Name: isolation and culture of rodent microglia to promote a dynamic ramified morphology in serum-free medium
Uploaded: 2018-03-09T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Culture of Rodent Microglia to Promote a Dynamic Ramified Morphology in Serum-free Medium at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation International Research Consortium on Spinal Cord Injury, the Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation, the JPB Foundation, the Novartis Institute of Basic Research, generous contributions from Vincent and Stella Coates, and the Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation (DRG-2125-12).

All procedures involving rodents conformed to Stanford University guidelines, which comply with national and state laws and policies. All animal procedures were approved by Stanford University&#39;s Administrative Panel on Laboratory Animal Care.
NOTE: All solution and buffer compositions are provided in the Table of Materials.
1. Prepare a Petri Dish for CD11b Immunopanning (Day 0)
NOTE: Prepare 1 immunopanning dish for ev...

<ol>
	<li>Colonna, M., Butovsky, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microglia+Function+in+the+Central+Nervous+System+During+Health+and+Neurodegeneration.">Microglia Function in the Central Nervous System During Health and Neurodegeneration.</a> Annu Rev Immunol. 35, 441-468 (2017).</li><li>Wu, Y., Dissing-Olesen, L., MacVicar, B. A., Stevens, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microglia:+Dynamic+Mediators+of+Synapse+Development+and+Plasticity.">Microglia: Dynamic Mediators of Synapse Development and Plasticity.</a> Trends Immunol. 36 (10), 605-613 (2015).</li><li>Lou, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purinergic+receptor+P2RY12-dependent+microglial+closure+of+the+injured+blood-brain+barrier.">Purinergic receptor P2RY12-dependent microglial closure of the injured blood-brain barrier.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 113 (4), 1074-1079 (2016).</li><li>Haynes, S. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+P2Y12+receptor+regulates+microglial+activation+by+extracellular+nucleotides.">The P2Y12 receptor regulates microglial activation by extracellular nucleotides.</a> Nat Neurosci. 9 (12), 1512-1519 (2006).</li><li>Gosselin, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+environment-dependent+transcriptional+network+specifies+human+microglia+identity.">An environment-dependent transcriptional network specifies human microglia identity.</a> Science. 356 (6344), (2017).</li><li>Lavin, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue-resident+macrophage+enhancer+landscapes+are+shaped+by+the+local+microenvironment.">Tissue-resident macrophage enhancer landscapes are shaped by the local microenvironment.</a> Cell. 159 (6), 1312-1326 (2014).</li><li>Hoeffel, G., Ginhoux, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ontogeny+of+Tissue-Resident+Macrophages.">Ontogeny of Tissue-Resident Macrophages.</a> Front Immunol. 6, 486 (2015).</li><li>Bennett, M. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+tools+for+studying+microglia+in+the+mouse+and+human+CNS.">New tools for studying microglia in the mouse and human CNS.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 113 (12), E1738-E1746 (2016).</li><li>Bohlen, C. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diverse+Requirements+for+Microglial+Survival,+Specification,+and+Function+Revealed+by+Defined-Medium+Cultures.">Diverse Requirements for Microglial Survival, Specification, and Function Revealed by Defined-Medium Cultures.</a> Neuron. 94 (4), 759-773 (2017).</li><li>Herz, J., Filiano, A. J., Smith, A., Yogev, N., Kipnis, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myeloid+Cells+in+the+Central+Nervous+System.">Myeloid Cells in the Central Nervous System.</a> Immunity. 46 (6), 943-956 (2017).</li></ol>

Because microglia serve as sentinel immune cells of the CNS, they are highly responsive to environmental changes; therefore, great care is required to minimize inflammatory responses within the cells during their isolation and culture8. This is accomplished in this protocol through speed and temperature. Keeping the cells on ice or at 4 &#176;C whenever possible greatly reduces activation, so all centrifugation steps take place at 4 &#176;C, the animals are perfused with ice-cold perfusion buffer,...

As macrophages of the CNS parenchyma, microglia interact with a vast array of neuronal circuitry and glial signaling networks. They play vital roles in development and homeostasis of the brain through synaptic pruning, apoptotic cell clearance, and transient interactions with neuronal processes1,2. Microglia are early responders to neurological injuries, extending their long, thin processes to lesion sites to coordinate inflammatory responses and limit bleeding3,4. Changes in microglial morphology and function are ubiquitous in both acute and chronic CNS injuries, and microglia exhibit altered morphology, localization, and expression of inflammatory mediators in a diverse range of disease states1. Human genetic studies indicate that mutations that alter risk for neurodegenerative diseases are often predominantly or exclusively expressed by microglia in the intact CNS, pointing to a critical role for microglia in disease pathogenesis or progression5. Given their prominence in injury and disease, furthering the understanding of microglial biology is a high priority for developing new therapeutic approaches.
Many critical advances to the understanding of microglial biology have arisen by extrapolating techniques and mechanisms discovered in studies of other macrophage populations including culture methods, gene expression profiles, and definitions of functional/morphological states. Although generalized macrophage functions often play out in surprising ways within the CNS landscape, microglia are themselves highly specialized, exhibiting a ramified morphology and a unique gene expression signature that sets them apart from other tissue macrophages6. Microglia have a lineage that is distinct from most other tissue macrophages; they colonize the CNS during an early embryonic wave of primitive hematopoiesis and self-renew throughout life, independent of contributions from definitive hematopoiesis7. The fully mature gene expression signature of adult microglia is not achieved until the second postnatal week8. Environmental cues from the surrounding tissue play a major role in dictating tissue-specific macrophage features6, which in the CNS includes limited exposure to blood-borne factors granted by the blood-brain barrier9.
One obstacle to fully understanding microglial contributions to CNS homeostasis and disease is the difficulty of recapitulating the specialized properties of mature microglia seen in vivo with purified cells in vitro. Many methods have been developed to isolate and culture intact microglia, but most approaches rely on serum to support cell survival. We have shown that addition of serum, which is an inherently variable reagent containing a vast array of bioactive molecules, is particularly problematic when working with microglia because it promotes an amoeboid morphology, increased proliferation, and increased phagocytosis9 often seen in vivo when microglia are exposed to blood borne factors after the disruption of the blood-brain barrier. By these metrics, serum-exposed cells resemble microglia in injury or disease states, but such alterations are reduced when microglia are cultured in defined growth medium containing CSF-1 (or IL-34), TGF-&#946;, cholesterol, and selenite.
This protocol provides details for culturing juvenile rat microglia under serum-free conditions, related to recently published work9. This protocol has been streamlined for rats from postnatal day 21 - 30 (P21 - P30), but can be adapted to isolate microglia from rats and mice of any age, though yield and overall viability will vary depending on the species and age of the animal. Maximal yields and optimal viability is achieved when using slightly immature microglia (~P9), with yields and viability gradually tapering to somewhat lower levels in adult animals. Microglia can also be isolated from mice, but we have found that rat cells show significantly higher yields, viability, and complexity of ramified morphologies, when compared to mouse cells in serum-free cultures. Animals aged greater than P50 have not been evaluated with this protocol. This immunopanning isolation procedure has been optimized to minimize changes in microglial transcriptional profiles during isolation and to maximize downstream viability of the cells. Using these techniques and media formulations, high-viability primary cultures can be sustained for weeks. Microglia cultured under these conditions exhibit a highly ramified morphology involving rapid extension and retraction of processes and relatively low rates of proliferation. We highlight the significance of serum-exposure on these properties, and discuss strengths and weakness of this method relative to other approaches.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat: Sprague-Dawley</td>
			<td>Charles River</td>
			<td>Cat# 400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mouse anti-rat CD11b monoclonal (clone OX42)</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>Cat# MCA275R</td>
			<td>Panning: 1:1,000; Staining: 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat polycolonal anti-Iba1&#160;</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>Cat# AB5076</td>
			<td>Staining: 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit polyclonal anti-Ki67&#160;</td>
			<td>Abcam&#160;</td>
			<td>Cat# AB15580</td>
			<td>Staining: 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor Donkey anti-mouse 594</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>Cat# 11055</td>
			<td>Staining: 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor Donkey anti-goat 488</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>Cat# A-21203</td>
			<td>Staining: 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor Donkey anti-Rabbit 647</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>Cat# A-31573</td>
			<td>Staining: 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton-X (detergent in ICC staining)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>Cat# 28313</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparan sulfate</td>
			<td>Galen Laboratory Supplies</td>
			<td>Cat# GAG-HS01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin</td>
			<td>Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>Cat# M3149</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peptone from milk solids</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>Cat# P6838</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TGF-&#946;2</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>Cat# 100-35B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Murine IL-34</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>Cat# 5195-ML/CF</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ovine wool cholesterol</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids</td>
			<td>Cat# 700000P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagen IV</td>
			<td>Corning&#160;</td>
			<td>Cat# 354233</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oleic acid</td>
			<td>Cayman Chemicals&#160;</td>
			<td>Cat# 90260</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>11(Z)Eicosadienoic (Gondoic) Acid</td>
			<td>Cayman Chemicals&#160;</td>
			<td>Cat# 20606</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcein AM dye</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>Cat# C3100MP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethidium homodimer-1</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>Cat# E1169</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNaseI</td>
			<td>Worthington</td>
			<td>Cat# DPRFS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Percoll PLUS</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>Cat# 17-5445-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>Cat# T9935</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>Cat# 21041-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/ Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>Cat# 15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamine</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>Cat# 25030-081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-acetyl cysteine&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>Cat# A9165</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>Cat# 16634</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Apo-transferrin&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>Cat# T1147</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium selenite</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>Cat# S-5261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM (high glucose)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>Cat# 11960-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dapi Fluoromount-G</td>
			<td>Southern Biotech</td>
			<td>Cat# 0100-20&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-D-Lysine&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>Cat# A-003-E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primaria Plates&#160;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>Cat# 62406-456</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stock reagents&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Apo-transferrin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Reconstitution: 10 mg/mL in PBS 
			Concentration used: 1:100 
			Storage: -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-acetyl cysteine</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Reconstitution: 5 mg/mL in H2O 
			Concentration used: 1:1,000 
			Storage: -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium selenite</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Reconstitution: 2.5 mg/mL in H2O 
			Concentration used: 1:25,000 
			Storage: -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagen IV</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Reconstitution: 200 &#956;g/mL in PBS 
			Concentration used: 1:100 
			Storage: -80&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TGF-b2</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Reconstitution: 2 mg/mL in PBS 
			Concentration used: 1:1,000 
			Storage: -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-34</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Reconstitution: 200 &#956;g/mL in PBS 
			Concentration used: 1:1,000 
			Storage: -80&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ovine wool cholesterol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Reconstitution: 1.5 mg/mL in 100% ethanol 
			Concentration used: 1:1,000 
			Storage: -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparan sulfate</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Reconstitution: 1 mg/mL in H2O 
			Concentration used: 1:1,000 
			Storage: -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oleic acid/Gondoic acid</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Reconstitution: Gondoic: 0.001 mg/mL; Oleic: 0.1 mg/mL in 100% ethanol 
			Concentration used: 1:1,000 
			Storage: -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Reconstitution: 50 mg/mL in PBS 
			Concentration used: 1:100 
			Storage: -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Solutions&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Perfusion Buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Recipe: 50 &#956;g/mL heparin in DPBS++ (PBS with Ca++ and Mg+ +) 
			Comments: Use when ice-cold</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Douncing Buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Recipe: 200 &#956;L of 0.4% DNaseI in 50 mL of DPBS++ 
			Comments: Use when ice-cold</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Panning Buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Recipe: 2 mg/mL of peptone from milk solids in DPBS++</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microglia Growth Medium (MGM)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Recipe: DMEM/F12 containing 100 units/mL penicillin, 100 &#956;g/mL streptomycin, 2 mM glutamine, 5 &#956;g/mL N-acetyl cysteine, 5 &#956;g/mL insulin, 100 &#956;g/mL apo-transferrin, and 100 ng/mL sodium selenite 
			Comments: Use ice-cold MGM to pan microglia off of immnopanning dish.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagen IV Coating</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Recipe: MGM containing 2 &#956;g/mL collagen IV</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Myelin Seperation Buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Recipe: 9 mL Percoll PLUS, 1 mL 10x PBS without Ca++ and Mg++, 9 &#956;L 1 M CaCl2, 5 &#956;L 1 M MgCl2 
			Comments: Mix well after the addition of&#160; CaCl2 and MgCl2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TGF-b2/IL-34/Cholesterol containing growth media (TIC)&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Recipe: MGM containing human 2 ng/mL TGF-b2, 100 ng/mL murine IL-34, 1.5 &#956;g/mL ovine wool cholesterol, 10 &#956;g/mL heparan sulfate, 0.1 &#956;g/ml oleic acid, and 0.001 &#956;g/ml gondoic acid 
			Comments: Make sure to add cholesterol to media warmed to 37 &#176;C and do not add more than 1.5 &#956;g/mL or it will precipitate out. Do not filter cholesterol-containing media. Equilibrate TIC media with 10% CO2 for 30 min- 1 hr before adding to cells to insure optimal pH.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and culture of rodent microglia to promote a dynamic ramified morphology in serum-free medium

Microglia represent 5 - 10% of all central nervous system (CNS) cells and are increasingly drawing attention due to their contributions during development, homeostasis, and disease. Although macrophages have been studied in detail for decades, specialized features of microglia, the tissue-resident macrophages of the CNS, have remained largely mysterious, in part due to limitations in the ability to recapitulate mature microglial properties in culture. Here, we illustrate a straightforward procedure for the rapid isolation of pure microglia from the mature rodent brain. We also describe serum-free culture conditions that support high levels of microglial viability over time. Microglia cultured under these defined-medium conditions exhibit elaborate ramified processes and dynamic surveillance behavior. We illustrate some effects of serum exposure on cultured microglia and discuss how these serum-free cultures compare to both serum-exposed cultures as well as microglia in vivo.

This protocol describes a method to culture high purity ramified microglia from juvenile rats. Similar results can be obtained using immature, perinatal and adult animals, as discussed below. Since cell isolations often include subtle nuances and many opportunities for cells to die, we used quality-control checkpoints to help determine success at various steps. We typically monitored cell suspensions using a hemocytometer at multiple steps in the isolation protocol (F...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Culture of Rodent Microglia to Promote a Dynamic Ramified Morphology in Serum-free Medium at JoVE.com

Isolation and Culture of Rodent Microglia to Promote a Dynamic Ramified Morphology in Serum-free Medium

Efforts to understand microglial function in detail have been hindered by the lack of microglial culture models that recapitulate the properties of mature in vivo microglia. This protocol describes an isolation and culture approach designed to maintain robust survival of highly ramified mature rat microglia under defined-medium conditions.

Microglia represent 5 - 10% of all central nervous system (CNS) cells and are increasingly drawing attention due to their contributions during ...

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