The study was supported by: Foundation for Anesthesia Education and Research (XY); the UCSF Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care (XY); and 1R01NS100801-01(GZ). This study was supported in part by HDFCCC Laboratory for Cell Analysis Shared Resources Facility through a grant from the NIH (P30CA082103).

All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of California San Francisco and were conducted in accordance with the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
1. Collect lumbar DRG from experimental mice
<ol>
	<li>Before starting the experiment, prepare the working solution of the density gradient medium (e.g., Percoll) by mixing 9 volumes of the medium with 1 volume of Ca++/Mg++-free 10x HBSS. Keep ...

<ol>
	<li>Ji, R. R., Chamessian, A., Zhang, Y. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pain+regulation+by+non-neuronal+cells+and+inflammation.">Pain regulation by non-neuronal cells and inflammation.</a> Science. 354 (6312), 572-577 (2016).</li><li>Inoue, K., Tsuda, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microglia+in+neuropathic+pain:+cellular+and+molecular+mechanisms+and+therapeutic+potential.">Microglia in neuropathic pain: cellular and molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential.</a> Nature Reviews Neurosciences. 19 (3), 138-152 (2018).</li><li>Hu, P., McLachlan, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+functional+types+of+macrophage+in+dorsal+root+ganglia+and+spinal+nerves+proximal+to+sciatic+and+spinal+nerve+transections+in+the+rat.">Distinct functional types of macrophage in dorsal root ganglia and spinal nerves proximal to sciatic and spinal nerve transections in the rat.</a> Experimental Neurology. 184 (2), 590-605 (2003).</li><li>Simeoli, R., Montague, K., Jones, H. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomal+cargo+including+microRNA+regulates+sensory+neuron+to+macrophage+communication+after+nerve+trauma.">Exosomal cargo including microRNA regulates sensory neuron to macrophage communication after nerve trauma.</a> Nature Communication. 8 (1), 1778 (2017).</li><li>Cobos, E. J., Nickerson, C. A., Gao, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanistic+differences+in+neuropathic+pain+modalities+revealed+by+correlating+behavior+with+global+expression+profiling.">Mechanistic differences in neuropathic pain modalities revealed by correlating behavior with global expression profiling.</a> Cell Reports. 22 (5), 1301-1312 (2018).</li><li>Zhang, H., Li, Y., de Carvalho-Barbosa, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dorsal+Root+Ganglion+Infiltration+by+Macrophages+Contributes+to+Paclitaxel+Chemotherapy-Induced+Peripheral+Neuropathy.">Dorsal Root Ganglion Infiltration by Macrophages Contributes to Paclitaxel Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy.</a> The Journal of Pain. 17 (7), 775-786 (2016).</li><li>Liu, T., van Rooijen, N., Tracey, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Depletion+of+macrophages+reduces+axonal+degeneration+and+hyperalgesia+following+nerve+injury.">Depletion of macrophages reduces axonal degeneration and hyperalgesia following nerve injury.</a> Pain. 86 (1-2), 25-32 (2000).</li><li>Peng, J., Gu, N., Zhou, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microglia+and+monocytes+synergistically+promote+the+transition+from+acute+to+chronic+pain+after+nerve+injury.">Microglia and monocytes synergistically promote the transition from acute to chronic pain after nerve injury.</a> Nature Communication. 7, 12029 (2016).</li><li>Barclay, J., Clark, A. K., Ganju, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+the+cysteine+protease+cathepsin+S+in+neuropathic+hyperalgesia.">Role of the cysteine protease cathepsin S in neuropathic hyperalgesia.</a> Pain. 130 (3), 225-234 (2007).</li><li>Lim, H., Lee, H., Noh, K., Lee, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IKK/NF-kappaB-dependent+satellite+glia+activation+induces+spinal+cord+microglia+activation+and+neuropathic+pain+after+nerve+injury.">IKK/NF-kappaB-dependent satellite glia activation induces spinal cord microglia activation and neuropathic pain after nerve injury.</a> Pain. 158 (9), 1666-1677 (2017).</li><li>Rutkowski, M. D., Pahl, J. L., Sweitzer, S., van Rooijen, N., DeLeo, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Limited+role+of+macrophages+in+generation+of+nerve+injury-induced+mechanical+allodynia.">Limited role of macrophages in generation of nerve injury-induced mechanical allodynia.</a> Physiology and Behavior. (3-4), 225-235 (2000).</li><li>Kwon, M. J., Shin, H. Y., Cui, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CCL2+Mediates+Neuron-Macrophage+Interactions+to+Drive+Proregenerative+Macrophage+Activation+Following+Preconditioning+Injury.">CCL2 Mediates Neuron-Macrophage Interactions to Drive Proregenerative Macrophage Activation Following Preconditioning Injury.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 35 (48), 15934-15947 (2015).</li><li>Zigmond, R. E., Echevarria, F. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage+biology+in+the+peripheral+nervous+system+after+injury.">Macrophage biology in the peripheral nervous system after injury.</a> Progress in Neurobiology. 173, 102-121 (2019).</li><li>Ghasemlou, N., Chiu, I. M., Julien, J. P., Woolf, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD11b+Ly6G-+myeloid+cells+mediate+mechanical+inflammatory+pain+hypersensitivity.">CD11b+Ly6G- myeloid cells mediate mechanical inflammatory pain hypersensitivity.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA. 112 (49), E6808-E6817 (2015).</li><li>Malin, S. A., Davis, B. M., Molliver, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+dissociated+sensory+neuron+cultures+and+considerations+for+their+use+in+studying+neuronal+function+and+plasticity.">Production of dissociated sensory neuron cultures and considerations for their use in studying neuronal function and plasticity.</a> Nature Protocols. 2 (1), 152-160 (2007).</li><li>Lin, Y. T., Chen, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dorsal+Root+Ganglia+Isolation+and+Primary+Culture+to+Study+Neurotransmitter+Release.">Dorsal Root Ganglia Isolation and Primary Culture to Study Neurotransmitter Release.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiment. (140), (2018).</li><li>Burnett, S. H., Kershen, E. J., Zhang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conditional+macrophage+ablation+in+transgenic+mice+expressing+a+Fas-based+suicide+gene.">Conditional macrophage ablation in transgenic mice expressing a Fas-based suicide gene.</a> J Leukoc Biol. 75 (4), 612-623 (2004).</li><li>Lopes, D. M., Malek, N., Edye, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sex+differences+in+peripheral+not+central+immune+responses+to+pain-inducing+injury.">Sex differences in peripheral not central immune responses to pain-inducing injury.</a> Science Reports. 7 (1), 16460 (2017).</li><li>Kim, Y. S., Anderson, M., Park, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coupled+Activation+of+Primary+Sensory+Neurons+Contributes+to+Chronic+Pain.">Coupled Activation of Primary Sensory Neurons Contributes to Chronic Pain.</a> Neuron. 91 (5), 1085-1096 (2016).</li><li>Vicuna, L., Strochlic, D. E., Latremoliere, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+serine+protease+inhibitor+SerpinA3N+attenuates+neuropathic+pain+by+inhibiting+T+cell-derived+leukocyte+elastase.">The serine protease inhibitor SerpinA3N attenuates neuropathic pain by inhibiting T cell-derived leukocyte elastase.</a> Nature Medicine. 21 (5), 518-523 (2015).</li></ol>

The authors declare no competing financial interests related to this manuscript.

Here we introduce a new method to effectively enrich isolated macrophages from mouse DRG. The conventional approach to isolate DRG immune cells requires enzymatic digestion15,18, which is now replaced with mechanical homogenization in our protocol to limit undesired cell damage and increase the yield. Therefore, the new protocol is far less time consuming. More importantly, enzyme digestion might stimulate the macrophages and change the molecular signature. In co...

There is now considerable evidence that immune cells contribute to the neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve injury1,2. Peripheral monocytic cells, including mature macrophages, are known to respond to tissue injury and systemic infection through phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and cytokine release. Paralleling the nerve injury-induced microglia activation in the spinal dorsal horn, macrophages in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) also expand significantly after nerve injury3,4. Notably, there are growing interests to determine if macrophages contribute to neuropathic pain development after peripheral nerve injury by interacting with sensory neurons in the DRG5,6,7,8,9,10,11. Moreover, recent studies also implicate the contribution of DRG macrophages in the axonal repair after nerve injury12,13. Another study further suggests that macrophage subpopulations (i.e., CD11b+Ly6Chi and CD11b+Ly6Clow/- cells) may play a different role in the mechanical hypersensitivity14. Therefore, rapidly phenotyping the response of DRG macrophages in the context of nerve injury may help us identify neuroimmune factors contributing to neuropathic pain.
Conventionally, the protocol to isolate macrophages in the DRG involves multiple steps including enzymatic digestion15,16. The technique is often time consuming and can be costly for large-scale experiments. Although mild digestion with collagenase type II (4 mg/mL) and dispase type II (4.7 mg/mL) for 20 min was recommended previously15, it is conceivable that cells after the exposure to this enzyme are prone to cell damage or cell death, which may lead to low yield. In addition, the difference in the quality of enzymes from batch to batch may further impact the efficiency of this process. More importantly, macrophages exposed to the enzyme digestion might be undesirably stimulated and thus can be very different from the in-vivo status. The changes may potentially complicate the outcome of the functional study.
Here we describe an enzyme-free protocol to rapidly isolate DRG macrophages at 4 &#176;C using mechanical dissociation. The samples are kept on ice to limit cellular stress. As a result, our approach provides an advantage to maintain consistency of the isolation, and the isolated cells are presumably healthier and less stimulated. We further present the evidence to validate the quality of the isolated cells with Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting (FACS) analysis.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>AP20187</td>
			<td>Clontech</td>
			<td>635058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>a-mouse CX3CR1-APC antibody</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>149007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Avertin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T48402</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer (70 mm nylon)</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5810R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dounce tissue homogenizer</td>
			<td>Wheaton</td>
			<td>357538 (1ml)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS tubes (5ml)</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352052</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Friedman-Pearson Rongeur</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>16121-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS (10x, Ca++/Mg++-free)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14185-052</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Noyes Spring Scissor</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>15012-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Percoll</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P4937-500ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propidium iodide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P4864-10ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

rapid isolation of dorsal root ganglion macrophages

There are growing interests to study the molecular and cellular interactions among immune cells and sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia after peripheral nerve injury. Peripheral monocytic cells, including macrophages, are known to respond to a tissue injury through phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and cytokine release. Emerging evidence has implicated the contribution of dorsal root ganglia macrophages to neuropathic pain development and axonal repair in the context of nerve injury. Rapidly phenotyping (or &#8220;rapid isolation of&#8221;) the response of dorsal root ganglia macrophages in the context of nerve injury is desired to identify the unknown neuroimmune factors. Here we demonstrate how our lab rapidly and effectively isolates macrophages from the dorsal root ganglia using an enzyme-free mechanical dissociation protocol. The samples are kept on ice throughout to limit cellular stress. This protocol is far less time consuming compared to the standard enzymatic protocol and has been routinely used for our Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting analysis.

To validate the isolated cells, we first chose the Macrophage Fas-Induced Apoptosis (MAFIA) transgenic mice17. This line expresses a drug-inducible FK506-binding protein (FKBP)-Fas suicide fusion gene and green fluorescent protein (eGFP) under the control of the promoter of CSF1 receptor (CSF1R), which is specifically expressed in both macrophages and microglia. Systemic injection of FK-binding protein dimerizer, AP20187 (AP), induces the apoptosis of the cells expressing the transgene. The expres...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rapid Isolation of Dorsal Root Ganglion Macrophages at JoVE.com

Rapid Isolation of Dorsal Root Ganglion Macrophages

Here we present a mechanical dissociation protocol to rapidly isolate macrophages from the dorsal root ganglion for phenotyping and functional analysis.

There are growing interests to study the molecular and cellular interactions among immune cells and sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia after ...

Emerging evidence has implicated the contribution of dorsal root ganglion macrophages to neuropathic pain development and axonal repair in the context of nerve injury. Rapidly phenotyping the response of dorsal root ganglion macrophages is desired to identify the unknown neuroimmune factors. Here we demonstrate how our lab rapidly and effectively isolates macrophages from the dorsal root ganglia using an enzyme-free mechanical dissociation protocol.This protocol is far less time-consuming compared to standard enzymatic protocols, and we've routinely used it for our fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. Before starting the experiment, prepare the working solution of the density gradient medium by mixing nine volumes of the medium with one volume of calcium and magnesium-free 10X HBSS and keep it on ice. Confirm that the mouse is fully anesthetized by the lack of response to the hind paw pinch.Begin by placing an anesthetized mouse inside a chemical fume hood in the supine position with four paws secured with tape. Use forceps to lift the skin below the ribcage. And then with surgical scissors, make a small incision to expose the liver and diaphragm.Using the same scissors, cut the diaphragm and the ribcage. And then open the pleural cavity to expose the beating heart. Next with iris scissors, quickly cut the right atrial appendage.Once the bleeding is noted, insert a 30-gauge needle into the posterior end of the left ventricle and slowly inject 10 milliliters of pre-chilled 1X PBS to perfuse the animal. To perform dorsal laminectomy, place the mouse in the prone position. Use a size 11 scalpel to make two longitudinal lateral deep incisions starting from the thoracic region down to the sacral region.Then remove the skin exposing the dorsal muscle layer. Then with Friedman-Pearson rongeur, peel off the connective tissues and muscles until the lumbosacral spine processes and bilateral transverse processes are exposed. First, use a Friedman-Pearson rongeur to carefully open the dorsal spinal column, then switch between a Friedman-Pearson rongeur and Noyes spring scissors to remove the vertebral bones, exposing the spinal cord with intact spinal nerves attached.Carefully dissect ipsilateral and contralateral lumbar DRG. Place it into one milliliter of ice cold calcium and magnesium-free 1X HBSS in a Dounce tissue homogenizer. Homogenize the DRG tissue in the Dounce homogenizer with a loose pestle for 20 to 25 times.Place a sterile 70-micrometer nylon cell strainer in a sterile 50-milliliter conical tube. Use 800 microliters of ice code 1X HBSS to wet the cell strainer. Use a pipette to collect the homogenized tissue suspension from the homogenizer onto the wet cell strainer, and collect it into the 50-milliliter conical tube.Rinse the homogenizer twice with 800 microliters of ice cold 1X HBSS, collecting the liquid into the same 50-milliliter conical tube to increase the yield. Add 1.5 milliliters of equilibrated ice cold isotonic density gradient medium into a sterile five-milliliter polystyrene flask tube. Transfer the cell homogenate from the 50-milliliter conical tube into this flask tube.And pipette up and down to mix well. Add an additional 500 microliters of 1X HBSS to seal the top. Centrifuge the cells at 800 times G for 20 minutes at four degrees Celsius.Carefully aspirate the supernatant containing myelin in the medium without disturbing the cell pellet at the bottom of the tube. Add 100 microliters of PBS containing 5%fetal bovine serum to the pellet, and re-suspend the DRG cells. Then add alpha mouse CX3CR1 APC antibody to the cells and incubate in the dark at four degrees Celsius for one hour.Wash the cells once with five milliliters of PBS. Centrifuge the cells at 360 times G for eight minutes at four degrees Celsius. Aspirate the supernatant, and then re-suspend the cell pellet in 300 microliters of PBS for facts analysis.After intraperitoneal injections of FK-binding protein dimerizer AP into MaFIA mice to deplete macrophages, there was a significant loss of GFP positive cells in the DRGs of the AP-treated mice compared to controlled vehicle treated mice. Facts analysis revealed a successful depletion of GFP high population in AP-treated mice and demonstrated the high quality of isolated cells. 4%of total isolated cells from the DRG of vehicle treated animal were GFP high macrophages.In contrast only 0.4%of total DRG cells were GFP high macrophages in AP-treated mouse. Mechanically isolated DRG cells from wild type mice were stained with alpha mouse CX3CR1-APC antibody. 6%of the DRG cells were CX3CR1 positive macrophages.When cell viability was assessed with propidium iodide, it revealed that more than 80%of freshly isolated DRG cells were viable. If the unsatisfying cell yield is noted, insufficient or excessive homogenization of DRG tissue may be suspected. In addition, DRG dissection may require repeated practice for beginners.Likely the application of our protocol can be expanded to study other non-neuronal cells such as satellite cells and T cells. Further studies may be necessary to confirm the effectiveness of cell isolation.

rapid-isolation-of-dorsal-root-ganglion-macrophages

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

10.0K visualizações.  University of California San Francisco. Evidências emergentes implicaram a contribuição de macrófagos de gânglios de raiz dorsal para o desenvolvimento da dor neuropática e reparação axonal no contexto de lesão nervosa. Rapidamente, a resposta dos macrófagos de gânglios de raiz dorsal é desejada para identificar os fatores neuroimunes desconhecidos. Aqui demonstramos como nosso laboratório isola rapidamente e efetivamente macrófagos da gânglio raiz dorsal usando um protocolo de dissociação mecânica sem enzimas.