparoscopic radical left pancreatectomy (LRLP), used in the first international multicenter randomized trial comparing minimally invasive with open left pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer, the DIPLOMA trial.

췌장암복강경 급진좌 췌장절제술: 수술 전략 및 기술 비디오

Radical resection margins, resection of Gerota&#8217;s (perirenal) fascia, and adequate lymph node dissection are crucial for an adequate oncological ...

A Rat Lung Transplantation Model of Warm Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: Optimizations to Improve Outcomes

From our experience with rat lung transplantation, we have found several areas for improvement. Information in the existing literature regarding methods for choosing appropriate cuff sizes for the pulmonary vein (PV), pulmonary artery (PA), or bronchus (Br) are varied, thus making the determination of proper cuff size during rat lung transplantation an exercise of trial and error. By standardizing the cuffing technique to use the smallest effective cuff appropriate for the size of the vessel or bronchus, one can make the transplantation procedure safer, faster, and more successful. Since diameters of the PV, PA, and Br are related to the body weight of the rat, we present a strategy to choosing an appropriate size using a weight-based guide. Since lung volume is also related to body weight, we recommend that this relationship should also be considered when choosing the proper volume of air for donor lung inflation during warm ischemia as well as for the proper volume of PBS to be instilled during bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid collection. We also describe methods for 4th intercostal space dissection, wound closure, and sample collection from both the native and transplanted lobes.

Here, we present optimizations to a rat lung transplantation model that serve to improve outcomes. We provide a size guide for cuffs based on body weight, a measurement strategy to ascertain the 4th intercostal space, and methods of wound closure and BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) fluid and tissue collection.

온난 허혈/재관류 손상의 쥐 폐 이식 모델: 결과 개선을 위한 최적화

From our experience with rat lung transplantation, we have found several areas for improvement. Information in the existing literature regarding methods ...

Stabilized Longitudinal In Vivo Cellular-Level Visualization of the Pancreas in a Murine Model with a Pancreatic Intravital Imaging Window

Direct in vivo cellular-resolution imaging of the pancreas in a live small animal model has been technically challenging. A recent intravital imaging study, with an abdominal imaging window, enabled visualization of the cellular dynamics in abdominal organs in vivo. However, due to the soft sheet-like architecture of the mouse pancreas that can be easily influenced by physiologic movement (e.g., peristalsis and respiration), it was difficult to perform stabilized longitudinal in vivo imaging over several weeks at the cellular level to identify, track, and quantify islets or cancer cells in the mouse pancreas. Herein, we describe a method for implanting a novel supporting base, an integrated pancreatic intravital imaging window, that can spatially separate the pancreas from the bowel for longitudinal time-lapse intravital imaging of the pancreas microstructure. Longitudinal in vivo imaging with the imaging window enables stable visualization, allowing for the tracking of islets over a period of 3 weeks and high-resolution three-dimensional imaging of the microstructure, as evidenced here in an orthotopic pancreatic cancer model. With our method, further intravital imaging studies can elucidate the pathophysiology of various diseases involving the pancreas at the cellular level.

Stabilized Longitudinal In Vivo Cellular-Level Visualization of the Pancreas in a Murine Model with a Pancreatic Intravital Imaging Window

In vivo high-resolution imaging of the pancreas was facilitated with the pancreatic intravital imaging window.

췌장 인트라바이탈 이미징 창이 있는 뮤린 모델에서 췌장의 생체 내 세포 수준 시각화안정화

Direct in vivo cellular-resolution imaging of the pancreas in a live small animal model has been technically challenging. A recent intravital imaging ...

Establishment of a Mouse Severe Acute Pancreatitis Model using Retrograde Injection of Sodium Taurocholate into the Biliopancreatic Duct

The prevalence of acute pancreatitis (AP), especially severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), is increasing in younger age groups annually. However, there is a lack of effective treatments in the current clinical practice. With the easy accessibility of transgenic and knockout strains and their small size, which allows minimal doses of drugs required for in vivo evaluation, a well-established experimental model in mice is preferred for AP research. Moreover, SAP induced through sodium taurocholate (TC) is currently one of the most widely used and best characterized models. This model has been investigated for novel therapies and possible molecular events during the process of AP. Here, we present the generation of an AP mouse model using sodium taurocholate and a simple homemade microsyringe. Moreover, we also provide the methodology for the subsequent histology and serological testing.

A mouse model of severe acute pancreatitis is described herein. The procedure presented here is very rapid, simple, and accessible, thereby potentially allowing the study of the molecular mechanisms and different therapeutic interventions in acute pancreatitis in a convenient way.

비리오크크레아티드 덕트에 타우로콜레이트 나트륨의 역행 주입을 사용하여 마우스 심각한 급성 췌장염 모델의 설립

The prevalence of acute pancreatitis (AP), especially severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), is increasing in younger age groups annually. However, there is a ...

Partial Sciatic Nerve Ligation: A Mouse Model of Chronic Neuropathic Pain to Study the Antinociceptive Effect of Novel Therapies

Management of chronic pain remains challenging to this day, and current treatments are associated with adverse effects, including tolerance and addiction. Chronic neuropathic pain results from lesions or diseases in the somatosensory system. To investigate potential therapies with reduced side effects, animal pain models are the gold standard in preclinical studies. Therefore, well-characterized and well-described models are crucial for the development and validation of innovative therapies. 
Partial ligation of the sciatic nerve (pSNL) is a procedure that induces chronic neuropathic pain in mice, characterized by mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity, ongoing pain, and changes in limb temperature, making this model a great fit to study neuropathic pain preclinically. pSNL is an advantageous model to study neuropathic pain as it reproduces many symptoms observed in humans with neuropathic pain. Furthermore, the surgical procedure is relatively fast and straightforward to perform. Unilateral pSNL of one limb allows for comparison between the ipsilateral and contralateral paws, as well as evaluation of central sensitization. 
To induce chronic neuropathic hypersensitivity, a 9-0 non-absorbable nylon thread is used to ligate the dorsal third of the sciatic nerve. This article describes the surgical procedure and characterizes the development of chronic neuropathic pain through multiple commonly used behavioral tests. As a plethora of innovative therapies are now being investigated to treat chronic pain, this article provides crucial concepts for standardization and an accurate description of surgeries required to induce neuropathic pain.

Partial sciatic nerve ligation induces long-lasting chronic neuropathic pain, characterized by exaggerated responses to thermal and mechanical stimuli. This mouse model of neuropathic pain is commonly used to study innovative therapies for pain management. This article describes in detail the surgical procedure to improve standardization and reproducibility.

부분 좌골 신경 결찰: 새로운 치료법의 항통각수용 효과를 연구하기 위한 만성 신경병성 통증의 마우스 모델

Management of chronic pain remains challenging to this day, and current treatments are associated with adverse effects, including tolerance and addiction. ...