Name: use of bisection to reduce mitochondrial dna in the bovine oocyte
Uploaded: 2022-07-06T13:40:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of Bisection to Reduce Mitochondrial DNA in the Bovine Oocyte at JoVE.com

The authors wish to thank their colleagues at Utah State University, the Reproductive Science researchers at the San Diego Zoo, and Dr. Rebecca Krisher at Genus PLC.

The following protocol follows the animal care and ethics guidelines provided by Utah State University.
1. Media preparation
<ol>
	<li>Prior to oocyte handling, prepare the following solutions, as described in Table 1: 400 &#181;L of Hyaluronidase Solution, 500 &#181;L of T2 media, 1,020 &#181;L of T20 media, and 800 &#181;L of T10 media.</li>
	<li>Divide the T10 media into two wells of a four-well plate, 400 &#181;L per well. Label one well with &#34;M&#34;...

<ol>
	<li>Loi, P., Modlinski, J. A., Ptak, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interspecies+somatic+cell+nuclear+transfer:+A+salvage+tool+seeking+first+aid.">Interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer: A salvage tool seeking first aid.</a> Theriogenology. 76 (2), 217-228 (2011).</li><li>Wani, N. A., Vettical, B. S., Hong, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=First+cloned+Bactrian+camel+(camelus+bactrianus)+calf+produced+by+interspecies+somatic+cell+nuclear+transfer:+A+step+towards+preserving+the+critically+endangered+wild+Bactrian+camels.">First cloned Bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) calf produced by interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer: A step towards preserving the critically endangered wild Bactrian camels.</a> PLOS ONE. 12 (5), 0177800 (2017).</li><li>Oh, H. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cloning+endangered+gray+wolves+(canis+lupus)+from+somatic+cells+collected+postmortem.">Cloning endangered gray wolves (canis lupus) from somatic cells collected postmortem.</a> Theriogenology. 70 (4), 638-647 (2008).</li><li>Srirattana, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Full-term+development+of+gaur-bovine+interspecies+somatic+cell+nuclear+transfer+embryos:+Effect+of+trichostatin+a+treatment.">Full-term development of gaur-bovine interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos: Effect of trichostatin a treatment.</a> Cellular Reprogramming. 14 (3), 248-257 (2012).</li><li>Kwon, D. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blastocysts+derived+from+adult+fibroblasts+of+a+rhesus+monkey+(macaca+mulatta)+using+interspecies+somatic+cell+nuclear+transfer.">Blastocysts derived from adult fibroblasts of a rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta) using interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer.</a> Zygote. 19 (3), 199-204 (2011).</li><li>Lee, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+cloned+sei+whale+(Balaenoptera+borealis)+embryos+by+interspecies+somatic+cell+nuclear+transfer+using+enucleated+pig+oocytes.">Production of cloned sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis) embryos by interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer using enucleated pig oocytes.</a> Journal of Veterinary Science. 10 (4), 285 (2009).</li><li>Lorthongpanich, C., Laowtammathron, C., Chan, A. W., Kedutat-Cairns, M., Parnpai, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+interspecies+cloned+monkey+embryos+reconstructed+with+bovine+enucleated+oocytes.">Development of interspecies cloned monkey embryos reconstructed with bovine enucleated oocytes.</a> Journal of Reproduction and Development. 54 (5), 306-313 (2008).</li><li>Hong, S. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+transgenic+canine+embryos+using+interspecies+somatic+cell+nuclear+transfer.">Production of transgenic canine embryos using interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer.</a> Zygote. 20 (1), 67-72 (2011).</li><li>Stewart, J. B., Chinnery, P. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+dynamics+of+mitochondrial+DNA+heteroplasmy:+Implications+for+human+health+and+disease.">The dynamics of mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy: Implications for human health and disease.</a> Nature Reviews Genetics. 16 (9), 530-542 (2015).</li><li>Takeda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+DNA+transmission+and+confounding+mitochondrial+influences+in+cloned+cattle+and+pigs.">Mitochondrial DNA transmission and confounding mitochondrial influences in cloned cattle and pigs.</a> Reproductive Medicine and Biology. 12 (2), 47-55 (2013).</li><li>Lanza, R. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cloning+of+an+endangered+species+(Bos+Gaurus)+using+interspecies+nuclear+transfer.">Cloning of an endangered species (Bos Gaurus) using interspecies nuclear transfer.</a> Cloning. 2 (2), 79-90 (2000).</li><li>Evans, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+DNA+genotypes+in+nuclear+transfer-derived+cloned+sheep.">Mitochondrial DNA genotypes in nuclear transfer-derived cloned sheep.</a> Nature Genetics. 23 (1), 90-93 (1999).</li><li>Meirelles, F. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complete+replacement+of+the+mitochondrial+genotype+in+a+Bos+indicus+calf+reconstructed+by+nuclear+transfer+to+a+Bos+taurus+oocyte.">Complete replacement of the mitochondrial genotype in a Bos indicus calf reconstructed by nuclear transfer to a Bos taurus oocyte.</a> Genetics. 158 (1), 351-356 (2001).</li><li>Beyhan, Z., Iager, A. E., Cibelli, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interspecies+nuclear+transfer:+Implications+for+embryonic+stem+cell+biology.">Interspecies nuclear transfer: Implications for embryonic stem cell biology.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 1 (5), 502-512 (2007).</li><li>Lagutina, I., Fulka, H., Lazzari, G., Galli, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interspecies+somatic+cell+nuclear+transfer:+advancements+and+problems.">Interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer: advancements and problems.</a> Cellular Reprogramming. 15 (5), 374-384 (2013).</li><li>Jiang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interspecies+somatic+cell+nuclear+transfer+is+dependent+on+compatible+mitochondrial+DNA+and+reprogramming+factors.">Interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer is dependent on compatible mitochondrial DNA and reprogramming factors.</a> PLoS ONE. 6 (4), 14805 (2011).</li><li>Chiaratti, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryo+mitochondrial+DNA+depletion+is+reversed+during+early+embryogenesis+in+cattle.">Embryo mitochondrial DNA depletion is reversed during early embryogenesis in cattle.</a> Biology of Reproduction. 82 (1), 76-85 (2010).</li><li>Spikings, E. C., Alderson, J., John, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulated+mitochondrial+DNA+replication+during+oocyte+maturation+is+essential+for+successful+porcine+embryonic+development.">Regulated mitochondrial DNA replication during oocyte maturation is essential for successful porcine embryonic development.</a> Biology of Reproduction. 76 (2), 327-335 (2007).</li><li>Cagnone, G. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Restoration+of+normal+embryogenesis+by+mitochondrial+supplementation+in+pig+oocytes+exhibiting+mitochondrial+DNA+deficiency.">Restoration of normal embryogenesis by mitochondrial supplementation in pig oocytes exhibiting mitochondrial DNA deficiency.</a> Scientific Reports. 6 (1), 1-15 (2016).</li><li>Spikings, E. C., Alderson, J., John, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulated+mitochondrial+DNA+replication+during+oocyte+maturation+is+essential+for+successful+porcine+embryonic+development.">Regulated mitochondrial DNA replication during oocyte maturation is essential for successful porcine embryonic development.</a> Biology of Reproduction. 76 (2), 327-335 (2007).</li><li>Ferreira, A. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+supplementation+with+mitochondria+improve+oocyte+competence?+A+systematic+review.">Does supplementation with mitochondria improve oocyte competence? A systematic review.</a> Reproduction. 161 (3), 269-287 (2021).</li><li>Bhat, M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+birth+of+a+pashmina+goat+kid+after+transfer+of+handmade+cloned+embryos.">Live birth of a pashmina goat kid after transfer of handmade cloned embryos.</a> Journal of Reproduction and Development. , (2019).</li><li>Tecirlioglu, R. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Birth+of+a+cloned+calf+derived+from+a+vitrified+hand-made+cloned+embryo.">Birth of a cloned calf derived from a vitrified hand-made cloned embryo.</a> Reproduction, Fertility and Development. 15 (7), 361 (2003).</li><li>Zhang, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Handmade+cloned+transgenic+piglets+expressing+the+nematode+fat-1+gene.">Handmade cloned transgenic piglets expressing the nematode fat-1 gene.</a> Cellular Reprogramming. 14 (3), 258-266 (2012).</li><li>Zhang, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Handmade+cloned+transgenic+sheep+rich+in+omega-3+fatty+acids.">Handmade cloned transgenic sheep rich in omega-3 fatty acids.</a> PLOS ONE. 8 (2), 55941 (2013).</li><li>Lagutina, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Somatic+cell+nuclear+transfer+in+horses:+Effect+of+oocyte+morphology,+embryo+reconstruction+method+and+donor+cell+type.">Somatic cell nuclear transfer in horses: Effect of oocyte morphology, embryo reconstruction method and donor cell type.</a> Reproduction. 130 (4), 559-567 (2005).</li><li>Chiaratti, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryo+mitochondrial+DNA+depletion+is+reversed+during+early+embryogenesis+in+cattle.">Embryo mitochondrial DNA depletion is reversed during early embryogenesis in cattle.</a> Biology of Reproduction. 82 (1), 76-85 (2010).</li><li>Hosseini, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=and+efficient+method+of+manual+oocyte+enucleation+using+a+pulled+pasteur+pipette.">and efficient method of manual oocyte enucleation using a pulled pasteur pipette.</a> In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology - Animal. 49 (8), 569-575 (2013).</li><li>Zampolla, T., Spikings, E., Rawson, D., Zhang, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytoskeleton+proteins+F-actin+and+tubulin+distribution+and+interaction+with+mitochondria+in+the+granulosa+cells+surrounding+stage+III+zebrafish+(danio+rerio)+oocytes.">Cytoskeleton proteins F-actin and tubulin distribution and interaction with mitochondria in the granulosa cells surrounding stage III zebrafish (danio rerio) oocytes.</a> Theriogenology. 76 (6), 1110-1119 (2011).</li><li>International Union for Conservation of Nature. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species.">The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.</a> International Union for Conservation of Nature. , (2021).</li><li>Berg, D. K., Li, C., Asher, G., Wells, D. N., Oback, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Red+deer+cloned+from+antler+stem+cells+and+their+differentiated+progeny.">Red deer cloned from antler stem cells and their differentiated progeny.</a> Biology of Reproduction. 77 (3), 384-394 (2007).</li><li>G&#243;mez, M. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Birth+of+African+wildcat+cloned+kittens+born+from+domestic+cats.">Birth of African wildcat cloned kittens born from domestic cats.</a> Cloning and Stem Cells. 6 (3), 247-258 (2004).</li><li>Lanza, R. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cloning+of+an+endangered+species+(Bos+gaurus)+using+interspecies+nuclear+transfer.">Cloning of an endangered species (Bos gaurus) using interspecies nuclear transfer.</a> Cloning. 2 (2), 79-90 (2000).</li></ol>

Methods previously used to decrease mtDNA copy numbers in oocytes have their respective disadvantages. Micromanipulation-based removal of mitochondria from oocytes decrease mtDNA copy numbers by an average of 64%27. A unique method, previously used for enucleation, involves the use of small diameter Pasteur pipettes and the splitting of a zona pellucida-free oocyte at the border between a microdrop of media and the surrounding mineral oil. Along with the utilization of oocyte centrifugation, this ...

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) includes the fusion of an enucleated oocyte from one animal and a somatic cell from an animal of the same species. In most cases, the oocyte and somatic cell originate from the same species, and live birth rates are below 6%1. Some research involves the use of interspecies SCNT (iSCNT), which includes the fusion of a somatic cell and oocyte that originate from two different species. In these studies, live birth rates are even lower than in SCNT-typically less than 1%1. However, iSCNT has the capacity to be used as a method of rescuing endangered species, since somatic cells from these animals are more accessible than their germ cells1. Recipient oocytes used in iSCNT are often domestic or common laboratory species, such as cows, pigs, and mice. Some attempts made thus far have successfully produced live young, though the offspring produced have been intrageneric animals (the recipient oocyte species and donor cell species were members of the same genus)2,3,4. Intergeneric models (which utilize an oocyte and somatic cell from animals in different genera) have not yet produced live animals, and the majority of reconstructed embryos arrest at the 8-16 cell stage of in vitro development5,6,7,8. One possible explanation of this embryonic developmental arrest is the occurrence of mitochondrial heteroplasmy in the embryos-the presence of more than one mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) type in a single cell. Heteroplasmy can lead to issues such as developmental inefficiency or failure in the embryo or in the live animal1. Pathogenesis can also occur later in the animal&#39;s lifetime9. Though this issue is also present in SCNT offspring, the interspecific component within iSCNT embryos exacerbates the issue.
When the embryonic mtDNA comes from two different species, the recipient oocyte mitochondria, which represent the majority, do not work efficiently or effectively with the donor cell&#39;s nucleus1,10. Larger taxonomic gaps between the two species used in iSCNT likely intensifies this problem; intrageneric live offspring produced (Bos gaurus and Bos indicus offspring using Bos taurus oocytes), as well as offspring produced via traditional SCNT (e.g. Ovis aries offspring using Ovis aries oocytes) were shown to be chimeras (mtDNA from two individuals was present in these animals11,12,13). Yet, they developed much further than the intergeneric SCNT embryos14,15. The exchange of information between the oocyte mitochondria and the donor cell&#39;s nucleus could be more successful in the intrageneric embryo than in the intergeneric embryo16.
The amount of mtDNA in a mature bovine oocyte is approximately 100 times greater than the amount found in one somatic cell12. Reducing this ratio could encourage the somatic cell mitochondria to proliferate within the reconstructed embryo, allowing for a greater population of productive mitochondria to be present16. This could in turn provide more energy to meet the requirements of the developing embryo15. Previous attempts made to reduce the mtDNA copy number of the oocyte or embryo include chemical application, micromanipulation, and supplementing the oocyte or embryo with additional mitochondria from the donor cell species16,17,18,19,20. However, chemical application (such as 2&#39;,3&#39;-dideoxycytidine) is not ideal for embryonic development, and has reduced oocyte mtDNA copy numbers by approximately half18. Prior oocyte mtDNA reduction by micromanipulation have only removed an average of 64% of the oocyte&#39;s mtDNA17. Though the supplementation of donor cell mitochondria could be a viable option, its use has not yet produced a live intergeneric animal within iSCNT studies21.
The use of bisection to reduce oocyte mtDNA copy number has not yet been used in published studies. Bisecting oocytes with the intention of fusing the ooplasts with a somatic cell is the premise of handmade cloning (HMC), which typically utilizes bisection as method of removing the polar body and metaphase plate from the metaphase II (MII) oocyte. HMC has successfully produced offspring in several species, including goats, cattle, pigs, sheep, and horses22,23,24,25,26, but does not typically include a centrifugation step prior to bisection. Integrating high-speed centrifugation of the oocyte allows for the isolation of mitochondria (and therefore mtDNA) at one pole of the oocyte, which can then be bisected using a microblade to remove those mitochondria-dense fractions. Two mitochondria-depleted ooplasts can then be fused with a somatic cell, as is the case in HMC, to form a reconstructed embryo which contains considerably less mtDNA from the oocyte species.
The question we attempt to answer with this protocol is how to reduce mtDNA in the bovine oocyte in order to produce a viable reconstructed embryo that contains less heteroplasmic mtDNA. In this protocol, oocytes were centrifuged and bisected. Ooplast and intact oocyte mtDNA copy numbers were calculated to determine the effectiveness of this technique in reducing the bovine oocyte&#39;s mtDNA copy number.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>5408129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 mm dish</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D8054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5424</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytochalasin B</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C6762</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F2442</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>M199 Media</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M4530</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mineral Oil</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M8410</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini Centrifuge</td>
			<td>SCILOGEX</td>
			<td>D1008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mtDNA Primer: Forward (12S)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>GGGCTACATTCTCTACACCAAG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mtDNA Primer: Reverse (12S)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>GTGCTTCATGGCCTAATTCAAC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NanoDrop Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>ND2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Opthalmic Scalpel with Aluminum Handle</td>
			<td>PFM Medical</td>
			<td>207300633</td>
			<td>Microblade for bisection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease/pronase</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5147</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QIAamp DNA Micro Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>56304</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QuantStudio&#8482; 3 - 96-Well 0.2-mL</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>A28567</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Search plate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FB0875711A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>K0221</td>
			<td>qPCR master mix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Synthetic Oviductal Fluid with HEPES (HSOF)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ThermoPlate</td>
			<td>Tokai Hit</td>
			<td>TPi-SMZSSX</td>
			<td>Heating stage</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

use of bisection to reduce mitochondrial dna in the bovine oocyte

Interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iSCNT) may be used to rescue endangered species, but two distinct populations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) exist within the reconstructed embryo: one within the recipient ooplasm and one within the donor somatic cell. This mitochondrial heteroplasmy can lead to developmental issues in the embryo and the fetus. Handmade cloning protocols include oocyte bisection, which can be used to decrease the mtDNA copy number, reducing the degree of mitochondrial heteroplasmy in a reconstructed embryo. Centrifugation of denuded, mature bovine oocytes produced a visible mitochondria-dense fraction at one pole of the oocyte. Oocytes&#39; zonae pellucidae were removed by exposure to a pronase solution. Bisection was performed using a microblade to remove the visible mitochondria fraction. qPCR was used to quantify the mtDNA present in DNA samples extracted from whole oocytes and bisected ooplasts, providing a comparison of mtDNA copy numbers before and after bisection. Copy numbers were calculated using cycle threshold values, a standard curve&#39;s regression line formula, and a ratio that included the respective sizes of mtDNA PCR products and genomic PCR products. One bovine oocyte had an average mtDNA copy number (&#177; standard deviation) of 137,904 &#177; 94,768 (n = 38). One mitochondria-depleted ooplast had an average mtDNA copy number of 8,442 &#177; 13,806 (n = 33). Average mtDNA copies present in a mitochondria-rich ooplast were 79,390 &#177; 58,526 mtDNA copies (n = 28). The differences between these calculated averages indicate that the centrifugation and subsequent bisection can significantly decrease the mtDNA copy numbers present in the mitochondria-depleted ooplast when compared to the original oocyte (P &#60; 0.0001, determined by one-way ANOVA). The reduction in mtDNA should decrease the degree of mitochondrial heteroplasmy in a reconstructed embryo, possibly fostering standard embryonic and fetal development. Supplementation with mitochondrial extract from the somatic donor cell may also be essential to achieve successful embryonic development.

Quantitative PCR (qPCR) results are used to determine the relative quantities of mtDNA present in each ooplast. The described reaction is designed to amplify the 12S region of bovine mtDNA.
If the bisection was successful, the samples from whole oocytes and mitochondria-dense ooplasts will have similar Ct values. The samples from mitochondria-reduced ooplasts will have higher Ct values when compared to the samples from the other two groups. A Ct graph showing s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of Bisection to Reduce Mitochondrial DNA in the Bovine Oocyte at JoVE.com

Use of Bisection to Reduce Mitochondrial DNA in the Bovine Oocyte

Here, we present a protocol to significantly reduce the mitochondrial DNA copy numbers in a bovine oocyte (P &lt; 0.0001). This method utilizes centrifugation and bisection to substantially reduce oocyte mitochondria and may allow for an increased chance of development in the reconstructed interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos.

Interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iSCNT) may be used to rescue endangered species, but two distinct populations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Production and Use of Lentivirus to Selectively Transduce Primary Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells for In Vitro Myelination Assays

Production and Use of Lentivirus to Selectively Transduce Primary Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells for In Vitro Myelination Assays

Myelination is a complex process that involves both neurons and the myelin forming glial cells, oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and ...

Use of the TetON System to Study Molecular Mechanisms of Zebrafish Regeneration

The zebrafish has become a very important model organism for studying vertebrate development, physiology, disease, and tissue regeneration. A thorough ...

Functional Cloning Using a Xenopus Oocyte Expression System

Functional Cloning Using a Xenopus Oocyte Expression System

Identification of genes responsible for embryonic induction poses a number of challenges; to name a few, secreted molecules of interest may be low in ...

Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

The embryonic kidney of Xenopus&#160;laevis (frog), the pronephros, consists of a single nephron, and can be used as a model for kidney disease. Xenopus ...

Functional Manipulation of Maternal Gene Products Using In Vitro Oocyte Maturation in Zebrafish

Functional Manipulation of Maternal Gene Products Using In Vitro Oocyte Maturation in Zebrafish

Cellular events that take place during the earliest stages of animal embryonic development are driven by maternally derived gene products deposited into ...

A 5-mC Dot Blot Assay Quantifying the DNA Methylation Level of Chondrocyte Dedifferentiation In Vitro

A 5-mC Dot Blot Assay Quantifying the DNA Methylation Level of Chondrocyte Dedifferentiation In Vitro

The dedifferentiation of hyaline chondrocytes into fibroblastic chondrocytes often accompanies monolayer expansion of chondrocytes in vitro. The global ...

Use of Immunolabeling to Analyze Stable, Dynamic, and Nascent Microtubules in the Zebrafish Embryo

Microtubules (MTs) are dynamic and fragile structures that are challenging to image in vivo, particularly in vertebrate embryos. Immunolabeling methods ...

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the ...

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

Studying the cell biological processes during converting the identities of specific cell types provides important insights into mechanism that maintain ...

Use of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation to Assess the Origin of Myelodysplastic Syndrome

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a diverse group of hematopoietic stem cell disorders that are defined by ineffective hematopoiesis, peripheral blood ...