Os autores gostariam de agradecer o Dr. Philip H. Schwartz da Célula de Recursos Humanos Neural Stem Nacional no Hospital da Criança, Orange County Instituto de Pesquisa para a prestação de culturas hNSPC e Dr. Gary Bassell da Universidade de Emory para a instrução inicial na técnica de coloração parafilme.

Dia 1: Células Preparando Lamelas de vidro alemão e Seeding Nota: lamínulas alemães são muitas vezes preferível para cultura primária de células-tronco neurais e neurônios. Nós usamos o protocolo de limpeza a seguir para melhorar a adesão celular e se espalhando. Lamínulas posição em um rack pequeno que permitirá o acesso líquido para ambos os lados da lamela. Primeiro, lamínulas incubar em Liquinox 1% por 10 minutos, seguido de 3 lavagens com água deionizada. Certifique-se que não permaneçam bolhas de sabão. Em seguida, desliza incubar em 1M HCl por 30 minutos, seguido de 3 lavagens com água deionizada. Lamínulas seco a 65 ° C durante a noite. Transferência de lamínulas para um prato de vidro e autoclave para esterilizar. <ol><li> Em uma capa de cultura de tecidos, coloque lamínulas estéreis em uma placa de tamanho apropriado bem. </li><li> Lamínulas casaco com laminina para adesão celular. Lamínulas incubar em 10 mcg / ml poli D-lisina (PDL) em água estéril por 5 minutos em temperatura ambiente. Remover lamínulas PDL e incubar em 20 mcg / ml laminina na EMEM por 4 horas, ou durante a noite, em um 37 ° C de cultura de tecidos incubadora. <ol><li> Nota: Consulte o artigo Neural Stem Passaging Humanos Cells ( <a href="/index/Details.stp?ID=263">https://www.jove.com/index/Details.stp?ID=263</a> ) ea Human Neural Stem Contando artigo Cells ( <a href="/index/Details.stp?ID=262">https://www.jove.com / index / Details.stp? ID = 262</a> ) para aprender a ressuspender e contar hNSPCs. </li></ol></li><li> Enxágüe laminina revestido lamínulas com PBS e as células de semente em cada lamela contendo bem em uma certa densidade (muitas vezes usamos uma densidade inicial de chapeamento 100,000-300,000 células / ml para as células que estamos revestimento para a imunocoloração). </li><li> Colocar a placa em 37 ° C a cultura de tecidos incubadora e permitem que as células a aderir em lamínulas (geralmente um mínimo de 4 horas é necessário). </li></ol> Dia 2: Fixação permeabilização, bloqueio, e adição de anticorpo primário para Células Nota: Usamos o fixador paraformaldeído seguintes 4% para preservar a morfologia das células. A receita inclui uma transição pH para permitir que o paraformaldeído para entrar em solução. Nós preferimos este método ao invés do uso de calor para dissolver paraformaldeído porque as temperaturas mais altas podem levar à geração de ácido fórmico, que pode aumentar coloração de fundo quando se utiliza de fluorescência. Alguns componentes do fixador ajudar a preservar a estrutura do citoesqueleto (MgCl 2 e EGTA), enquanto outros ajudam a manter a morfologia geral (sacarose). Fixadora paraformaldeído 4% para Células <table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td> Reagentes e passos: </td><td> Montante para 100 mL de fixador: </td></tr><tr><td> Água MilliQ </td><td> 75 ml </td></tr><tr><td> Paraformaldeído (pesar na capela) </td><td> 4 g </td></tr><tr><td> NaOH 10N, mexa e adicione algumas gotas até que a solução limpa </td><td> quando necessário </td></tr><tr><td> PBS 10X </td><td> 10 ml </td></tr><tr><td> 1M MgCl 2 </td><td> 0,5 ml </td></tr><tr><td> 0,5 M EGTA </td><td> 2 ml </td></tr><tr><td> Sacarose </td><td> 4 g </td></tr><tr><td> 6N HCl, titular de pH 7,4 </td><td> quando necessário </td></tr><tr><td> Água MilliQ </td><td> trazer para 100 ml </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> Armazenar a 4 ° C por até 1 semana. Quente a 37 ° C antes do uso </td></tr></tbody></table><ol><li> No banco, remova a mídia e adicione fixador pré-aquecido. Incubar por 5-15 minutos (dependendo do antígeno a ser detectado, normalmente os usamos 10 minutos). Realizar esta e as etapas a seguir à temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Descartar o fixador para um recipiente adequado, como muitas instituições lidar com paraformaldeído como resíduos perigosos. Lave as células 3 vezes com PBS, 5 minutos de cada vez. Ao remover soluções a partir de células, tenha cuidado que a sucção não seque as células. Além disso, sempre tem a próxima solução na mão para adicionar células antes de remover a solução que reveste-los para as células não são deixados para secar. </li><li> Se o antígeno de interesse é no interior da célula, a membrana celular deve ser feita permeável para permitir a entrada do anticorpo. Para permeabilizar as células, use uma nova solução de 0,3% Triton X-100 em PBS. Pipeta lentamente porque Triton é viscoso, e certifique-se o detergente é completamente dissolvido em PBS antes de adicionar às células. Permeabilizar as células por 5 minutos, seguido de lavagem das células 3 vezes com PBS, 5 minutos de cada vez. </li><li> As células devem ser tratados com um agente de bloqueio para evitar ligações não específicas do anticorpo. Usamos albumina bovina (BSA) como um agente de bloqueio. A solução de bloqueio é feito através da dissolução BSA 5% em PBS (em um balancim ou rotador, porque leva tempo para dissolver), em seguida, filtrar o solution com um filtro de seringa de 0,45 mM. Bloco de células em 5% solução BSA / PBS por 1 hora à temperatura ambiente. </li></ol> Diluir o anticorpo primário (que é quase específico para a proteína de interesse) a uma concentração pré-determinada em 1% BSA / PBS (preparadas por diluição de 5% BSA / PBS). Coloque o anticorpo primário diluído (30 mL por 25 lamela mm, 20 l por 18 lamela mm, 15 mL por 12 lamela mm) em uma placa de vidro coberta com parafilme. Pick up a lamela com células fixas, inverter de tal forma que as células viradas para baixo, e coloque-o sobre a solução de anticorpos para que as células estão em contato com o anticorpo. Coloque uma tira parafilme segundo sobre a construção inteira. Incubar a 4 ° C durante a noite. Dia 3: lavar roupa, incubação com anticorpo secundário, Stain Nuclear e de montagem <ol><li> Remova cuidadosamente a fita parafilme topo e pegar as lamelas, invertê-lo, e colocá-lo de volta para a placa com PBS em cada poço de lava de modo que as células são virados para cima. </li><li> Lave as células 3 vezes com PBS, 5 minutos de cada vez. </li><li> Escolha um anticorpo secundário que irá detectar o anticorpo primário, por exemplo, se o anticorpo primário foi feito em um coelho, o anticorpo secundário devem reconhecer coelho IgG. Tome cuidado também para coincidir com o isotipo de anticorpos (IgG, IgM, etc). Se estiver usando múltiplos anticorpos primários, certifique-se que eles são de diferentes espécies ou isotipos, e plano para detectar com diferentes marcadores ligados aos anticorpos secundários. Por exemplo, você poderia usar um anti-coelho acoplado secundária a um fluoróforo vermelho com um mouse acoplado anti secundária a um fluoróforo verde. Incubar as células na solução de anticorpo secundário diluído para uma concentração adequada em BSA 1% por 2 horas no escuro a temperatura ambiente, usando a mesma técnica para a primária (passos não mostrado no vídeo). O volume de anticorpo secundário necessário para a incubação pode ser ligeiramente maior do que aquele para o anticorpo primário, se o secundário é armazenado como uma solução de glicerol (40 mL por 25 lamela mm, 30 mL por 18 lamela mm, 25 mL por 12 lamela mm) . <ul><li> Nota: Se você estiver usando moléculas fluorescentes para visualizar o anticorpo secundário, a amostra precisa ser protegido da luz uma vez que o anticorpo secundário foi adicionado. Incubar no escuro, ou em uma placa de alumínio coberta. </li></ul></li><li> Remova cuidadosamente as lamelas das parafilme como descrito para o anticorpo primário. Lave as células duas vezes com PBS, 5 minutos cada tempo, seguido por um 1 minuto de incubação de 2 mg / ml nuclear Hoechst mancha diluído em PBS (se um contracorante nuclear é o preferido). Se a mancha é antiga Hoechst eo sinal é muito fraca, você pode aumentar o tempo de incubação e / ou a concentração. Após a incubação com Hoechst, lave uma vez com PBS por 5 minutos. </li><li> As lamelas deve ser montado em um slide com meios de montagem para a visualização em um microscópio. Nos casos em que uma molécula fluorescente é utilizado para visualização do anticorpo secundário, a meios de montagem deve conter agentes para minimizar fotobranqueamento. Usamos Vectashield como uma mídia de montagem para fluorescência. Coloque uma gota de tamanho adequado Vectashield numa lâmina de microscópio (12 mL por 25 lamela mm, 6 mL por 18 lamela mm, 3 mL por 12 lamela mm). </li><li> Com cuidado, pegue a lamínula e lavar as costas com água deionizada para remover os sais (a partir da PBS). Dab o excesso de água em um kimwipe ou toalha de papel, e se lançou a gota de Vectashield com células virada para baixo. Coloque a lamínula sobre em um ângulo e permitir a descer lentamente para evitar bolhas de retenção de ar. Rótulo o slide com a data e as informações da amostra. </li><li> Permitir slides com lamínulas para secar (no escuro) de sucção, em seguida, o excesso de off Vectashield em torno da borda da lamínula. As bordas da lamínula agora pode ser selada com unha polonês, se desejar (especialmente útil se lamínulas serão visualizadas em um microscópio invertido). Costumamos salvar nossos slides em um freezer -20 C °. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Flanagan, L. A., Chou, J., Falet, H., Neujahr, R., Hartwig, J. H., Stossel, T. P., Filamin, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Filamin+A,+the+Arp2/3+complex,+and+the+morphology+and+function+of+cortical+actin+filaments+in+human+melanoma+cells.">Filamin A, the Arp2/3 complex, and the morphology and function of cortical actin filaments in human melanoma cells.</a> J. Cell Biol. 155, 511-518 (2001).</li><li>Flanagan, L. A., Rebaza, L. M., Derzic, S., Schwartz, P. H., Monuki, E. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+human+neural+precursor+cells+by+laminin+and+integrins.">Regulation of human neural precursor cells by laminin and integrins.</a> J. Neurosci. Res. 83, 845-856 (2006).</li><li>Flanagan, L. A., Ziaeian, B., Palmer, T., Schwartz, P. H., Loring, J. F., Wesselschmidt, R. W., Schwartz, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunocytochemical+analysis+of+stem+cells.">Immunocytochemical analysis of stem cells.</a> In Human Stem Cell Manual: A Laboratory Guide. , (2007).</li><li>Marchenko, S., Flanagan, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Passaging+Human+Neural+Stem+Cells.">Passaging Human Neural Stem Cells.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. 7, (2007).</li><li>Marchenko, S., Flanagan, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Counting+Human+Neural+Stem+Cells.">Counting Human Neural Stem Cells.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. 7, (2007).</li></ol>

Este protocolo descreve um procedimento de imunomarcação para hNSPCs que minimiza o volume de anticorpos necessário e dá coloração celular confiável. O procedimento descrito é o melhor para os antígenos intracelulares, mas podem ser modificados para mancha moléculas de superfície celular ou para melhorar a coloração do citoesqueleto.

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>German glass (Deutsche Spiegelglas) coverslips</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Carolina Biological Supply Company</td>
<td>WW-63-3029</td>
<td>12,15,18, 22, 25 mm coverslips available</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Liquinox phosphate-free detergent</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>Z273279</td>
<td>very viscous</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Poly-D-lysine hydrobromide</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P7280</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Laminin, natural mouse</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>23017-015</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>EMEM (1X)</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Mediatech</td>
<td>MT-10-010-CV</td>
<td>Distributed by Fisher under the indicated catalog #</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>24 well plate</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>08-772-1</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Triton X-100</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>BP151-500</td>
<td>very viscous</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P6148</td>
<td>potential carcinogen, use caution when using it in powder and solution form</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bovine Serum Albumin, IgG-free</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Jackson Immunoresearch</td>
<td>001-000-161</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Hoechst 33342</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>H-1399</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Vectashield</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
<td>H-1000</td>
<td>viscous</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
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immunocytochemistry: human neural stem cells

Imunocitoquímica é um método muito poderoso e bastante simples para determinar a presença, localização subcelular e abundância relativa de um antígeno de interesse, geralmente uma proteína, em células em cultura. Este protocolo apresenta um fácil de seguir série de passos que vai permitir aos investigadores para conservar anticorpos primário e secundário ao obter alta qualidade, reprodutíveis e qualitativa de dados quantitativos de sua coloração. Há dois aspectos deste protocolo, que contribuirá para a conservação do volume de anticorpos necessário para a coloração. Por um lado, as células são cultivadas em pequenas, lamínulas circulares que são colocados em poços de uma placa de cultura de tecidos. Após a fixação, as células em lamínulas podem ser removidos dos poços da placa. Para a coloração de anticorpos, as lamelas com células é invertido em uma pequena gota de solução anticorpo em parafilme e é coberta com um segundo pedaço de parafilme para evitar a secagem. Usando este método, apenas ~ 25 ml de solução de anticorpo é necessária para cada lamela (ou amostra) a ser manchada. Este protocolo descreve imunocoloração de-tronco neurais humanas / precursor células (hNSPCs), mas pode ser usado para muitos outros tipos celulares.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Immunocytochemistry: Human Neural Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Immunocytochemistry: Human Neural Stem Cells

Imunocitoquímica é um poderoso método para determinar a presença, localização subcelular e abundância relativa de um antígeno de interesse em células em cultura. Este protocolo apresenta um fácil de seguir série de medidas que permitirão uma anticorpos para conservar e tirar o máximo proveito da própria coloração.

Imunocitoquímica: células-tronco neurais

Immunocytochemistry is a very powerful and fairly straightforward method for determining the presence, subcellular localization, and relative abundance of ...

immunocytochemistry-human-neural-stem-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

27.3K visualizações.  University of California, Irvine (UCI). Imunocitoquímica é um poderoso método para determinar a presença, localização subcelular e abundância relativa de um antígeno de interesse em células em cultura. Este protocolo apresenta um fácil de seguir série de medidas que permitirão uma anticorpos para conservar e tirar o máximo proveito da própria coloração.

Vídeo: Immunocytochemistry: Human Neural Stem Cells

Propagation of Human Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells

Propagation of Human Embryonic Stem ES Cells

Yeah, so I'm Lauren Deon. I'm in charge of the Human Amgen stem cell co facility at MGH. Yeah, so I'm Lauren, I'm in charge of the Human AM stem cell co facility at MGH.So I've been working with human Amgen stem cells for years now since I was a postdoc in George De Lab before, from four, four years. And so right now we have two cell lines, H one and H nine, which are both from Y cell. And so the way we are expanding or maintaining these cells in culture is by, at least the way we are splitting these cells is by using collagenous.So what I usually do is for the first few passage after throwing the cells, I use a technical, the picking colonies. So in this case, I can check under the microscope which colonies are good and differentiate and nice shape, and I will collect only these colonies and I will cut them in few pieces and put them back in, in a fresh flat. And the, the colonies that look kind of differentiate it are just left them alone.The other way to pass the cells is by using trypsin. So I don't use this technique here. I think collagenase is a little bit safer because human being stem cells don't like to be individualized or they don't like to be alone.So if you do trypsin, if you use trypsin for a little bit too long, if you use it for like three to four minutes, which is the way we use strips in for other type of cells, human stem cells will be individualized and most of them will die or just differentiate or will not attach to the myth. So the idea is you have to keep the cells as clumps. You don't want them to be alone in the in, in the flask.So using collagenase, the advantage is to keep cells as plants. Using chipsy, you just select for cells that will survive this very, very harsh process of g opsonization. So these cells are usually very highly proliferative.So you get, you can adapt your cells to this tripsin process. The problem is that you have cells that they behave differently, they go much faster. And one risk is that you can get some commercial abnormality to, to this, to this very high division process.So you say that ization can cause selection of cells in culture for most proliferative cells.Right. More ative and probably also higher survival rates than other cells. So after proliferation, basically culture after proliferation in tripsin, after several passages become a different culture, these different properties.So it's, it's hard to figure out if they are exactly identical. If you do the test, the usual test, let's say you check markers, regular markers of end differentiated cells like OC four, nano one 60 SC four C, C3, all this molecule might still be expressed. If you do TER formation, this cells might still differentiate and be formed like al like normal cells.If you look at the karyotype, you might have some abnormality, but you might still have a normal karyotype. The, the, the selective advantage might be due to just a mutation that you cannot see by doing a karyotype. So the fact that they grow much faster is by itself I think a little bit worser.And if we want to use these cells for transplantation at some point, I would definitely not use this type of cells.Okay. So would you like to tell me what are the main technical problems with using this technique for, for passages of cells? So using S, yes.It's just a little bit longer and also it's, since the cells are not going as fast, it's just much longer to get a high number of cells to do some experiment. So it's just less convenient I would say. Would you like to tell me about few words about the goals of your experiment?How do you use CS cells? Okay, so my main project here is to get endothelial cells from human AB stem cells. And the idea is to be able to make blood.And we are working a lot with tissue bioengineering labs and one of their goal is to make tissue in vitro. But one of the limitation to this is the lack of blood vessels going through this tissues. So if we can bring endothelial cells or put endothelial cells in this tissue, we would have better growth of this tissue.So the idea few sources of cells are known for endothelial cells like cold blood or pressure blood, but it would be interesting to have another source of cells like human years. And the advantage is since human years can be expanded and most infinitely, you could modify these cells, make some inducible system and be able to use it. Then in your final product, your material cells, in this case.

Propagação de-tronco embrionárias humanas (ES) Células

Biologia

Transfecting Human Neural Stem Cells with the Amaxa Nucleofector

Transfection of primary mammalian neural cells, such as human neural stem/precursor cells (hNSPCs), with commonly used cationic lipid transfection reagents has often resulted in poor cell viability and low transfection efficiency.  Other mechanical methods of introducing a gene of interest, such as a &#8220;gene gun&#8221; or microinjection, are also limited by poor cell viability and low numbers of transfected cells.  The strategy of using viral constructs to introduce an exogenous gene into primary cells has been constrained by both the amount of time and labor required to create viral vectors and potential safety concerns.  We describe here a step-by-step protocol for transfecting hNSPCs using Amaxa's Nucleofector device and technology with electrical current parameters and buffer solutions specifically optimized for transfecting neural stem cells.  Using this protocol, we have achieved initial transfection efficiencies of ~35% and ~70% after stable transfection.  The protocol entails combining a high number of hNSPCs with the DNA to be transfected in the appropriate buffer followed by electroporation with the Nucleofector device.

Introducing a gene of interest into a cell is a powerful method for elucidating its function in vivo. This protocol describes an efficient method of transfecting a culture of human neural stem/precursor cells (hNSPCs) using the Nucleofector electroporation apparatus made by Amaxa.

Transfecting células-tronco neurais com o Nucleofector Amaxa

Transfection of primary mammalian neural cells, such as human neural stem/precursor cells (hNSPCs), with commonly used cationic lipid transfection ...

Counting Human Neural Stem Cells

Knowledge of the exact number of viable cells in a given volume of a cell suspension is required for many routine tissue culture manipulations, such as plating cells for immunocytochemistry or for cell transfections. This protocol describes a straightforward and fast method for differentiating between live and dead cells and quantifying the cell concentration and total cell number using a hemacytometer. This procedure first requires detaching cells from a growth surface and resuspending them in media. Next, the cells are diluted in a solution of Trypan blue (ideally to a concentration that will give 20-50 cells per quadrant) and placed in the hemacytometer. Finally, averaging the counts of viable cells in several randomly selected quadrants, dividing the average by the volume of one 1 mm2 quadrant (0.1 &mu;l) and multiplying by the dilution factor gives the number of cells per l. Multiplying this cell concentration by the total volume in &mu;l gives the total cell number. This protocol describes counting human neural stem/precursor cells (hNSPCs), but can also be used for many other cell types.

Knowledge of the exact number of viable cells is required for many tissue culture manipulations. This protocol describes how to differentiate between live and dead cells and quantify cells using a hemacytometer. Although it describes counting human neural stem/precursor cells (hNSPCs), it can be used for other cell types.

Contando células-tronco neurais

Knowledge of the exact number of viable cells in a given volume of a cell suspension is required for many routine tissue culture manipulations, such as ...

Passaging Human Neural Stem Cells

The ability to manipulate human neural stem/precursor cells (hNSPCs) in vitro provides a means to investigate their utility as cell transplants for therapeutic purposes as well as to explore many fundamental processes of human neural development and pathology.  This protocol presents a simple method of culturing and passaging hNSPCs in hopes of standardizing this technique and increasing reproducibility of human stem cell research.  The hNSPCs we use were isolated from cadaveric postnatal brain cortices by the National Human Neural Stem Cell Resource and grown as adherent cultures on flasks coated with fibronectin (Palmer et al., 2001; Schwartz et al., 2003).  We culture our hNSPCs in a DMEM:F12 serum-free media supplemented with EGF, FGF, and PDGF and passage them 1:2 approximately every seven days.  Using these conditions, the majority of the cells in the culture maintain a bipolar morphology and express markers of undifferentiated neural stem cells (such as nestin and sox2).

The ability to manipulate human neural stem/precursor cells (hNSPCs) in vitro allows to investigate their utility as cell transplants for therapeutic purposes and to explore human neural development. This protocol presents a method of culturing and passaging hNSPCs in hopes of increasing reproducibility of human stem cell research.

Passaging células-tronco neurais

The ability to manipulate human neural stem/precursor cells (hNSPCs) in vitro provides a means to investigate their utility as cell transplants for ...

Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass. 


The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass.

Derivação de células estaminais embrionárias humanas por Immunosurgery

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both ...

Mouse Epidermal Neural Crest Stem Cell (EPI-NCSC) Cultures

EPI-NCSC are remnants of the embryonic neural crest in an adult location, the bulge of hair follicles. They are multipotent stem cells that have the physiological property to generate a wide array of differentiated cell types, including neurons, nerve supporting cells, smooth muscle cells, bone/cartilage cells and melanocytes. EPI-NCSC are easily accessible in the hairy skin and can be isolated as a highly pure population of stem cells. This video provides a detailed protocol for preparing mouse EPI-NCSC cultures from whisker follicles. The whisker pad of an adult mouse is removed, and whisker follicles dissected. The follicles are then cut longitudinally and subsequently transversely above and below the bulge region. The bulge is removed from the collagen capsule and placed in a culture plate. EPI-NCSC start to emigrate from the bulge explants 3 to 4 days later.

Mouse Epidermal Neural Crest Stem Cell EPI-NCSC Cultures

Here we show our method to isolate mouse epidermal neural crest stem cells (EPI-NCSC). Technique involves micro-dissecting whisker follicles, isolating the bulge and placeing it into tissue culture. EPI-NCSC start to emigrate from bulge explants onto the substratum within 3 - 4 days.

Rato Epidérmico Neural Stem Cell Crest (EPI-NCSC) Culturas

EPI-NCSC are remnants of the embryonic neural crest in an adult location, the bulge of hair follicles. They are multipotent stem cells that have the ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are characterized by two fundamental properties: self-renewal and multipotency that allows a stem cell to differentiate into virtually any cell type 1. The progression stem cell to differentiated cell is characterized by loss of multipotency, structural and morphological changes and the hierarchic activity of transcription factors and signaling molecules, whose activities establish and maintain cell-type specific gene expression patterns. At the molecular level, cell differentiation involves dynamic changes of the structure and composition of chromatin and the detection of those dynamic changes can provide valuable insights into the functional features of stem cells and the cell differentiation process 2,3. Chromatin is a highly compacted DNA-protein complex that forms when cells package chromosomal DNA with proteins, mainly histones 4. Stemcellness and cell differentiation has been correlated with the presence of specific arrays of regulatory proteins such as epigenetic factors, histone variants, and transcription factors 2,3,5.
 Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) provides a valuable method to monitor the presence of RNA, proteins, and protein modifications in chromatin 6,7. The comparison of chromatin from different cell types can elucidate dynamic changes in protein-chromatin associations that occur during cell differentiation.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation involves the purification of in vivo cross-linked chromatin. The isolated chromatin is reduced to smaller fragments by enzymatic digestion or mechanical force. Chromatin fragments are precipitated using specific antibodies to target proteins or protein and DNA modifications. The precipitated DNA or RNA is purified and used as a template for PCR or DNA microarray based assays. Prerequisites for a successful ChIP are high quality antibodies to the desired antigen and the availability of chromatin from control cells that do not express the target molecule. ChIP can correlate the presence of proteins, protein and RNA modifications, and RNA with specific target DNA, and depending on the choice of outread tool, detects the association of target molecules at specific target genes or in the context of an entire genome. The comparison of the distribution of proteins in the chromatin of differentiating cells can elucidate the dynamic changes of chromatin composition that coincide with the progression of cells along a cell lineage.

The differentiation of ESC coincides with cell-type specific changes in the structure and composition of chromatin. The detection of those changes provides valuable insights into the mechanisms that define stemcellness and cell differentiation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) represents a valuable method to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying stem cell differentiation.

Cromatina imunoprecipitação de células estaminais embrionárias humanas

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are ...

Freezing and Thawing Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells from a frozen stock have become important procedures performed in routine hES cell culture. Since hES cells are very sensitive to the stresses of freezing and thawing, special care must taken. Here we demonstrate the proper technique for rapidly thawing hES cells from liquid nitrogen stocks, plating them on mouse embryonic feeder cells, and slowly freezing them for long-term storage.

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells from a frozen stock have become important procedures performed in routine hES cell culture. Since hES cells are very sensitive to the stresses of freezing and thawing, special care must taken. Here we demonstrate the proper technique for rapidly thawing hES cells from liquid nitrogen stocks, plating them on mouse embryonic feeder cells, and slowly freezing them for long-term storage.

Congelamento e descongelamento, células estaminais embrionárias humanas

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells ...

Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Oligodendrocyte Precursors

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant interest in deriving a pure population of lineage-committed oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) for transplantation. OPCs are characterized by the activity of the transcription factor Olig2 and surface expression of a proteoglycan NG2. Using the GFP-Olig2 (G-Olig2) mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) reporter line, we optimized conditions for the differentiation of mESCs into GFP+Olig2+NG2+ OPCs. In our protocol, we first describe the generation of embryoid bodies (EBs) from mESCs. Second, we describe treatment of mESC-derived EBs with small molecules: (1) retinoic acid (RA) and (2) a sonic hedgehog (Shh) agonist purmorphamine (Pur) under defined culture conditions to direct EB differentiation into the oligodendroglial lineage. By this approach, OPCs can be obtained with high efficiency (&gt;80%) in a time period of 30 days. Cells derived from mESCs in this protocol are phenotypically similar to OPCs derived from primary tissue culture. The mESC-derived OPCs do not show the spiking property described for a subpopulation of brain OPCs in situ. To study this electrophysiological property, we describe the generation of spiking mESC-derived OPCs by ectopically expressing NaV1.2 subunit. The spiking and nonspiking cells obtained from this protocol will help advance functional studies on the two subpopulations of OPCs.

We describe a small molecule-based protocol for differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). This protocol generates Olig2+NG2+ OPCs with high efficiency by 30 days of differentiation. We also describe a method to generate "spiking" OPCs that can fire action potentials.

Diferenciação de células-tronco embrionárias em precursores oligodendroglial

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant ...

Fate Mapping of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Teratoma Formation 

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have an unlimited capacity for self-renewal, and the ability to differentiate into cells derived from all three embryonic germ layers (1). Directed differentiation of hESCs into specific cell types has generated much interest in the field of regenerative medicine (e.g., (2-5)), and methods for determining the in vivo fate of selected or manipulated hESCs are essential to this endeavor. We have adapted a highly efficient teratoma formation assay for this purpose. A small number of specifically selected hESCs is mixed with undifferentiated wild type hESCs and Phaseolus vulgaris lectin to form a cell pellet. This is grafted beneath the kidney capsule in an immunodeficient mouse. As few as 2.5 x 105 hESCs are needed to form a 16 cm3 teratoma within 8-12 weeks. The fate of the originally selected hESCs can then be determined by immunohistochemistry. This method provides a valuable tool for characterizing tissue-specific reagents for cell-based therapy.

Fate Mapping of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Teratoma Formation

Directed differentiation of hESCs into specific cells has generated much interest in regenerative medicine. We provide a concise, step-by-step protocol for determining the in vivo fate of selected hESCs that provides a valuable tool for characterizing tissue-specific reagents for cell-based therapy.