We thank Diana Adjaoud for technical assistance. This work was supported by grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (2015-2020), Genome Quebec (2016-2019) and Genome Canada (2016-2019) to E.B.A. E.B.A. is a senior scholar of the Fonds de la Recherche du Qu&#233;bec-Sant&#233; (FRQ-S). L.M and N.S.K. have a PhD scholarship from the FRQ-S. H.B had a PhD scholarship from the Ministry of Higher Education and from Scientific Research of Tunisia and the Cole Foundation.

1. GSH-agarose Affinity Purification of the GST-RING1B(1-159)-BMI1(1-109) E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Complex
<ol>
	<li>Use the pGEX6p2rbs-GST-RING1B (1-159 aa) - BMI1 (1 -109aa) bacteria expression construct to transform BL21 (DE3) bacteria (see Table of Materials)23. This construct allows the expression of murine RING1B domain 1-159 fused to BMI1 domain 1-109 with GST tag in pGEX-6P-2 backbone.</li>
	<li>Perform an overnight starter culture by inoculating RIL-bacteria expressing GST-R...

<ol>
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K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loss+of+functional+BAP1+augments+sensitivity+to+TRAIL+in+cancer+cells.">Loss of functional BAP1 augments sensitivity to TRAIL in cancer cells.</a> eLife. 7, (2018).</li><li>Machida, Y. J., Machida, Y., Vashisht, A. A., Wohlschlegel, J. A., Dutta, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+deubiquitinating+enzyme+BAP1+regulates+cell+growth+via+interaction+with+HCF-1.">The deubiquitinating enzyme BAP1 regulates cell growth via interaction with HCF-1.</a> The Journal of Biological Chemistry. , (2009).</li><li>Sahtoe, D. D., van Dijk, W. J., Ekkebus, R., Ovaa, H., Sixma, T. 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The authors declare no competing financial interests.

There are several advantages of establishing robust in vitro ubiquitination and deubiquitination assays for proteins of interest. These assays can be used to: (i) establish optimal conditions and define minimal requirement for these reactions, (ii) determine enzymatic kinetic and biochemical constants, (iii) define the roles of cofactors or inhibitors that can impact these reactions, (iv) identify interaction interfaces, (v) test the impact of artificial or disease-associated mutations and (vi) establish assay conditions...

Ubiquitination is one of the most conserved post-translational modifications and is critical for a wide variety of organisms including yeast, plants and vertebrates. Ubiquitination consists of the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, a highly conserved 76 amino acid polypeptide, to target proteins and occurs in three sequential steps involving three enzymes, i.e., E1-activating, E2-conjugating and E3 ligase1,2,3. This post-translational modification plays central roles in a wide spectrum of biological processes. Indeed, the E3 ligases, which provide the specificity of the reaction, constitute a large superfamily of enzymes and are the most abundant enzymes of the ubiquitin system4,5,6. The downstream effects of protein ubiquitination depend on nature of the modification: monoubiquitination, multi-monoubiquitination, and linear or branched polyubiquitination. Monoubiquitination is rarely associated with proteasomal degradation, but instead this modification is involved in mediating various signaling events. Polyubiquitination involves the N-terminal or the lysine residues in ubiquitin molecule itself, and the destiny of a polyubiquitinated protein depends on which residue is involved in ubiquitin chain extension. It has long been known that polyubiquitination mediated by lysine 48 of ubiquitin induces proteasomal degradation. On the contrary, polyubiquitination via lysine 63 of ubiquitin is often associated with protein activation7,8,9. Similar to other important post-translational modifications, ubiquitination is reversible and ubiquitin removal from proteins is ensured by specific proteases termed deubiquitinases (DUBs), which have emerged as important regulators of cellular processes2,10. Importantly, many DUBs are highly specialized, and regulate, through deubiquitination, specific substrates, indicating that a fine balance between ubiquitination and deubiquitination is critical for protein function. E3s and DUBs, along with the proteasome degradation machinery and accessory factors, form the Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS, with &#62;1200 genes) which regulates major signaling pathways, several of which are associated with cell growth and proliferation, cell fate determination, differentiation, cell migration, and cell death. Importantly, deregulation of several signaling cascades involving ubiquitination promotes tumorigenesis and neurodegeneration diseases5,11,12,13,14.
Ubiquitination plays pervasive roles in chromatin biology and DNA-dependent processes15,16,17. For instance, monoubiquitination of histone H2A on lysine 119 (hereafter H2A K119ub) is a critical post-translational modification involved in transcriptional repression and DNA repair18,19,20,21,22. H2A K119ub is catalyzed by the Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1), which plays a key role in the maintenance of epigenetic information and is highly conserved from Drosophila to human. Canonical PRC1 is constituted notably by the RING1B and BMI1, which are the core E3 ubiquitin ligase complex responsible for the above-mentioned ubiquitination event22,23. In Drosophila, H2A monoubiquitination (H2A K118ub which corresponds to H2A K119ub in mammalians) is reversed by the DUB Calypso, which interacts with Additional Sex Comb (ASX) forming the Polycomb-repressive DUB (PR-DUB) complex24. The mammalian ortholog of calypso, BAP1, is a tumor suppressor deleted or inactivated in various human malignancies25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33. BAP1 regulates DNA-dependent processes in the nucleus and Calcium-signaling-mediated apoptosis at the endoplasmic reticulum33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42. BAP1 assembles multi-subunit protein complexes containing transcription regulators notably ASXL1, ASXL2 and ASXL3 (ASXLs), three orthologues of ASX38,43. ASXLs use the DEUBiquitinase ADaptor (DEUBAD) domain, also termed ASXM domain, to stimulate BAP1 DUB activity35,36,44. Hence, ASXLs play important roles in coordinating BAP1 DUB activity at chromatin and more broadly its tumor suppressor function.
Several methods exist to study ubiquitination and deubiquitination processes. Notably, biochemical assays using proteins purified from bacteria remain very powerful in demonstrating direct ubiquitination of, or removal of ubiquitin from, specific substrates. These experiments can be conducted to investigate a range of parameters such as the determining the requirement of minimal complexes, determining reactions kinetics, defining structure/function relationships, and understanding the impact of pathological gene mutations. Here, we provide protocols to conduct ubiquitination and deubiquitination reactions on chromatin substrates with purified components. As a model system, in vitro ubiquitination and deubiquitination of nucleosomal H2A protein is presented. Bacteria-purified proteins assembled in minimal complexes of RING1B/BMI1 and BAP1/DEUBAD are used for ubiquitination or deubiquitination of nucleosomal H2A, respectively.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Amylose agarose beads</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>#E8021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amicon Ultra 0.5 ml centrifugal filters 10K</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>#UFC501096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-H2AK119ub (H2Aub)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>#8240</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Flag-agarose beads</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>#A4596</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-protease cocktail</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>#P8340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BL21 (DE3) CodonPlus-RIL bacteria</td>
			<td>Agilent technologies</td>
			<td>#230240</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Wisent</td>
			<td>#319-005-CL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Empty chromatography column</td>
			<td>Biorad</td>
			<td>#731-1550</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flag peptide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>#F3290</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GSH-agarose beads</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>#G4510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEK293T</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>#CRL-3216</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imidazole</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>#I5513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micrococcal nuclease (MNase)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>#N3755</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ni-NTA agarose beads</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>#88221</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-methylmaleimide (NEM)</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>#ETM222</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pore syringe filter 0.45 &#956;m</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>#83.1826</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyethylenimine (PEI)</td>
			<td>Polysciences Inc</td>
			<td>#23966-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pGEX6p2rbs-GST-RING1B(1-159)-Bmi1(1-109)</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>#63139</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ub Activating Enzyme (UBE1)</td>
			<td>Boston Biochem</td>
			<td>#E-305</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UBCH5C (UBE2D3)</td>
			<td>Boston Biochem</td>
			<td>#E2-627</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vitro ubiquitination and deubiquitination assays of nucleosomal histones

Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification that plays important roles in various signaling pathways and is notably involved in the coordination of chromatin function and DNA-associated processes. This modification involves a sequential action of several enzymes including E1 ubiquitin-activating, E2 ubiquitin-conjugating and E3 ubiquitin-ligase and is reversed by deubiquitinases (DUBs). Ubiquitination induces degradation of proteins or alteration of protein function including modulation of enzymatic activity, protein-protein interaction and subcellular localization. A critical step in demonstrating protein ubiquitination or deubiquitination is to perform in vitro reactions with purified components. Effective ubiquitination and deubiquitination reactions could be greatly impacted by the different components used, enzyme co-factors, buffer conditions, and the nature of the substrate.&#160; Here, we provide step-by-step protocols for conducting ubiquitination and deubiquitination reactions. We illustrate these reactions using minimal components of the mouse Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1), BMI1, and RING1B, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that monoubiquitinates histone H2A on lysine 119. Deubiquitination of nucleosomal H2A is performed using a minimal Polycomb Repressive Deubiquitinase (PR-DUB) complex formed by the human deubiquitinase BAP1 and the DEUBiquitinase ADaptor (DEUBAD) domain of its co-factor ASXL2. These ubiquitination/deubiquitination assays can be conducted in the context of either recombinant nucleosomes reconstituted with bacteria-purified proteins or native nucleosomes purified from mammalian cells. We highlight the intricacies that can have a significant impact on these reactions and we propose that the general principles of these protocols can be swiftly adapted to other E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases.

GST-BMI1 and RING1B proteins are well produced in bacteria and can be readily extracted in the soluble fraction. Figure 1A shows a Coomassie blue staining for a typical purification of the GST-BMI1-RING1B complex. The GST-BMI1 and RING1B bands migrate at the expected molecular weight, ~45 kDa and ~13 kDa respectively. Notably the E3 ligase complex is highly homogenous with very low levels of bacteria proteins contaminants and/or degradation products. Moreover...

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In Vitro Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination Assays of Nucleosomal Histones

Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification that plays important roles in cellular processes and is tightly coordinated by deubiquitination. Defects in both reactions underlie human pathologies. We provide protocols for conducting ubiquitination and deubiquitination reaction in vitro using purified components.

Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification that plays important roles in various signaling pathways and is notably involved in the coordination ...

Given the complexity of the ubiquitination and deubiquitination reactions inside the cells it is important to establish in vitro assays with defined purified components. This helps to understand the mechanisms of ubiquitination and deubiquitination and also to determine how mutations associated with genes that encode the enzymes responsible for this reaction can cause human disease. We can identify the domains and motifs in these components that drive these reactions.We can also develop high throughput screen assays that can be used to screen for small molecule inhibitors that can be developed as potential therapeutics. To begin bacteria lysis, add PMSF and antiprotease cocktail into the ice cold lysis buffer A.Add 25 millilters of the lysis buffer A into the bottle containing bacteria pellet and resuspend the pellet. Transfer the lysate containing bacteria in a tube for sonication.Use a probe sonicator to sonicate the lysate at 70%output amplitude for 30 seconds, four to five times. Then centrifuge at 21, 000 times g for 20 minutes at four degrees Celsius. After incubating the bacteria lysate with GSH beads for five hours according to the manuscript, transfer the beads along with 10 millilters of buffer into an empty chromatography column.Then, add 1.5 millilters of buffer A containing 25 millimolar glutathione into the column and collect the elution by gravity into 1.5 milliliter microtubes. Repeat the elution procedure four times with fresh buffer A an continue treatment of the eluted fractions according to the manuscript. To begin, resuspend the His-BAP1 and the MBP-DEUBAD bacteria pellets in 25 millilters of ice cold lysis buffer B.Mix 25 millilters of each lysate and incubate on ice for 15 minutes.Sonicate and then centrifuge the lysate at 21, 000 times g for 20 minutes. After lysate centrifugation, filter the lysate through a 0.45 micrometer pore syringe filter into a bottle and mix it with the Nickel NTA beads. Incubate at four degrees Celsius with shaking for five hours.After that, spin down the beads at 25, 000 times g for three minutes. Use a pipette to save the supernatant in a 50 milliliter tube as the flow through. Wash the beads with five millilters of buffer B, containing 20 millimolar imidazole, six times with three minute centrifuge.After the last wash, transfer the beads with 10 millilters of buffer B into an empty chromatography column and add one milliliter of buffer B containing 200 millimolar imidazole. Collect the elution by gravity into 1.5 milliliter microtubes containing DTT and EDTA. Repeat the elution procedure four times and pool the desired eluted fractions into a 15 milliliter tube.Add buffer C to dilute the eluted complex three times. Then transfer the diluted elution to the prepared amylose beads in tubes and incubate overnight at four degrees Celsius with shaking. In the morning, centrifuge the tubes at 2, 500 times g for three minutes and keep the supernatant in a 15 milliliter tube as flow through.Wash the protein bound beads with five millilters of buffer C for five to six times. Then add 500 microliters of buffer D to the purified His-BAP1/MBP-DEUBAD complex on the amylose agarose beads to make a 50%bead solution. Transfer 20 microliters of the 50%bead solution to a microcentrifuge tube and add 20 microliters of two times Laemmli Sample Buffer for SDS-PAGE and Coomassie blue analysis.Store the remaining bead solution at minus 80 degrees Celsius for future usage. After culture the HEK293T cells, plate 12 million cells in 20 millilters of complete media in a 15 centimeter culture dish, one day before the transfection. After one one day, under the cell culture hood, aspirate media and supply with 12 millilters of serum free media.Transfect the cells with 21 micrograms of pCDNA flat-H2A using 63 microliters of PEI at one milligram per milliliter. After 12 hours, change to complete medium. After harvesting the cells according the manuscript, resuspend the cell pellet in about 10 volumes of buffer E containing NEM to inhibit deubiquitinases and you incubate on ice for 20 minutes.After centrifugation at 3, 000 times g for five minutes, discard the supernatant. Wash the chromatin pellet twice with 10 volumes of buffer E first and then wash twice with buffer F.Resuspend the chromatin in five millilters of buffer F and treat the pellet with micrococcal nuclease at the concentration of three units per milliliter for 10 minutes at room temperature. After incubation, transfer a 40 microliter aliquot of the mixture to a 1.5 milliliter tube for analysis of nucleosomal DNA fragments.Add 40 microliters of phenol-chloroform and 20 microliters of six times DNA loading buffer. Vortex and spin at 18, 000 times g for two minutes. Then transfer 15 microliters of the aqueous phase in a 2%agarose gel to load the DNA.After stopping the reaction and centrifugation according to the manuscript, incubate the soluble chromatin fraction with anti-flag resin beads in a 15 milliliter tube overnight at four degrees Celsius with shaking. Wash the beads six times with buffer G.Transfer the beads with five millilters of buffer G into an empty chromatography column. Dilute the bead's bound nucleosomes with 260 microliters of buffer G containing 200 micrograms per milliliter of flag elution peptide and one to five one molar Tris at pH eight.Elute the nucleosomes three times, one hour in the cold room. To perform ubiquitination assay, first add one microgram of the purified nucleosomes in 40 microliters of buffer H.After that, add an enzyme solution mix containing 250 nanograms of UBE1, 672 nanograms of UB and E2 UB conjugating enzymes and one microgram of BMI1-RING1B E3 ubiquitin ligase complex into the tube. Incubate the reaction for three hours at 37 degrees Celsius with occasional shaking.Stop the reaction by adding 40 microliters of two times Laemmli Sample Buffer and analyze histone H2AK119 ubiquitination by western blotting. To perform the in vitro deubiquitination assay resuspend the purified nucleosomes in 40 microliters of buffer I and one microgram of bacteria purified His-BAP1/MBP-DEUBAD beads. Place the tube in an incubator at 37 degrees Celsius for three hours to carry out the deubiquitination reaction with occasional shaking.Then stop the reaction by adding 40 microliters of two times Laemmli buffer and analyze by immunoblotting. In this experiment, Coomassie blue staining for a typical purification of the GST-BM1-RING1B complex using GST affinity beads, shows that the bands migrate at expected molar weight around 45 kilodaltons and 13 kilodaltons respectively. Similarly the purification of His-BAP1 MBP-DEUBAD complex also resulted in relatively high homogenous preparations with bands around 90 kilodaltons and 55 kilodaltons respectively.On the other hand the purified nucleosomal fraction is essentially composed by a 147 base pair band indicating the presence of highly enriched mononucleosomal fraction. Coomassie blue staining of purified nucleosomes shows a typical band pattern of the four histone subunits with stoichiometric amounts. Ubiquitination of histone H2A with the BMI1-RING1B complex shows a time dependent increase of the ubiquitinated form of the protein while the levels of the nonmodified form are concomitantly decreased.The ubiquitination reaction is total as virtually all H2A proteins are transformed to H2A K119ub. On the other hand, deubiquitination assay was conducted native nucleosomes. Following incubation of these nucleosomes with BAP1-DEUBAD a time dependent reduction of H2A K119ub signal was observed.The success of ubiquitination and deubiquitination reactions depend on the manner the protein are purified. We need a good yield and the buffer use for protein resuspension and purification should be compatible with biochemical reactions. When this ubiquitination and deubiquitination assays are well established we can test the affect activators and inhibitors as well as the impact of disease associated gene mutations.This method have been established by the contribution of several laboratories and are very useful to understand the mechanisms of ubiquitination and deubiquitination. Several chemicals are hazardous and need to be manipulated in the hood. This include phenol-chloroform, acids, bases, and reducing agents.

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Biochemistry

10.4K 조회수.  University of Montréal. 세포 내부의 유비퀴티니션 및 비비퀴티니션 반응의 복잡성을 감안할 때 정의된 정제 성분을 사용하여 체외 분석서를 확립하는 것이 중요합니다. 이것은 유비퀴티뉴션과 비비퀴티뉴션의 메커니즘을 이해하고 또한 이 반응에 책임 있는 효소를 인코딩하는 유전자와 관련되었던 돌연변이가 인간 적인 질병을 일으키는 원인이 될 수 있는 방법을 결정하는 것을 돕습니다. 이러한...