In Vitro Chemical Mapping of G-Quadruplex DNA Structures by Bis-3-Chloropiperidines

Podsumowanie

Bis-3-chloropiperidines (B-CePs) are useful chemical probes to identify and characterize G-quadruplex structures in DNA templates in vitro. This protocol details the procedure to perform probing reactions with B-CePs and to resolve reaction products by high-resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Streszczenie

G-quadruplexes (G4s) are biologically relevant, non-canonical DNA structures that play an important role in gene expression and diseases, representing significant therapeutic targets. Accessible methods are required for the in vitro characterization of DNA within potential G-quadruplex-forming sequences (PQSs). B-CePs are a class of alkylating agents that have proven to be useful chemical probes for investigation of the higher-order structure of nucleic acids. This paper describes a new chemical mapping assay exploiting the specific reactivity of B-CePs with the N7 of guanines, followed by direct strand cleavage at the alkylated Gs.

Namely, to distinguish G4 folds from unfolded DNA forms, we use B-CeP 1 to probe the thrombin-binding aptamer (TBA), a 15-mer DNA able to assume the G4 arrangement. Reaction of B-CeP-responding guanines with B-CeP 1 yields products that can be resolved by high-resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) at a single-nucleotide level by locating individual alkylation adducts and DNA strand cleavage at the alkylated guanines. Mapping using B-CePs is a simple and powerful tool for the in vitro characterization of G-quadruplex-forming DNA sequences, enabling the precise location of guanines involved in the formation of G-tetrads.

Wprowadzenie

In addition to the typical Watson-Crick double helix, nucleic acids can adopt various secondary structures, such as the alternative G-quadruplex (G4) form, due to their guanine-rich sequences. G4 structure is based on the formation of planar tetramers, called G-tetrads, in which four guanines interact through Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds. G-tetrads are stacked and further stabilized by monovalent cations that are coordinated in the center of the guanine core (Figure 1)¹.

Protokół

1. Nucleic acid and chemical probe preparation

1. Nucleic acids
   NOTE: The oligonucleotide named "TBA" is the 15-mer DNA sequence 5'-GGT-TGG-TGT-GGT-TGG-3' labeled at the 3'-end by the fluorophore 5-carboxyfluorescein (FAM) to enable visualization on the gel. The unlabeled oligonucleotide "cTBA" is its DNA complementary sequence 5'-CCA-ACC-ACA-CCA-ACC-3'. TBA and cTBA are employed to obtain the three different structures, as shown in Table 1.
   1. Autoclave tips and 0.5 mL tubes in order to obtain sterile disposables and avoid contamination.
   2. Prepare stock solutions s....

Dyskusje

G-quadruplexes are nucleic acid secondary structures that typically fold within guanine-rich DNA sequences, and are significant research targets because of their association with genetic control and diseases. Chemical mapping by B-CePs is a useful protocol for the characterization of DNA G4s, which can be used to identify the guanine bases involved in the formation of G-tetrads under physiological salt conditions.

The chemical probe used in this protocol is B-CeP 1 (Figure.......

Materiały

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Acrylamide/bis-acrylamide solution 40%	Applichem	A3658	R45-46-20/21-25-36/38-43-48/23/ 24/25-62
Ammonium per-sulfate (APS)	Sigma Aldrich	A7460
Analytical balance	Mettler Toledo
Autoclave	pbi international
Boric acid	Sigma Aldrich	B0252
Bromophenol blue Brilliant blue R	Sigma Aldrich	B0149
di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate	Fluka	71649
DMSO	Sigma Aldrich	276855
DNA oligonucleotides	Integrated DNA Technologies	synthesis of custom sequences
EDTA disodium	Sigma Aldrich	E5134
Formamide	Fluka	40248	H351-360D-373
Gel imager	GE Healtcare	STORM B40
Glycerol	Sigma Aldrich	G5516
Micro tubes 0.5 mL	Sarstedt	72.704
Potassium Chloride	Sigma Aldrich	P9541
Sequencing apparatus	Biometra	Model S2
Silanization solution I	Fluka	85126	H225, 314, 318, 336, 304, 400, 410
Sodium phosphate monobasic	Carlo Erba	480086
Speedvac concentrator	Thermo Scientific	Savant DNA 120
TEMED	Fluka	87689	R11-21/22-23-34
Tris-HCl	MERCK	1.08387.2500
Urea	Sigma Aldrich	51456
UV-Vis spectrophotometer	Thermo Scientific	Nanodrop 1000