Os autores agradecem a Leif Oxburgh e Derek Adams por compartilhar generosamente seus conhecimentos, Leif Oxburgh pelos comentários úteis sobre o manuscrito, e Stefan Wölfl e Ulrike Müller pelo seu apoio técnico e Saskia Schmitteckert, Julia Gobbert, Sascha Weyer e Viola Mayer pela ajuda na Laboratório Este trabalho foi apoiado por Desenvolvimento, A Empresa de Biólogos (a CP).

Os ratinhos foram mantidos de acordo com a regulamentação sueca ea legislação da União Europeia (2010/63 / UE). Todos os procedimentos foram realizados seguindo as diretrizes do Comitê de Ética Sueco (autorizações C79 / 9, C248 / 11 e C135 / 14). Procedimentos na Universidade de Heidelberg envolvendo animais sujeitos foram aprovados pelo Regierungspräsidium Karlsruhe e os agentes de bem-estar animal na Universidade de Heidelberg. 1. Preparação de Reagentes e Materiais para a Cultura NOTA: Use uma capa de fluxo laminar para minimizar a contaminação. <ol><li> No dia da dissecção, Fc humano pré-agrupamento ou proteína de efrina quimérica recombinante fundida a Fc humano por mistura com anticorpos de cabra Fc anti-humanos numa razão molar de 1: 5 em solução salina tamponada com fosfato estéril (PBS). Incubar durante 1 h a 37 ° C 5 . </li><li> Preparar o meio de cultura suplementando Dulbecco Modified Eagle Medium: NutrientMistura F-12 (DMEM / F12) com penicilina / estreptomicina a 1% (v / v), glutamina a 1% (v / v), insulina transferrina selénio (v / v) a 50 μg / Transferrina e 1,5 μg / mL de anfotericina. NOTA: 10 mL de meio é suficiente para 16 embriões. </li><li> Adicionar solução de efrínina recombinante agrupada a uma concentração final de 20 μg / mL ao meio de cultura. Use o Fc humano agrupado como controle. </li><li> Preparar placas de cultura por adição de 500 μL de meio de cultura a cada poço de uma placa de 4 poços de poliestireno estéril, não revestido, de fundo plano. </li><li> Usando pinças esterilizadas, coloque cuidadosamente um filtro de membrana de policarbonato com um tamanho de poro de 5 μm por poço em cima do meio. Transferir a placa preparada para a incubadora (37 ° C / 5% CO 2 ). Certifique-se de que o filtro permanece seco na superfície superior e flutua. NOTA: Um filtro é suficiente para dois anlagen de rim. </li><li> Usando uma lâmina de barbear, corte aproximadamente 30 pontas de pipeta (volume: 100 μL) approximatelY 1 mm da ponta para resultar numa abertura mais larga. Coloque as pontas de volta em um rack de ponta de pipeta. </li></ol> 2. Dissecção de Rudimentos Metanefricos em E11.5 <ol><li> Sacrifique um rato com gestação cronometrada em E11.5 por deslocamento cervical (ou usando um método aprovado pelo comitê de ética local). </li><li> Remova o útero e os embriões, como descrito por Brown et al 6 . Deste ponto em diante, trabalhar sob um microscópio de dissecção. </li><li> Usando pinças de relojoeiro No. 5, corte o embrião diretamente sob as patas dianteiras. Use um prato de Petri fresco para cada embrião. Remova as pernas ea cauda do embrião. Para fazer isso, pegue o tecido a ser removido com um par de fórceps de relojoeiro No. 5 e use as pontas de um segundo par para cortar. </li><li> Para remover a massa do órgão ventral, use as pontas de um par de fórceps para abrir lateralmente a parede do corpo do embrião em uma direção rostral para caudal. <ol><li> Corte superficialmente, paralelo a tAorta dorsal. Use a aorta dorsal cheia de sangue e portanto visível para orientação. Cuidadosamente separar a parte ventral da parede do corpo da parte dorsal usando as pontas da pinça fechada e virar o embrião sobre. Corte a parede do corpo lateralmente em uma direção rostral-para-caudal e usando a aorta dorsal para a orientação, como para o lado anterior. </li></ol></li><li> Uma vez que a parede do corpo ventral foi separada do corpo dorsal, agarrá-lo com um par de fórceps e puxe cuidadosamente para removê-lo, juntamente com a massa do órgão. NOTA: O anlagen metanefric permanece geralmente unido à parede do corpo dorsal. São estruturas ovais, ~ 200 μm de comprimento, localizadas ao nível dos membros posteriores. </li><li> Segure a parede do corpo dorsal com um par de fórceps, com o lado ventral voltado para cima. Usando o outro par de fórceps, pegue a aorta dorsal em sua extremidade rostral e cuidadosamente descascar a aorta dorsal da parede do corpo dorsal. NOTA: Ambos os rins metanefric geralmente permanecem anexarÀ aorta dorsal. </li><li> Usando um par de fórceps, corte rostralmente para o rim anlagen para remover a aorta. Em seguida, cuidadosamente separar o anlagen dois rins usando as pontas do fórceps. </li><li> Cuidadosamente descascar tecido não desejado do rim anlagen usando as pontas do fórceps. Tome cuidado para não danificar o mesênquima, uma vez que os danos podem resultar em crescimento fraco e exclusão do explante de uma análise posterior. </li><li> Transferir o anlagen renal separadamente usando uma pipeta de microlitro e uma ponta de pipeta aberta em 10 μL de PBS para o filtro de membrana de policarbonato em uma placa de 4 poços. NOTA: Devido à tensão superficial, o explante será coberto com uma fina camada de meio. Um filtro é suficiente para dois rim anlagen. <ol><li> Coloque cada um dos dois anlagen renal no centro de cada respectiva metade do filtro. Transferir a placa de volta para a incubadora a 37 ° C / 5% de CO2. Deixar a placa na incubadora até que o metanephric rudImensos do próximo embrião estão prontos para serem colocados no filtro. </li></ol></li><li> Repita os passos 2.3-2.9.1 para cada embrião. NOTA: Com alguma prática, o procedimento de dissecção levará cerca de 5 min por embrião. </li><li> Incubar o anlagenio renal durante 3 dias a 37 ° C / 5% CO 2 . </li></ol> 3. Preparação de Reagentes para Fixação e Coloração <ol><li> Para preparar paraformaldeído a 4% (PFA) em PBS sem cálcio e magnésio (p / v), dissolver a PFA a 60 ° C em PBS, agitando continuamente. Arrefecer até à temperatura ambiente e utilizar um filtro de papel para remover as restantes partículas. Alíquota e manter a 4 ° C para uso imediato ou congelar para armazenamento de longo prazo. CUIDADO: PFA é tóxico. Usar o equipamento de proteção individual especificado nas normas de segurança locais e trabalhar em um exaustor. Descarte resíduos de acordo com as diretrizes institucionais e usando recipientes de resíduos designados. </li><li> Para preparar a solução de permeabilização, diluir Triton X-100Em PBS sem cálcio e magnésio até 0,3% (v / v). </li><li> Para preparar a solução de bloqueio, adicionar 5% (v / v) de soro de cabra e 0,1% de Triton X-100 a PBS sem cálcio e magnésio. Adicionar azida de sódio a uma concentração final de 0,02% (p / v). Armazenar a 4 ° C. CUIDADO: A azida sódica é tóxica. Manipular azida de sódio de acordo com os regulamentos locais de segurança e protecção ambiental. NOTA: Quando se utilizam anticorpos para coloração, utilizar soro a 5% da espécie a partir da qual se derivou o anticorpo secundário para se obter uma solução de bloqueio. </li><li> Diluir a aglutinina de Dolichorus biflorus biotinilada 1: 200 em solução de bloqueio. Diluir estreptavidina conjugada com Alexa488 1: 200 em solução de bloqueio. </li><li> Para fazer um meio de incorporação pronto a usar (ver a tabela de materiais), adicione 0,1 g de mucoadesivo / ml a base de álcool polivinílico solúvel em água a 25% (p / v) de glicerol em Tris-HCl 0,1 M (pH 8,5) . Aquecer a 50 ° C sob agitação contínua durante 1 h, arrefecer e ajustar o pH para 8,0-8,5 usando 1M NaOH. Evitar concentrações mais elevadas de NaOH. Adicionar 100 μg / mL de N-propilgalato e timerosal até uma concentração final de 0,02% (p / v). Agitar durante 30 min à temperatura ambiente. CUIDADO: O timerosal é tóxico. Manuseie-o de acordo com os regulamentos locais de segurança e protecção ambiental. <ol><li> Encher o meio de incorporação em tubos de 50 mL, equilibrar o rotor e centrifugar a 3.200 xg e à temperatura ambiente durante 10 min. Decantar a solução límpida em tubos de 15 mL e descartar a pastilha. Alicuotar e armazenar a -20 ° C durante várias semanas. Uma vez descongelado, mantenha a solução a 4 ° C. Aquecer a ~ 30 ° C imediatamente antes da utilização. </li></ol></li><li> Preparar como muitos slides de vidro como filtros com explantes devem ser montados. Para isso, cola dois pequenos lamínulas, 18 x 18 mm, em ambos os lados da lâmina de vidro usando adesivo instantâneo, deixe um espaço de ~ 15 mm para o filtro entre. </li></ol> 4. Fixação e coloração <ol><li> Após um período de cultura de 3Dias in vitro (div), remover as placas da incubadora e aspirar cuidadosamente o meio de cultura de cada poço utilizando uma micropipeta. Certifique-se de não tocar no filtro e manter a abertura da ponta para a parede do poço. </li><li> Adicionar 500 μL de PFA a 4% / PBS a cada poço. Os filtros flutuam no fixador. Usando uma micropipeta, adicione cuidadosamente o fixador PFA gota a gota para submergir os filtros. Incubar à temperatura ambiente durante 30 min. NOTA: Para todas as etapas seguintes, deve-se ter cuidado para não lavar os explantes do filtro. Mantenha a abertura da ponta da pipeta em direção à parede do poço. </li><li> Remover o PFA e enxaguar duas vezes com 500 μL de PBS, submergindo o filtro. Adicionar 500 μL de solução de permeabilização a cada poço e incubar à temperatura ambiente durante 1 h. </li><li> Enxaguar duas vezes com 500 μL de PBS e adicionar 500 μL de solução de bloqueio a cada poço. Incubar à temperatura ambiente durante 1 h. </li><li> Substitua a solução de bloqueio por250 μL de aglutinina biotinilada de Dolichorus biflorus diluída a 1: 200 em solução de bloqueio e incubar a 4 ° C durante 24 h. </li><li> Remover a solução de aglutinina de Dolichorus biflorus e enxaguar duas vezes com 500 μL de PBS por poço. </li><li> Adicionar 250 μL de estreptavidina conjugada com Alexa488 diluída a 1: 200 em solução de bloqueio e incubar a 4 ° C durante 24 h. Alternativamente, incubar à temperatura ambiente durante 2 h. NOTA: Uma melhor relação sinal-ruído é alcançada quando incubada a 4 ° C. </li><li> Enxágüe duas vezes com 500 μL de PBS por poço. Usando pinças, transfira os filtros para as lâminas de vidro preparadas, com os explantes voltados para cima. Monte com ~ 50-100 μL de meio de incorporação. Cubra com os lamínulas No. 1.5 de 60 mm de comprimento. Permitir que a solução de meio de incorporação solidifique durante 2 h à temperatura ambiente no escuro. Proceda à imagem ou guarde os slides, envoltos em papel alumínio, a 4 ° C até à imagem. </li><li> Imagem com um microscópio de epifluorescência de campo largo 7 &lt;/ Sup&gt; acoplado a uma lâmpada de Hg e utilizar uma unidade de espelho para excitação azul (onda de excitação, 460-495 nm, espelho dicromático, 505 nm, e passagem de emissão, 510-550 nm) e lentes 20X Plan-Apochromat, 0,75 numérico abertura. </li></ol>

<ol>
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O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrated+&#946;-catenin,+BMP,+PTEN,+and+Notch+signalling+patterns+the+nephron.">Integrated &#946;-catenin, BMP, PTEN, and Notch signalling patterns the nephron.</a> eLife. 4, e04000 (2015).</li><li>Peuckert, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multimodal+Eph/Ephrin+signaling+controls+several+phases+of+urogenital+development.">Multimodal Eph/Ephrin signaling controls several phases of urogenital development.</a> Kidney Int. 90 (2), 373-388 (2016).</li><li>Pasquale, E. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eph+receptor+signalling+casts+a+wide+net+on+cell+behaviour.">Eph receptor signalling casts a wide net on cell behaviour.</a> Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 6 (6), 462-475 (2005).</li><li>Bonanomi, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ret+Is+a+Multifunctional+Coreceptor+that+Integrates+Diffusible-+and+Contact-Axon+Guidance+Signals.">Ret Is a Multifunctional Coreceptor that Integrates Diffusible- and Contact-Axon Guidance Signals.</a> Cell. 148 (2), 568-582 (2012).</li><li>Brown, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+Culture+of+Cells+from+the+Nephrogenic+Zone+of+the+Embryonic+Mouse+Kidney.">Isolation and Culture of Cells from the Nephrogenic Zone of the Embryonic Mouse Kidney.</a> J Vis Exp. (50), e2555 (2011).</li><li>Grobstein, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inductive+interaction+in+the+development+of+the+mouse+metanephros.">Inductive interaction in the development of the mouse metanephros.</a> J Exp Zool. 130, 319-340 (1955).</li><li>Sax&#233;n, L., Toivonen, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Primary Embryonic Induction. , (1962).</li><li>Sax&#233;n, L., Koskimies, O., Lahti, A., Miettinen, H., Rapola, J., Wartiovaara, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+of+kidney+mesenchyme+in+an+experimental+model+system.">Differentiation of kidney mesenchyme in an experimental model system.</a> Adv Morphog. 7, 251-293 (1968).</li><li>Dudley, A. T., Godin, R. E., Robertson, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+between+FGF+and+BMP+signaling+pathways+regulates+development+of+metanephric+mesenchyme.">Interaction between FGF and BMP signaling pathways regulates development of metanephric mesenchyme.</a> Genes Dev. 13, 1601-1613 (1999).</li><li>Per&#228;l&#228;, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sema4C-Plexin+B2+signalling+modulates+ureteric+branching+in+developing+kidney.">Sema4C-Plexin B2 signalling modulates ureteric branching in developing kidney.</a> Differentiation. 81 (2), 81-91 (2011).</li><li>Thesleff, I., Ekblom, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+transferrin+in+branching+morphogenesis,+growth+and+differentiation+of+the+embryonic+kidney.">Role of transferrin in branching morphogenesis, growth and differentiation of the embryonic kidney.</a> J Embryol exp Morph. 82, 147-161 (1984).</li><li>Watanabe, T., Costantini, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+analysis+of+ureteric+bud+branching+morphogenesis.">Real-time analysis of ureteric bud branching morphogenesis.</a> Dev Biol. 271, 98-108 (2004).</li><li>Sebinger, D. D. R., Unbekandt, M., Ganeva, V. V., Ofenbauer, A., Werner, C., Davies, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Novel,+Low-Volume+Method+for+Organ+Culture+of+Embryonic+Kidneys+That+Allows+Development+of+Cortico-Medullary+Anatomical+Organization.">A Novel, Low-Volume Method for Organ Culture of Embryonic Kidneys That Allows Development of Cortico-Medullary Anatomical Organization.</a> PLoS One. 5 (5), e10550 (2010).</li><li>Ekblom, P., Miettinen, A., Virtanen, I., Wahlstr&#246;m, T., Dawnay, A., Sax&#233;n, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+segregation+of+the+metanephric+nephron.">In vitro segregation of the metanephric nephron.</a> Dev Biol. 84 (1), 88-95 (1981).</li><li>Davies, J. A., Unbekandt, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=siRNA-mediated+RNA+interference+in+embryonic+kidney+organ+culture.">siRNA-mediated RNA interference in embryonic kidney organ culture.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 886, 295-303 (2012).</li><li>Sax&#233;n, L., Lehtonen, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryonic+kidney+in+organ+culture.">Embryonic kidney in organ culture.</a> Differentiation. 36 (1), 2-11 (1987).</li><li>Bard, J. B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+of+the+mouse+kidney+embryogenesis+writ+small.">The development of the mouse kidney embryogenesis writ small.</a> Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2, 589-595 (1992).</li><li>Davies, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+cold+storage+and+transport+of+viable+embryonic+kidney+rudiments.">A method for cold storage and transport of viable embryonic kidney rudiments.</a> Kidney Int. 70 (11), 2031-2034 (2006).</li><li>Batourina, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distal+ureter+morphogenesis+depends+on+epithelial+cell+remodeling+mediated+by+vitamin+A+and+Ret.">Distal ureter morphogenesis depends on epithelial cell remodeling mediated by vitamin A and Ret.</a> Nat Genet. 32 (1), 109-115 (2002).</li></ol>

Os autores não têm nada a revelar.

Este manuscrito descreve um método para isolar o desenvolvimento de metanéfric anlagen do embrião de rato e para cultivar os rudimentos de órgãos. Este método é uma técnica padrão, como desenvolvido por Grobstein 8 e Saxen 9 , 10 , e foi adaptado e modificado por muitos outros 11 , 12 . O sucesso do método depende principalmente da duração da dissecção, como sobreviv...

The mammalian kidney is derived from two primordial structures with mesodermal origin: the tubular epithelial ureteric bud and the metanephric mesenchyme. During nephrogenesis, the ureteric bud invades the metanephric mesenchyme and branches to form the collecting system. The metanephric mesenchyme gives rise to the epithelial elements of the nephrons. These processes occur in a precisely timed and spatially coordinated manner and are initiated by reciprocal inductive mechanisms. Both tissue components communicate and affect the other's cell morphogenesis. 
In the 1920s, it was Boyden who performed the in vivo obstruction of the mesonephric duct in chicken, providing the first indication of inductive interactions as separated nephric blastema fail to differentiate1. At about the same time, the first successful attempts to culture chicken nephric rudiments in a hanging drop were published. Subsequently, the organ culture was developed to study tissue interactions in mammalian organogenesis. In the 1950s, Grobstein developed a technique in which metanephric rudiments could be cultured on a filter. This technique was modified by Sax&#233;n, who placed the filter on a Trowell-type screen in a culture dish1. Over the years, many modifications and applications for organ culture have emerged. The method described here is based on Sax&#233;n's technique but is simplified, as the filters float free on the medium and the diameter of the culture well only slightly exceeds the diameter of the filter, limiting unwanted movement of the filter.
Whole-organ culture is a classical, cheap, and simple but powerful tool to investigate cellular processes and intercellular communication during organogenesis. Organ culture allows for treatment with biological agents, such as growth factors, antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides, viruses, and peptides, as well as with pharmaceutical compounds and other chemicals. Also, gene function may be studied using explants derived from genetically modified mice or using inducible gene inactivation technology, such as the Cre-loxP system. This allows for the study of genetic mutations that cause embryonic lethality prior to the development of the kidney. Organ culture can also be combined with fluorescent tagging for gene function or lineage tracing and modern imaging techniques, which enable real-time monitoring of cell behavior2.
In the specific example provided here, the effect of EphrinB2-activated Eph-receptor signaling on the branching morphology of the ureteric bud was investigated. The morphology of the EphA4/EphB2 double-knockout mice suggested several severe defects in kidney development, which were detectable as early as embryonic day 11 (E11) and involved the ureteric bud, the ureter, and the common nephric duct3. Signaling via Eph receptors requires the clustering of the ligand-receptor dimer4. To over-activate Eph signaling, the kidney rudiments from E11.5 mouse embryos were cultured in the presence of clustered recombinant EphrinB2-Fc. EphrinB2 is a known ligand for the EphA4 receptor, which is expressed in the ureteric bud tips3.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F-12</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>21331020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15140148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX Supplement</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS, calcium, magnesium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14040117</td>
			<td>use for dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>holo-Transferrin human</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T0665</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium (ITS -G) (100X)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>41400045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>158127</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amphotericin B solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A2942</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>X100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium azide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S8032</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thimerosal</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T5125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propyl gallate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>2370</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mowiol 4-88</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>81381</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G5516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotinylated Dolichorus Biflorus Agglutinin</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>B-1035</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa488 conjugated Streptavidin</td>
			<td>Jackson Immuno Research</td>
			<td>016-540-084</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant Mouse Ephrin-B2 Fc Chimera Protein, CF</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>496-EB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant Human IgG1 Fc, CF</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>110-HG-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat Anti-Human IgG Fc Antibody</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>G-102-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline tablets</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4417</td>
			<td>use for fixation and immunostaining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #5, biologie 
			tips, INOX, 11cm</td>
			<td>agnthos.se</td>
			<td>0208-5-PS</td>
			<td>2 pairs of forceps are needed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iris scissors, straight, 12cm</td>
			<td>agnthos.se</td>
			<td>03-320-120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dressing Forceps, 
			straight, delicate, 13cm</td>
			<td>agnthos.se</td>
			<td>08-032-130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dishes Nunclo Delta treated</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>150679</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMTP01300 Isopore Membrane Filter, polycarbonate, Hydrophilic, 5.0 &#181;m, 13 mm, white, plain</td>
			<td>MerckMillipore</td>
			<td>TMTP01300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nunclon Multidishes 
			4 wells, flat bottom</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D6789-1CS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope cover glass24x50mm thickn. No.1.5H 0.17+/-0.005mm</td>
			<td>nordicbiolabs</td>
			<td>107222</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover glasses No.1.5, 18x18mm</td>
			<td>nordicbiolabs</td>
			<td>102032</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slides ~76x26x1, 1/2-w. ground plain</td>
			<td>nordicbiolabs</td>
			<td>1030418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VWR Razor Blades</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>55411-055</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>CLS430828</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>CLS430055</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whatman prepleated qualitative filter paper, Grade 113V, creped</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>WHA1213125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fixed stage research mircoscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>BX61WI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Black 6 inbred mice, male, C57BL/6NTac</td>
			<td>Taconic</td>
			<td>B6-M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Black 6 inbred mice,female, C57BL/6NTac</td>
			<td>Taconic</td>
			<td>B6-F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Greenough Stereo Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>Leica S6 E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

dissection and culture of mouse embryonic kidney

O objetivo deste protocolo é descrever um método para a dissecção, isolamento e cultura de rastreios metanefric do rato. Durante o desenvolvimento do rim mamífero, os dois tecidos progenitorais, o broto ureterico e o mesênquima metanéfrico, comunicam-se e induzem reciprocamente mecanismos celulares para formar eventualmente o sistema colector e os nefrões do rim. À medida que os embriões de mamíferos crescem intra-uterinos e, portanto, são inacessíveis ao observador, desenvolveu-se uma cultura de órgãos. Com este método, é possível estudar interações epitélio-mesenquimais e comportamento celular durante a organogênese do rim. Além disso, a origem das malformações congênitas do rim e do trato urogenital pode ser investigada. Após dissecção cuidadosa, os rudimentos metanéfricos são transferidos para um filtro que flutua no meio de cultura e podem ser mantidos numa incubadora de cultura de células durante vários dias. Contudo, deve ter-se em conta que as condiçõesArtificial e poderia influenciar o metabolismo no tecido. Além disso, a penetração das substâncias de teste poderia ser limitada devido à matriz extracelular e à membrana basal presentes no explante. Uma vantagem principal da cultura do órgão é que o experimentador pode ganhar o acesso direto ao órgão. Esta tecnologia é barata, simples e permite um grande número de modificações, como a adição de substâncias biologicamente ativas, o estudo de variantes genéticas e a aplicação de técnicas de imagem avançadas.

O anlagenio metanï¿½rico de rim foi derivado de murganhos consanguï¿½eos Black-6 grï¿½idos a E11,5 e foram cultivados. Após 3 dias, o botão ureteriano ramificou-se até 5 vezes, resultando em uma ramificação do botão ureter inicialmente em forma de T. Cada explante foi fotografado e os números de segmentos e pontos finais foram quantificados para determinar as gerações de ramificação e calcular o número de pontos finais por ramo ( Figura 1 ). ( <stron...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dissection and Culture of Mouse Embryonic Kidney at JoVE.com

Dissection and Culture of Mouse Embryonic Kidney

Este protocolo descreve um método para isolar e cultivar rudimentos metanefricos de embriões de ratinho.

Dissecção e cultura do rim embrionário do rato

The goal of this protocol is to describe a method for the dissection, isolation, and culture of mouse metanephric rudiments. 
During mammalian kidney ...

dissection-and-culture-of-mouse-embryonic-kidney

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

11.8K visualizações.  Uppsala University.  Este protocolo descreve um método para isolar e cultivar rudimentos metanefricos de embriões de ratinho. 

Vídeo: Dissection and Culture of Mouse Embryonic Kidney

Large-scale Zebrafish Embryonic Heart Dissection for Transcriptional Analysis

The zebrafish embryonic heart is composed of only a few hundred cells, representing only a small fraction of the entire embryo. Therefore, to prevent the cardiac transcriptome from being masked by the global embryonic transcriptome, it is necessary to collect sufficient numbers of hearts for further analyses. Furthermore, as zebrafish cardiac development proceeds rapidly, heart collection and RNA extraction methods need to be quick in order to ensure homogeneity of the samples. Here, we present a rapid manual dissection protocol for collecting functional/beating hearts from zebrafish embryos. This is an essential prerequisite for subsequent cardiac-specific RNA extraction to determine cardiac-specific gene expression levels by transcriptome analyses, such as quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The method is based on differential adhesive properties of the zebrafish embryonic heart compared with other tissues; this allows for the rapid physical separation of cardiac from extracardiac tissue by a combination of fluidic shear force disruption, stepwise filtration and manual collection of transgenic fluorescently labeled hearts.

To analyse cardiac gene expression profiles during zebrafish heart development, total RNA has to be extracted from isolated hearts. Here, we present a protocol for collecting functional/beating hearts by rapid manual dissection from zebrafish embryos to obtain cardiac-specific mRNA.

Em larga escala Zebrafish Embryonic Coração de dissecação para a análise transcricional

The zebrafish embryonic heart is composed of only a few hundred cells, representing only a small fraction of the entire embryo. Therefore, to prevent the ...

Biologia do Desenvolvimento

Culture of Embryonic Mouse Cochlear Explants and Gene Transfer by Electroporation

Auditory hair cells located within the mouse organ of Corti detect and transmit sound information to the central nervous system. The mechanosensory hair cells are aligned in one row of inner hair cells and three rows of outer hair cells that extend along the basal to apical axis of the cochlea. The explant culture technique described here provides an efficient method to isolate and maintain cochlear explants from the embryonic mouse inner ear. Also, the morphology and molecular characteristics of sensory hair cells and nonsensory supporting cells within the cochlear explant cultures resemble those observed in vivo and can be studied within its intrinsic cellular environment. The cochlear explants can serve as important experimental tools for the identification and characterization of molecular and genetic pathways that are involved in cellular specification and patterning. Although transgenic mouse models provide an effective approach for gene expression studies, a considerable number of mouse mutants die during embryonic development thereby hindering the analysis and interpretation of developmental phenotypes. The organ of Corti from mutant mice that die before birth can be cultured so that their in vitro development and responses to different factors can be analyzed. Additionally, we describe a technique for electroporating embryonic cochlear explants ex vivo which can be used to downregulate or overexpress specific gene(s) and analyze their potential endogenous function and test whether specific gene product is necessary or sufficient in a given context to influence mammalian cochlear development1-8.

We present a method that describes isolation and culture of cochlear explants from embryonic mouse inner ear. We also demonstrate a method for gene transfer into cochlear explants via square-wave electroporation. The in vitro explant culture coupled with gene transfer technique enables researchers to study the effects of altering gene expression during development.

Cultura da embrionárias mouse cocleares explantes e Gene Transferência de Eletroporação

Auditory hair cells located within the mouse organ of Corti detect and transmit sound information to the central nervous system. The mechanosensory hair ...

Culture and Co-Culture of Mouse Ovaries and Ovarian Follicles

The mammalian ovary is composed of ovarian follicles, each follicle consisting of a single oocyte surrounded by somatic granulosa cells, enclosed together within a basement membrane. A finite pool of follicles is laid down during embryonic development, when oocytes in meiotic arrest form a close association with flattened granulosa cells, forming primordial follicles. By or shortly after birth, mammalian ovaries contain their lifetime&#8217;s supply of primordial follicles, from which point onwards there is a steady release of follicles into the growing follicular pool.
The ovary is particularly amenable to development in vitro, with follicles growing in a highly physiological manner in culture. This work describes the culture of whole neonatal ovaries containing primordial follicles, and the culture of individual ovarian follicles, a method which can support the development of follicles from an immature through to the preovulatory stage, after which their oocytes are able to undergo fertilization in vitro. The work outlined here uses culture systems to determine how the ovary is affected by exposure to external compounds. We also describe a co-culture system, which allows investigation of the interactions that occur between growing follicles and the non-growing pool of primordial follicles.

This protocol describes the primary culture/co-culture of mouse ovarian tissue, using ovaries from neonatal mice and individual ovarian follicles from prepubertal mice. The culture techniques support development in a highly physiological manner, allowing investigation of the effect of extrinsic agents on the ovary, and of interactions between ovarian follicles.

Cultura e Co-Culture of Mouse ovários e folículos ovarianos

The mammalian ovary is composed of ovarian follicles, each follicle consisting of a single oocyte surrounded by somatic granulosa cells, enclosed together ...

Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Serum-free Monolayer Culture

The ability to differentiate mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) to neural progenitors allows the study of the mechanisms controlling neural specification as well as the generation of mature neural cell types for further study. In this protocol we describe a method for the differentiation of ESC to neural progenitors using serum-free, monolayer culture. The method is scalable, efficient and results in production of ~70% neural progenitor cells within 4 - 6 days. It can be applied to ESC from various strains grown under a variety of conditions. Neural progenitors can be allowed to differentiate further into functional neurons and glia or analyzed by microscopy, flow cytometry or molecular techniques. The differentiation process is amenable to time-lapse microscopy and can be combined with the use of reporter lines to monitor the neural specification process. We provide detailed instructions on media preparation and cell density optimization to allow the process to be applied to most ESC lines and a variety of cell culture vessels.

This protocol describes in detail the method for generating neural progenitors from embryonic stem cells using a serum-free monolayer method. These progenitors can be used to derive mature neural cell types or to study the process of neural specification and is amenable to multiwell format scaling for compound screening.

Diferenciação Neural of Mouse Células-Tronco Embrionárias em soro livre de cultura em monocamada

The ability to differentiate mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) to neural progenitors allows the study of the mechanisms controlling neural specification as ...

Transcriptome Profiling of In-Vivo Produced Bovine Pre-implantation Embryos Using Two-color Microarray Platform

Early embryonic loss is a large contributor to infertility in cattle. Moreover, bovine becomes an interesting model to study human preimplantation embryo development due to their similar developmental process. Although genetic factors are known to affect early embryonic development, the discovery of such factors has been a serious challenge. Microarray technology allows quantitative measurement and gene expression profiling of transcript levels on a genome-wide basis. One of the main decisions that have to be made when planning a microarray experiment is whether to use a one- or two-color approach. Two-color design increases technical replication, minimizes variability, improves sensitivity and accuracy as well as allows having loop designs, defining the common reference samples. Although microarray is a powerful biological tool, there are potential pitfalls that can attenuate its power. Hence, in this technical paper we demonstrate an optimized protocol for RNA extraction, amplification, labeling, hybridization of the labeled amplified RNA to the array, array scanning and data analysis using the two-color analysis strategy.

Transcriptome Profiling of In-Vivo Produced Bovine Pre-implantation Embryos Using Two-color Microarray Platform

Microarray technology allows quantitative measurement and gene expression profiling of transcripts on a genome-wide basis. Therefore, this protocol provides an optimized technical procedure in a two-color custom made bovine array using Day 7 bovine embryos to demonstrate the feasibility of using low amount of total RNA.

Transcriptoma Profiling de<em&gt; In-Vivo</em&gt; embriões produzidos pré-implantação dos bovinos por meio de duas cores Plataforma Microarray

Early embryonic loss is a large contributor to infertility in cattle. Moreover, bovine becomes an interesting model to study human preimplantation embryo ...

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification

The fundamental process of endochondral ossification is under tight regulation in the healthy individual so as to prevent disturbed development and/or longitudinal bone growth. As such, it is imperative that we further our understanding of the underpinning molecular mechanisms involved in such disorders so as to provide advances towards human and animal patient benefit. The mouse metatarsal organ explant culture is a highly physiological ex vivo model for studying endochondral ossification and bone growth as the growth rate of the bones in culture mimic that observed in vivo. Uniquely, the metatarsal organ culture allows the examination of chondrocytes in different phases of chondrogenesis and maintains cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, therefore providing conditions closer to the in vivo situation than cells in monolayer or 3D culture. This protocol describes in detail the intricate dissection of embryonic metatarsals from the hind limb of E15 murine embryos and the subsequent analyses that can be performed in order to examine endochondral ossification and longitudinal bone growth.

We present a protocol to dissect and culture embryonic day 15 (E15) murine metatarsal bones. This highly physiological ex vivo model of endochondral ossification provides conditions closer to the in vivo situation than cells in monolayer or 3D culture and is a vital tool for investigating bone growth and development.

Cultura de murino embrionárias Metatarsos: Um modelo fisiológico de Endocondral ossificação

The fundamental process of endochondral ossification is under tight regulation in the healthy individual so as to prevent disturbed development and/or ...

Dissection and Coronal Slice Preparation of Developing Mouse Pituitary Gland

The pituitary gland or hypophysis is an important endocrine organ secreting hormones essential for homeostasis. It consists of two glands with separate embryonic origins and functions &#8212; the neurohypophysis and the adenohypophysis. The developing mouse pituitary gland is tiny and delicate with an elongated oval shape. A coronal section is preferred to display both the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis in a single slice of the mouse pituitary.
The goal of this protocol is to achieve proper pituitary coronal sections with well-preserved tissue architectures from developing mice. In this protocol, we describe in detail how to dissect and process pituitary glands properly from developing mice. First, mice are fixed by transcardial perfusion of formaldehyde prior to dissection. Then three different dissecting techniques are applied to obtain intact pituitary glands depending on the age of mice. For fetal mice aged embryonic days (E) 17.5 - 18.5 and neonates up to 4 days, the entire sella regions including the sphenoid bone, gland, and trigeminal nerves are dissected. For pups aged postnatal days (P) 5 - 14, the pituitary glands connected with trigeminal nerves are dissected as a whole. For mice over 3 weeks old, the pituitary glands are carefully dissected free from the surrounding tissues. We also display how to embed the pituitary glands in a proper orientation by using the surrounding tissues as landmarks to obtain satisfying coronal sections. These methods are useful in analyzing histological and developmental features of pituitary glands in developing mice.

We present a protocol to dissect pituitary glands and prepare pituitary coronal sections from developing mice.

Dissecação e preparação Coronal fatia de desenvolver Mouse hipófise

The pituitary gland or hypophysis is an important endocrine organ secreting hormones essential for homeostasis. It consists of two glands with separate ...

Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Pupal Ovaries

Unlike adult Drosophila ovaries, pupal ovaries are relatively difficult to access and examine due to their small size, translucence, and encasing within a pupal case. The challenge of dissecting pupal ovaries also lies in their physical location within the pupa: the ovaries are surrounded by fat body cells inside the pupal abdomen, and these fat cells must be removed to allow for proper antibody staining. To overcome these challenges, this protocol utilizes customized Pasteur pipets to extract fat body cells from the pupal abdomen. Moreover, a chambered coverglass is used in place of a microcentrifuge tube during the staining process to improve visibility of the pupae. However, despite these and other advantages of the tools used in this protocol, successful execution of these techniques may still involve several days of practice due to the small size of pupal ovaries. The techniques outlined in this protocol could be applied to time course experiments in which ovaries are analyzed at various stages of pupal development.

Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Pupal Ovaries

The Drosophila ovary is an excellent model system for studying stem cell niche development. Though methods for dissecting larval and adult ovaries have been published, pupal ovary dissections require different techniques that have not been published in detail. Here we outline a protocol for dissecting, staining, and mounting pupal ovaries.

Dissecção e coloração dos ovários Pupal drosófila

Unlike adult Drosophila ovaries, pupal ovaries are relatively difficult to access and examine due to their small size, translucence, and encasing within a ...

Organotypic Culture Method to Study the Development Of Embryonic Chicken Tissues

The embryonic chicken is commonly used as a reliable model organism for vertebrate development. Its accessibility and short incubation period makes it ideal for experimentation. Currently, the study of these developmental pathways in the chicken embryo is conducted by applying inhibitors and drugs at localized sites and at low concentrations using a variety of methods. In vitro tissue&#160;culturing is a technique that enables the study of tissues separated from the host organism, while simultaneously bypassing many of the physical limitations present when working with whole embryos, such as the susceptibility of embryos to high doses of potentially lethal chemicals. Here, we present an organotypic culturing protocol for culturing the embryonic chicken half head in vitro, which presents new opportunities for the examination of developmental processes beyond the currently established methods.

Here, we present an organotypic culturing protocol to grow embryonic chicken organs in vitro. Using this method, the development of embryonic chicken tissue can be studied, while maintaining a high degree of control over the culture environment.

Cultura de organotypic método para estudar o desenvolvimento de tecidos embrionários de galinha

The embryonic chicken is commonly used as a reliable model organism for vertebrate development. Its accessibility and short incubation period makes it ...

Dissection, Culture and Analysis of Primary Cranial Neural Crest Cells from Mouse for the Study of Neural Crest Cell Delamination and Migration

Over the past several decades there has been an increased availability of genetically modified mouse models used to mimic human pathologies. However, the ability to study cell movements and differentiation in vivo is still very difficult. Neurocristopathies, or disorders of the neural crest lineage, are particularly challenging to study due to a lack of accessibility of key embryonic stages and the difficulties in separating out the neural crest mesenchyme from adjacent mesodermal mesenchyme. Here, we set out to establish a well-defined, routine protocol for the culture of primary cranial neural crest cells. In our approach we dissect out the mouse neural plate border during the initial neural crest induction stage. The neural plate border region is explanted and cultured. The neural crest cells form in an epithelial sheet surrounding the neural plate border, and by 24 h after explant, begin to delaminate, undergoing an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to become fully motile neural crest cells. Due to our two-dimensional culturing approach, the distinct tissue populations (neural plate versus premigratory and migratory neural crest) can be readily distinguished. Using live imaging approaches, we can then identify changes in neural crest induction, EMT and migratory behaviors. The combination of this technique with genetic mutants will be a very powerful approach for understanding normal and pathological neural crest cell biology.

This protocol describes the dissection and culture of cranial neural crest cells from mouse models, primarily for the study of cell migration. We describe the live imaging techniques used and the analysis of speed and cell shape changes.

Dissecção, cultura e análise de células da crista neural craniana primária do mouse para o estudo de delaminação e migração de células de crista neural

Over the past several decades there has been an increased availability of genetically modified mouse models used to mimic human pathologies. However, the ...