Nothing to acknowledge.

This protocol follows the guidelines of the University of Pittsburg Medical Center human research ethics comittee (Institutional Review Board: PRO15040497)
1. Preoperative workup and selection
<ol>
	<li>Check the triphasic CT scan (i.e., chest, abdomen, and pelvis with the primary imaging modality) to evaluate the extent of disease, rule out metastasis, and delineate aberrant or anomalous arterial vasculature.&#160;</li>
	<li>Perform EUS and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ER...

<ol>
	<li>Tseng, J. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+learning+curve+in+pancreatic+surgery.">The learning curve in pancreatic surgery.</a> Surgery. 141, 456-463 (2007).</li><li>Cameron, J. L., He, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two+Thousand+Consecutive+Pancreaticoduodenectomies.">Two Thousand Consecutive Pancreaticoduodenectomies.</a> Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 220, 530-536 (2015).</li><li>Birkmeyer, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+hospital+volume+on+in-hospital+mortality+with+pancreaticoduodenectomy.">Effect of hospital volume on in-hospital mortality with pancreaticoduodenectomy.</a> Surgery. 125, 250-256 (1999).</li><li>Cirocchi, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+systematic+review+on+robotic+pancreaticoduodenectomy.">A systematic review on robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy.</a> Surgical Oncology. 22, 238-246 (2013).</li><li>Giulianotti, P. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robotics+in+general+surgery:+personal+experience+in+a+large+community+hospital.">Robotics in general surgery: personal experience in a large community hospital.</a> Archives of surgery. 138, 777-784 (2003).</li><li>Wang, S. -. E., Shyr, B. -. U., Chen, S. -. C., Shyr, Y. -. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+between+robotic+and+open+pancreaticoduodenectomy+with+modified+Blumgart+pancreaticojejunostomy:+A+propensity+score-matched+study.">Comparison between robotic and open pancreaticoduodenectomy with modified Blumgart pancreaticojejunostomy: A propensity score-matched study.</a> Surgery. 164 (6), 1162-1167 (2018).</li><li>Magge, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robotic+pancreatoduodenectomy+at+an+experienced+institution+is+not+associated+with+an+increased+risk+of+post-pancreatic+hemorrhage.">Robotic pancreatoduodenectomy at an experienced institution is not associated with an increased risk of post-pancreatic hemorrhage.</a> HPB. 20, 448-455 (2018).</li><li>Zureikat, A. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Minimally+invasive+hepatopancreatobiliary+surgery+in+North+America:+an+ACS-NSQIP+analysis+of+predictors+of+conversion+for+laparoscopic+and+robotic+pancreatectomy+and+hepatectomy.">Minimally invasive hepatopancreatobiliary surgery in North America: an ACS-NSQIP analysis of predictors of conversion for laparoscopic and robotic pancreatectomy and hepatectomy.</a> The official journal of Hepato-Pancreato-Billiary Association. 19, 595-602 (2017).</li><li>Zureikat, A. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Multi-institutional+Comparison+of+Perioperative+Outcomes+of+Robotic+and+Open+Pancreaticoduodenectomy.">A Multi-institutional Comparison of Perioperative Outcomes of Robotic and Open Pancreaticoduodenectomy.</a> Annals of Surgery. 264, 640-649 (2016).</li><li>McMillan, M. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Propensity+Score-Matched+Analysis+of+Robotic+vs+Open+Pancreatoduodenectomy+on+Incidence+of+Pancreatic+Fistula.">A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis of Robotic vs Open Pancreatoduodenectomy on Incidence of Pancreatic Fistula.</a> JAMA Surgery. 152 (4), 327-335 (2016).</li><li>Nguyen, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Technical+Aspects+of+Robotic-Assisted+Pancreaticoduodenectomy+(RAPD).">Technical Aspects of Robotic-Assisted Pancreaticoduodenectomy (RAPD).</a> Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. 15, 870-875 (2011).</li><li>Zureikat, A. H., Nguyen, K. T., Bartlett, D. L., Zeh, H. J., Moser, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robotic-Assisted+Major+Pancreatic+Resection+and+Reconstruction.">Robotic-Assisted Major Pancreatic Resection and Reconstruction.</a> Archives of Surgery. 146, 256-261 (2011).</li><li>Knab, M. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+of+a+Novel+Robotic+Training+Curriculum+in+a+Complex+General+Surgical+Oncology+Fellowship.">Evolution of a Novel Robotic Training Curriculum in a Complex General Surgical Oncology Fellowship.</a> Annals in Surgical Oncology. 25 (12), 3445-3452 (2018).</li><li>Wu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recurrent+GNAS+mutations+define+an+unexpected+pathway+for+pancreatic+cyst+development.">Recurrent GNAS mutations define an unexpected pathway for pancreatic cyst development.</a> Science Translational Medicine. 3, 92 (2011).</li><li>Singhi, A. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=American+Gastroenterological+Association+guidelines+are+inaccurate+in+detecting+pancreatic+cysts+with+advanced+neoplasia:+a+clinicopathologic+study+of+225+patients+with+supporting+molecular+data.">American Gastroenterological Association guidelines are inaccurate in detecting pancreatic cysts with advanced neoplasia: a clinicopathologic study of 225 patients with supporting molecular data.</a> Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 83, 1107-1117 (2016).</li><li>Tanaka, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Revisions+of+international+consensus+Fukuoka+guidelines+for+the+management+of+IPMN+of+the+pancreas.">Revisions of international consensus Fukuoka guidelines for the management of IPMN of the pancreas.</a> Pancreatology. 17, 738-753 (2017).</li><li>Malka, D., Castan, F., Conroy, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FOLFIRINOX+Adjuvant+Therapy+for+Pancreatic+Cancer.">FOLFIRINOX Adjuvant Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer.</a> New England Journal of Medicine. 380, 1187-1189 (2019).</li><li>Nassour, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robotic+Versus+Laparoscopic+Pancreaticoduodenectomy:+a+NSQIP+Analysis.">Robotic Versus Laparoscopic Pancreaticoduodenectomy: a NSQIP Analysis.</a> Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery Official Journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract. 21, 1784-1792 (2017).</li><li>Gabriel, E., Thirunavukarasu, P., Attwood, K., Nurkin, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=National+disparities+in+minimally+invasive+surgery+for+pancreatic+tumors.">National disparities in minimally invasive surgery for pancreatic tumors.</a> Surgical Endoscopy. 31, 398-409 (2017).</li><li>Konstantinidis, I. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robotic+total+pancreatectomy+with+splenectomy:+technique+and+outcomes.">Robotic total pancreatectomy with splenectomy: technique and outcomes.</a> Surgical Endoscopy. 32, 3691-3696 (2018).</li><li>Kornaropoulos, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Total+robotic+pancreaticoduodenectomy:+a+systematic+review+of+the+literature.">Total robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy: a systematic review of the literature.</a> Surgical Endoscopy. 31, 4382-4392 (2017).</li><li>Boone, B. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+Quality+Outcomes+for+Robotic+Pancreaticoduodenectomy:+Identification+of+the+Learning+Curve.">Assessment of Quality Outcomes for Robotic Pancreaticoduodenectomy: Identification of the Learning Curve.</a> JAMA Surgery. 150, 416-422 (2015).</li><li>Fisher, W. E., Hodges, S. E., Wu, M. -. F. F., Hilsenbeck, S. G., Brunicardi, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+the+learning+curve+for+pancreaticoduodenectomy.">Assessment of the learning curve for pancreaticoduodenectomy.</a> American Journal of Surgery. 203, 684-690 (2012).</li><li>Hmidt, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+hospital+volume,+surgeon+experience,+and+surgeon+volume+on+patient+outcomes+after+pancreaticoduodenectomy:+a+single-institution+experience.">Effect of hospital volume, surgeon experience, and surgeon volume on patient outcomes after pancreaticoduodenectomy: a single-institution experience.</a> Archives of Surgery. 145, 634-640 (2010).</li><li>Zureikat, A. H., Hogg, M. E., Zeh, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Utility+of+the+Robot+in+Pancreatic+Resections.">The Utility of the Robot in Pancreatic Resections.</a> Advances in Surgery. 48, 77-95 (2014).</li></ol>

With advances in the surgical technology, laparoscopic and robot-assisted surgeries are being increasingly used in gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary procedures. Conventional laparoscopy is associated with benefits over open surgery for many procedures. However, inherent limitations such as decreased surgical dexterity, suboptimal ergonomics, lack of wristed instruments, and 2-D visualization, have limited its dissemination to complex gastrointestinal operations such as PD.&#160;
Contrary to l...

Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is a complex operation that combines a challenging resection and a meticolous reconstruction. During its early inception, the traditional open approach was frought with high complication rates and a mortality rate approaching 25%. In the last three decades, improvements in the surgical technique and perioperative care led to corresponding improvements in outcomes, with a reduction in mortality to less than 5%, especially at high volume centers1,2,3. Despite this, morbidity remains substantial. With advancements in surgical technology, minimally invasive surgical approaches through laparoscopy or robot-assisted surgery have emerged in an effort to curb this morbidity. Since its first report in 2003, interest in robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy (RPD) has grown by pancreatic surgeons4,5. Inherent advantages of the robotic platform, including three-dimensional (3D) vision, wristed instruments, and improved ergonomics, allow the surgeon to recapitulate principles of open PD (OPD) in a minimally invasive manner, including safe oncologic dissection, hemostasis, and meticulous reconstruction4,6,7,8,9,10. The goal of this manuscript is to provide the detailed steps of an RPD performed at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC)11,12,13.
In the presented case study, a 42-year-old female with a previous history of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN), initially presented with acute pancreatitis. Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen revealed a 3.3 cm pancreatic head lesion with associated dilatation of the main pancreatic duct (Figure 1A,B), with a mixed type IPMN. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) confirmed the existence of an irregular, heterogenous cyst measuring 3.1 x 2.0 cm in the pancreatic head with mixed solid and cystic components and main PD duct dilation (Figure 1C). EUS cytology revealed the presence of atypical cells with no high-risk molecular mutations14,15. Biochemical workup including serum tumor markers were normal, with CA19-9 12 U/mL. Based on the Fukuoka criteria, this patient was recommended to have a PD and was deemed a suitable candidate for the robotic approach16.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:973px;" width="972">
	<colgroup>
		<col span="2" />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">3-0 V-Loc sutures</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Medtronic (Minneapolis, MN)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">VLOCMo614</td>
			<td style="width:273px;">Barbed Absorable Suture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">4-5 Fr Freeman Pancreatic Flexi-Stent</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Hobbs Medical (Stafford Springs, CT)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6542, 6552</td>
			<td>Pancreatic Duct Stent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">5-0 PDS (polydiosxanone)</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Ethicon (Somerville, NJ)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D10063</td>
			<td>Synthetic Absorbable Suture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">Cad&#237;ere forceps</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Intuitive (Sunnyvale, CA)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">470049</td>
			<td>Surgical Robot Instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">Da Vinci Si</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Intuitive (Sunnyvale, CA)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Surgical Robot</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">Da Vinci Xi</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Intuitive (Sunnyvale, CA)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Surgical Robot</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">Endo Clip 10 mm Applier</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Covidien (Dublin, Ireland)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">176619</td>
			<td>Laparoscopic Titanium Clip Applier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:291px;">Endo GIA 45 mm Curved Tip Articulating Vascular Stapler with Tri-Stapler Technology</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Covidien (Dublin, Ireland)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EGIA45CTAVM</td>
			<td>Laparoscopic Surgical Stapler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:291px;">Endo GIA 60 mm Articulating Stapler with Tri-Stapler Technology</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Covidien (Dublin, Ireland)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EGIA60AMT</td>
			<td>Laparoscopic Surgical Stapler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:291px;">Endo GIA 60 mm Curved Tip Articulating Vascular Stapler with Tri-Stapler Technology</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Covidien (Dublin, Ireland)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EGIA60CTAVM</td>
			<td>Laparoscopic Surgical Stapler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">EndoCatch Gold 10 mm Specimen Pouch</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Medtronic (Minneapolis, MN)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">173050G</td>
			<td>Specimen Extraction Bag</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">EndoCatch II 15 mm Specimen Pouch</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Medtronic (Minneapolis, MN)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">173049</td>
			<td>Specimen Extraction Bag</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">Fenestrated bipolar forceps</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Intuitive (Sunnyvale, CA)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">470205</td>
			<td>Surgical Robot Instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">GelPOINT Mini Advanced Access Platform</td>
			<td>Applied Medical (Rancho Santa Margarita, CA)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CNGL3</td>
			<td>Laparoscopic Abdominal Access Platform</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">Large needle driver</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Intuitive (Sunnyvale, CA)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">470006</td>
			<td>Surgical Robot Instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">Large SutureCut needle driver</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Intuitive (Sunnyvale, CA)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">470296</td>
			<td>Surgical Robot Instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:291px;">LigaSure Blunt Tip Laparoscopic Sealer/Divider</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Medtronic (Minneapolis, MN)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LF1844</td>
			<td>Laparoscopic Bioplar Device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">Mediflex liver retractor</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Mediflex (Islandia NY)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Laparoscopic Liver Retractor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">Monopolar curved scissors</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Intuitive (Sunnyvale, CA)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">470179</td>
			<td>Surgical Robot Instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">Permanent cautery hook</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Intuitive (Sunnyvale, CA)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">470183</td>
			<td>Surgical Robot Instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">ProGrasp forceps</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Intuitive (Sunnyvale, CA)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">470093</td>
			<td>Surgical Robot Instrument</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

technical detail for robot assisted pancreaticoduodenectomy

Since its first report in 2003, robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy (RPD) has gained popularity among pancreatic surgeons. Inherent advantages of the robotic platform, including three-dimensional vision, wristed instruments, and improved ergonomics, allow the surgeon to recapitulate the principles of open pancreatoduodenectomy allowing safe oncologic dissection, hemostasis, and meticulous reconstruction. Over the course of the past decade, significant strides have been achieved in outlining the safety, feasibility, and learning curve of the robotic Whipple. When performed by high volume pancreatic surgeons experienced in RPD, recent comparative effectiveness studies show potential advantages compared to the open technique, including reductions in hospital stay and morbidity. National data also show reductions in conversion rates compared to its laparoscopic counterpart. Although long-term oncologic data are still needed, short-term oncologic surrogates of margin resection and lymph node harvest suggest no compromise in oncologic outcomes. As pancreatic surgeons increasingly integrate robotics into their practice, proficiency-based training and credentialing will be necessary for the safe application and dissemination of RPD. Here, we provide the detailed steps of a robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy performed at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.&#160;

In the representative case, the total operative time was 225 min with an estimated blood loss (EBL) of 50 mL (Table 1). The patient was admitted to the surgical ward. Her postoperative course followed the UPMC institutional ERAS pathway. We routinely assess JP amylase at POD#1 and #3 to assess for pancreatic fistula and practice early drain removal on POD 3-5 when possible. The patient&#8217;s JP amylase levels were 403 U/L and 68 U/L, respectively. Therefore, the drain was removed on POD#3. The patient ...

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Technical Detail for Robot Assisted Pancreaticoduodenectomy

The following manuscript details a stepwise approach to the robot-assisted pancreaticoduodenectomy performed at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.

Since its first report in 2003, robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy (RPD) has gained popularity among pancreatic surgeons. Inherent advantages of the robotic ...

The manuscript describes a technique for robotic-assisted pancreaticoduodenectomy. The represented patient is a 42-year-old female with a prior history of IPMN, who presented with an acute onset of pancreatitis. Diagnostic imaging including CT scan, and endoscopic ultrasound revealed a complex septated heterogenous mass measuring 3.3 centimeters.Biochemical workup was normal. She was recommended for robotic RAPD. Patient is positioned in a supine position on a split-leg table with right arm tucked, and pressure points padded.The operating table is turned 45 degrees to accommodate for the Si robot. Xi robot can be docked from the side. The robotic and assistant ports are placed in correspondence with the figure.The liver retractor is placed to the leftmost lateral port. The liver retractor works best if it retracts the gallbladder, and lifts the liver superiorly during the entirety of the resection. The resection phase is initiated with the entrance into the lesser sac.The access into the lesser sac through the greater omentum below the gastroepiploic pedicle is performed. The assistant provides a gentle caudal counter-retraction. The dissection is carried along the greater curvature towards the pylorus.The colon is fully mobilized off the duodenum. The gastroepiploic pedicle is preserved, and is not transected at this point. Kocherization of the duodenum is performed.The lateral fibers of duodenum are grasped and transected. The bedside assistant provides a gentle medial counter-retraction of the duodenum. Mobilization of the duodenum including its third and fourth portion is carried to the ligament of Treitz.Dynamic anterior and cranial retraction of the duodenum with A3 is key to an excellent exposure. Extensive kocherization allows for full visualization of the inferior vena cava, insertion of the left renal vein, and the aorta. The complete release of ligament of Treitz allows for exposure of proximal jejunum.The jejunum is then extracted through the ligament of Treitz defect into the right superior colic upper quadrant. Next, the jejunum is measured out approximately 10 centimeters distal to the ligament of Treitz. The mesenteric vessels are taking with a vessel sealing device.Utilizing a linear vascular stapler, the jejunum is transected. Linearization of the duodenum is performed in a sequential ligation of the mesenteric vessels of the proximal jejunum up to the uncinate process. The pars flaccida is open, and the care is taken not to enter the aberrant left hepatic artery.The transection point of the stomach is taken approximately five centimeters proximal to the pylorus. The right gastroepiploic vessels are ligated utilizing the vessel sealer device. The stomach is then transected utilizing a thick linear stapler load.The right gastric artery is ligated with laparoscopic titanium vascular 10 millimeter clips close to its takeoff from the proper hepatic artery. It is then ligated utilizing the blunt tip vessel sealing device. A3 grabs the distal gastric staple line, and retracts the specimen laterally and inferiorly putting the common hepatic artery, and the porta hepatis under tension.The dissection continues through the superior border of the pancreas, and into the porta hepatis. The common hepatic artery lymph node is identified and resected. It is retrieved with a 10 millimeter laparoscopic specimen retrieval bag, hence, sent for permanent pathologic analysis.This allows for full visualization of the gastroduodenal artery. The gastroduodenal artery is identified at the takeoff from the common hepatic artery. The robotic hook cautery is utilized to fully circumferentially dissect the gastroduodenal artery.A vessel loop is passed around the GDA. The GDA is transected with a vascular stapler. The proximal stump is reinforced with a laparoscopic titanium vascular 10 millimeter clips.The portal vein is dissected for a two-to-three centimeters in the cephalic direction. The plane between the common bile duct, and the portal vein is identified and developed posteriorly. The common bile duct is transected with a 60 millimeter curved tip vascular linear stapler above the level of the biliary stent.The lateral border of the portal vein is further dissected utilizing the robotic hook cautery. The superior pancreaticoduodenal artery is often encountered, and is ligated utilizing the assistant's blunt tip vessel sealing device. The superior to inferior dissection of the portal vein continues to the superior border of the pancreas.This dissection allows for exposure of the superior tunnel. A3 grabs and retracts the distal gastric staple line laterally and cephalic to put the gastroepiploic vein on a stretch as it enters the interior SMV. The fatty tissue near the pancreatic inferior border is opened utilizing the electric cautery.The SMV is now visualized. The assistant provides gentle dissection to make the inferior tunnel. The right gastroepiploic vein is traced to its insertion in the SMV.It is dissected, vessel loop is placed, and is ligated utilizing assistant's blunt tip vessel sealing device. A3 now retracts the specimen at the distal gastric staple line laterally to put the pancreatic neck on a stretch. The pancreatic parenchyma is transected utilizing the monopolar curved scissors with electric cautery.Care is taken to identify the main duct. The assistant provides an anterior lift of the pancreas off the SMV during the parenchymal transection. The main pancreatic duct is transected utilizing scissors without electric cautery.Four to five French pancreatic duct stent is placed into the main duct to ensure its identification. The remaining pancreatic parenchyma is transected utilizing electric cautery. This portion of the resection requires slow, meticulous dissection as significant hemorrhage may occur in the absence of operator precision.The key to head an uncinate dissection during this phase is A3, which provides superior and lateral retraction of the specimen. A3 is dynamic during the resection, and requires frequent assessment of its placement. The uncinate process consists of three distinct layers.The first layer consists of filamentous fibers between the SMV portal vein, and the pancreatic head, and uncinate process. A1 is replaced with hook cautery which is mainly utilized for its dissection. The second layer consists of first jejunal vein, the vein of Belcher, and the uncinate branches.A1 and assistant blunt tip vessel sealing device is mainly utilized for dissection and ligation. The third layer is the SMA retroperitoneale margin. The SMV and portal vein is rotated immediately with A2 by the assistant.The assistant's vessel sealing device is utilized for this ligation. Pancreaticojejunostomy is performed in a two-layer, end-to-side, duct to mucosa, in a modified Blumgart technique. A3 is often utilized to grab the previously placed sutures to provide cranial retraction and exposure.Two all-silk trans-pancreatic horizontal mattress sutures are placed to secure the pancreatic parenchyma to the jejunum. Three sutures are placed, one above which is shown here, one below, and one straddling. All three sutures are tied, and the needles are kept on the suture.Care is taken when tying the middle suture which straddles the main pancreatic duct to avoid accidental ductal ligation. The pancreatic duct stent is typically utilized to interrogate the patency of the duct. A1 is then switched to a monopolar scissors which is utilized to perform the enterotomy.This is then replaced to the needle driver. Interrupted 5-0 PDS sutures are utilized to approximate the jejunum mucosa to the pancreatic duct. A minimum of six sutures can always be placed.More sutures can be placed if the duct size is larger. The pancreatic duct stent is then fit through the enterotomy, prior to the placement of the anterior 5-0 PDS sutures. Once the anastomosis is complete, the same 3-0 silk sutures that were previously utilized to place the posterior layers are re-utilized for anterior layer of the pancreaticojejunostomy.Hepaticojejunostomy is performed approximately 10 centimeters distal to the pancreaticojejunostomy. The anastomosis is performed in a single layer, either in interrupted or running fashion. A1 with monopolar curved scissors is used to transect a common bile duct staple line.The bile grasping forceps are utilized to bring the jejunum closer to the common bile duct. A1 is re-armed with monopolar curved scissors, and is utilized to make the enterotomy. The anastomosis is performed using 5-0 PDS sutures in an interrupted fashion for ducts with diameter less than one centimeter.For larger ducts, two running 4-0 barbed sutures are utilized in a single layer continuous fashion. For interrupted anastomosis, the posterior sutures are first placed and tied. For ducts less than one centimeter in size, we often employ a four-to-five French biliary stent to keep the patency of the anastomosis.Next, additional 5-0 PDS sutures are placed to complete the anterior anastomosis. Once all the sutures are placed, the sutures are tied, and the anastomosis is complete. The gastrojejunostomy is a hand-sewn, anti-colic end-to-side isoperistaltic anastomosis.Two, 3-0 silk marking stitches are placed on the jejunum approximately 40 to 60 centimeters distal to the hepaticojejunostomy. This marks the proximal and distal, denoting afferent and efferent limbs of the jejunum. A1 and A2 are replaced with bar grasping forceps.The laparoscopic assistant reflects the omentum and the mesocolon cephalad which allows for the surgeon to locate the neoduodenum. The distal jejunum is then reduced, and placed back into infracolic compartment. The two marking stitches are identified, and the jejunum is brought in an anti-colic, isoperistaltic fashion up to the stomach.The A1 and A2 are replaced with large dual-functioning needle drivers. An interrupted outer layer with two all-silk sutures are placed. The most cephalus suture is held by A3, and utilized as a retraction suture.A1 is replaced with monopolar curved scissors. This is utilized to transect a gastric staple line. The scissors is also utilized to place the enterotomy in the jejunum.The anastomosis is performed utilizing two, 3-0 barbed sutures in a running canal fashion. Interrupted outer layer with 2-0 silk sutures are placed to complete the gastrojejunostomy. Following the completion of the anastomosis, a 19-French round channel drain is placed anterior to the pancreaticojejunostomy and hepaticojejunostomy.A false form ligament flap is utilized to cover the GDS stump. The instruments are removed and the robot is undocked. The fascia and incisions are closed in layers.The total operative time was 225 minutes, estimated blood loss was 25 mLs, there was no post-operative complications. The final pathology revealed invasive moderately-differentiated adenocarcinoma arising from branch duct IPMN. The manuscript provides the detailed steps of a robotic-assisted pancreaticoduodenectomy, as performed at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.

technical-detail-for-robot-assisted-pancreaticoduodenectomy

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

14.2K 조회수.  University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. 원고는 로봇 보조 췌장십절제술을 위한 기술을 설명합니다. 대표된 환자는 췌장염의 급성 개시를 제시한 IPMN의 이전 역사를 가진 42 세 의 여성입니다. CT 스캔 및 내시경 초음파를 포함한 진단 영상은 3.3센티미터를 측정하는 복잡한 중격 이종 질량을 밝혀냈습니다.생화학적 작용은 정상이었습니다. 그녀는 로봇 RAPD에 추천되었다. 환자는 오른팔을 감싸고 압력 포인트가 ...